bytes.mli

# 2 "bytes.mli"
(**************************************************************************)
(*                                                                        *)
(*                                 OCaml                                  *)
(*                                                                        *)
(*             Xavier Leroy, projet Cristal, INRIA Rocquencourt           *)
(*                                                                        *)
(*   Copyright 1996 Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et     *)
(*     en Automatique.                                                    *)
(*                                                                        *)
(*   All rights reserved.  This file is distributed under the terms of    *)
(*   the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1, with the          *)
(*   special exception on linking described in the file LICENSE.          *)
(*                                                                        *)
(**************************************************************************)

open! Stdlib

(* NOTE:
   If this file is bytesLabels.mli, run tools/sync_stdlib_docs after editing it
   to generate bytes.mli.

   If this file is bytes.mli, do not edit it directly -- edit
   bytesLabels.mli instead.
 *)

(** Byte sequence operations.

   A byte sequence is a mutable data structure that contains a
   fixed-length sequence of bytes. Each byte can be indexed in
   constant time for reading or writing.

   Given a byte sequence [s] of length [l], we can access each of the
   [l] bytes of [s] via its index in the sequence. Indexes start at
   [0], and we will call an index valid in [s] if it falls within the
   range [[0...l-1]] (inclusive). A position is the point between two
   bytes or at the beginning or end of the sequence.  We call a
   position valid in [s] if it falls within the range [[0...l]]
   (inclusive). Note that the byte at index [n] is between positions
   [n] and [n+1].

   Two parameters [start] and [len] are said to designate a valid
   range of [s] if [len >= 0] and [start] and [start+len] are valid
   positions in [s].

   Byte sequences can be modified in place, for instance via the [set]
   and [blit] functions described below.  See also strings (module
   {!String}), which are almost the same data structure, but cannot be
   modified in place.

   Bytes are represented by the OCaml type [char].

   The labeled version of this module can be used as described in the
   {!StdLabels} module.

   @since 4.02

   *)

external length : bytes -> int = "%bytes_length"
(** Return the length (number of bytes) of the argument. *)

external get : bytes -> int -> char = "%bytes_safe_get"
(** [get s n] returns the byte at index [n] in argument [s].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [n] is not a valid index in [s]. *)


external set : bytes -> int -> char -> unit = "%bytes_safe_set"
(** [set s n c] modifies [s] in place, replacing the byte at index [n]
    with [c].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [n] is not a valid index in [s]. *)

external create : int -> bytes = "caml_create_bytes"
(** [create n] returns a new byte sequence of length [n]. The
    sequence is uninitialized and contains arbitrary bytes.
    @raise Invalid_argument if [n < 0] or [n > ]{!Sys.max_string_length}. *)

val make : int -> char -> bytes
(** [make n c] returns a new byte sequence of length [n], filled with
    the byte [c].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [n < 0] or [n > ]{!Sys.max_string_length}. *)

val init : int -> (int -> char) -> bytes
(** [init n f] returns a fresh byte sequence of length [n],
    with character [i] initialized to the result of [f i] (in increasing
    index order).
    @raise Invalid_argument if [n < 0] or [n > ]{!Sys.max_string_length}. *)

val empty : bytes
(** A byte sequence of size 0. *)

val copy : bytes -> bytes
(** Return a new byte sequence that contains the same bytes as the
    argument. *)

val of_string : string -> bytes
(** Return a new byte sequence that contains the same bytes as the
    given string. *)

val to_string : bytes -> string
(** Return a new string that contains the same bytes as the given byte
    sequence. *)

val sub : bytes -> int -> int -> bytes
(** [sub s pos len] returns a new byte sequence of length [len],
    containing the subsequence of [s] that starts at position [pos]
    and has length [len].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [pos] and [len] do not designate a
    valid range of [s]. *)

val sub_string : bytes -> int -> int -> string
(** Same as {!sub} but return a string instead of a byte sequence. *)

val extend : bytes -> int -> int -> bytes
(** [extend s left right] returns a new byte sequence that contains
    the bytes of [s], with [left] uninitialized bytes prepended and
    [right] uninitialized bytes appended to it. If [left] or [right]
    is negative, then bytes are removed (instead of appended) from
    the corresponding side of [s].
    @raise Invalid_argument if the result length is negative or
    longer than {!Sys.max_string_length} bytes.
    @since 4.05 in BytesLabels *)

val fill : bytes -> int -> int -> char -> unit
(** [fill s pos len c] modifies [s] in place, replacing [len]
    characters with [c], starting at [pos].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [pos] and [len] do not designate a
    valid range of [s]. *)

val blit :
  bytes -> int -> bytes -> int -> int
  -> unit
(** [blit src src_pos dst dst_pos len] copies [len] bytes from byte
    sequence [src], starting at index [src_pos], to byte sequence [dst],
    starting at index [dst_pos]. It works correctly even if [src] and [dst] are
    the same byte sequence, and the source and destination intervals
    overlap.
    @raise Invalid_argument if [src_pos] and [len] do not
    designate a valid range of [src], or if [dst_pos] and [len]
    do not designate a valid range of [dst]. *)

val blit_string :
  string -> int -> bytes -> int -> int
  -> unit
(** [blit_string src src_pos dst dst_pos len] copies [len] bytes from
    string [src], starting at index [src_pos], to byte sequence [dst],
    starting at index [dst_pos].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [src_pos] and [len] do not
    designate a valid range of [src], or if [dst_pos] and [len]
    do not designate a valid range of [dst].
    @since 4.05 in BytesLabels *)

val concat : bytes -> bytes list -> bytes
(** [concat sep sl] concatenates the list of byte sequences [sl],
    inserting the separator byte sequence [sep] between each, and
    returns the result as a new byte sequence.
    @raise Invalid_argument if the result is longer than
    {!Sys.max_string_length} bytes.
    *)

val cat : bytes -> bytes -> bytes
(** [cat s1 s2] concatenates [s1] and [s2] and returns the result
    as a new byte sequence.
    @raise Invalid_argument if the result is longer than
    {!Sys.max_string_length} bytes.
    @since 4.05 in BytesLabels *)

val iter : (char -> unit) -> bytes -> unit
(** [iter f s] applies function [f] in turn to all the bytes of [s].
    It is equivalent to [f (get s 0); f (get s 1); ...; f (get s
    (length s - 1)); ()]. *)

val iteri : (int -> char -> unit) -> bytes -> unit
(** Same as {!iter}, but the function is applied to the index of
    the byte as first argument and the byte itself as second
    argument. *)

val map : (char -> char) -> bytes -> bytes
(** [map f s] applies function [f] in turn to all the bytes of [s] (in
    increasing index order) and stores the resulting bytes in a new sequence
    that is returned as the result. *)

val mapi : (int -> char -> char) -> bytes -> bytes
(** [mapi f s] calls [f] with each character of [s] and its
    index (in increasing index order) and stores the resulting bytes
    in a new sequence that is returned as the result. *)

val fold_left : ('acc -> char -> 'acc) -> 'acc -> bytes -> 'acc
(** [fold_left f x s] computes
    [f (... (f (f x (get s 0)) (get s 1)) ...) (get s (n-1))],
    where [n] is the length of [s].
    @since 4.13 *)

val fold_right : (char -> 'acc -> 'acc) -> bytes -> 'acc -> 'acc
(** [fold_right f s x] computes
    [f (get s 0) (f (get s 1) ( ... (f (get s (n-1)) x) ...))],
    where [n] is the length of [s].
    @since 4.13 *)

val for_all : (char -> bool) -> bytes -> bool
(** [for_all p s] checks if all characters in [s] satisfy the predicate [p].
    @since 4.13 *)

val exists : (char -> bool) -> bytes -> bool
(** [exists p s] checks if at least one character of [s] satisfies the predicate
    [p].
    @since 4.13 *)

val trim : bytes -> bytes
(** Return a copy of the argument, without leading and trailing
    whitespace. The bytes regarded as whitespace are the ASCII
    characters [' '], ['\012'], ['\n'], ['\r'], and ['\t']. *)

val escaped : bytes -> bytes
(** Return a copy of the argument, with special characters represented
    by escape sequences, following the lexical conventions of OCaml.
    All characters outside the ASCII printable range (32..126) are
    escaped, as well as backslash and double-quote.
    @raise Invalid_argument if the result is longer than
    {!Sys.max_string_length} bytes. *)

val index : bytes -> char -> int
(** [index s c] returns the index of the first occurrence of byte [c]
    in [s].
    @raise Not_found if [c] does not occur in [s]. *)

val index_opt: bytes -> char -> int option
(** [index_opt s c] returns the index of the first occurrence of byte [c]
    in [s] or [None] if [c] does not occur in [s].
    @since 4.05 *)

val rindex : bytes -> char -> int
(** [rindex s c] returns the index of the last occurrence of byte [c]
    in [s].
    @raise Not_found if [c] does not occur in [s]. *)

val rindex_opt: bytes -> char -> int option
(** [rindex_opt s c] returns the index of the last occurrence of byte [c]
    in [s] or [None] if [c] does not occur in [s].
    @since 4.05 *)

val index_from : bytes -> int -> char -> int
(** [index_from s i c] returns the index of the first occurrence of
    byte [c] in [s] after position [i].  [index s c] is
    equivalent to [index_from s 0 c].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [i] is not a valid position in [s].
    @raise Not_found if [c] does not occur in [s] after position [i]. *)

val index_from_opt: bytes -> int -> char -> int option
(** [index_from_opt s i c] returns the index of the first occurrence of
    byte [c] in [s] after position [i] or [None] if [c] does not occur in [s]
    after position [i].
    [index_opt s c] is equivalent to [index_from_opt s 0 c].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [i] is not a valid position in [s].
    @since 4.05 *)

val rindex_from : bytes -> int -> char -> int
(** [rindex_from s i c] returns the index of the last occurrence of
    byte [c] in [s] before position [i+1].  [rindex s c] is equivalent
    to [rindex_from s (length s - 1) c].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [i+1] is not a valid position in [s].
    @raise Not_found if [c] does not occur in [s] before position [i+1]. *)

val rindex_from_opt: bytes -> int -> char -> int option
(** [rindex_from_opt s i c] returns the index of the last occurrence
    of byte [c] in [s] before position [i+1] or [None] if [c] does not
    occur in [s] before position [i+1].  [rindex_opt s c] is equivalent to
    [rindex_from s (length s - 1) c].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [i+1] is not a valid position in [s].
    @since 4.05 *)

val contains : bytes -> char -> bool
(** [contains s c] tests if byte [c] appears in [s]. *)

val contains_from : bytes -> int -> char -> bool
(** [contains_from s start c] tests if byte [c] appears in [s] after
    position [start].  [contains s c] is equivalent to [contains_from
    s 0 c].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [start] is not a valid position in [s]. *)

val rcontains_from : bytes -> int -> char -> bool
(** [rcontains_from s stop c] tests if byte [c] appears in [s] before
    position [stop+1].
    @raise Invalid_argument if [stop < 0] or [stop+1] is not a valid
    position in [s]. *)

val uppercase_ascii : bytes -> bytes
(** Return a copy of the argument, with all lowercase letters
   translated to uppercase, using the US-ASCII character set.
   @since 4.03 (4.05 in BytesLabels) *)

val lowercase_ascii : bytes -> bytes
(** Return a copy of the argument, with all uppercase letters
   translated to lowercase, using the US-ASCII character set.
   @since 4.03 (4.05 in BytesLabels) *)

val capitalize_ascii : bytes -> bytes
(** Return a copy of the argument, with the first character set to uppercase,
   using the US-ASCII character set.
   @since 4.03 (4.05 in BytesLabels) *)

val uncapitalize_ascii : bytes -> bytes
(** Return a copy of the argument, with the first character set to lowercase,
   using the US-ASCII character set.
   @since 4.03 (4.05 in BytesLabels) *)

type t = bytes
(** An alias for the type of byte sequences. *)

val compare: t -> t -> int
(** The comparison function for byte sequences, with the same
    specification as {!Stdlib.compare}.  Along with the type [t],
    this function [compare] allows the module [Bytes] to be passed as
    argument to the functors {!Set.Make} and {!Map.Make}. *)

val equal: t -> t -> bool
(** The equality function for byte sequences.
    @since 4.03 (4.05 in BytesLabels) *)

val starts_with :
  prefix (* comment thwarts tools/sync_stdlib_docs *) :bytes -> bytes -> bool
(** [starts_with ][~prefix s] is [true] if and only if [s] starts with
    [prefix].

    @since 4.13 *)

val ends_with :
  suffix (* comment thwarts tools/sync_stdlib_docs *) :bytes -> bytes -> bool
(** [ends_with ][~suffix s] is [true] if and only if [s] ends with [suffix].

    @since 4.13 *)

(** {1:unsafe Unsafe conversions (for advanced users)}

    This section describes unsafe, low-level conversion functions
    between [bytes] and [string]. They do not copy the internal data;
    used improperly, they can break the immutability invariant on
    strings provided by the [-safe-string] option. They are available for
    expert library authors, but for most purposes you should use the
    always-correct {!to_string} and {!of_string} instead.
*)

val unsafe_to_string : bytes -> string
(** Unsafely convert a byte sequence into a string.

    To reason about the use of [unsafe_to_string], it is convenient to
    consider an "ownership" discipline. A piece of code that
    manipulates some data "owns" it; there are several disjoint ownership
    modes, including:
    - Unique ownership: the data may be accessed and mutated
    - Shared ownership: the data has several owners, that may only
      access it, not mutate it.

    Unique ownership is linear: passing the data to another piece of
    code means giving up ownership (we cannot write the
    data again). A unique owner may decide to make the data shared
    (giving up mutation rights on it), but shared data may not become
    uniquely-owned again.

   [unsafe_to_string s] can only be used when the caller owns the byte
   sequence [s] -- either uniquely or as shared immutable data. The
   caller gives up ownership of [s], and gains ownership of the
   returned string.

   There are two valid use-cases that respect this ownership
   discipline:

   1. Creating a string by initializing and mutating a byte sequence
   that is never changed after initialization is performed.

   {[
let string_init len f : string =
  let s = Bytes.create len in
  for i = 0 to len - 1 do Bytes.set s i (f i) done;
  Bytes.unsafe_to_string s
   ]}

   This function is safe because the byte sequence [s] will never be
   accessed or mutated after [unsafe_to_string] is called. The
   [string_init] code gives up ownership of [s], and returns the
   ownership of the resulting string to its caller.

   Note that it would be unsafe if [s] was passed as an additional
   parameter to the function [f] as it could escape this way and be
   mutated in the future -- [string_init] would give up ownership of
   [s] to pass it to [f], and could not call [unsafe_to_string]
   safely.

   We have provided the {!String.init}, {!String.map} and
   {!String.mapi} functions to cover most cases of building
   new strings. You should prefer those over [to_string] or
   [unsafe_to_string] whenever applicable.

   2. Temporarily giving ownership of a byte sequence to a function
   that expects a uniquely owned string and returns ownership back, so
   that we can mutate the sequence again after the call ended.

   {[
let bytes_length (s : bytes) =
  String.length (Bytes.unsafe_to_string s)
   ]}

   In this use-case, we do not promise that [s] will never be mutated
   after the call to [bytes_length s]. The {!String.length} function
   temporarily borrows unique ownership of the byte sequence
   (and sees it as a [string]), but returns this ownership back to
   the caller, which may assume that [s] is still a valid byte
   sequence after the call. Note that this is only correct because we
   know that {!String.length} does not capture its argument -- it could
   escape by a side-channel such as a memoization combinator.

   The caller may not mutate [s] while the string is borrowed (it has
   temporarily given up ownership). This affects concurrent programs,
   but also higher-order functions: if {!String.length} returned
   a closure to be called later, [s] should not be mutated until this
   closure is fully applied and returns ownership.
*)

val unsafe_of_string : string -> bytes
(** Unsafely convert a shared string to a byte sequence that should
    not be mutated.

    The same ownership discipline that makes [unsafe_to_string]
    correct applies to [unsafe_of_string]: you may use it if you were
    the owner of the [string] value, and you will own the return
    [bytes] in the same mode.

    In practice, unique ownership of string values is extremely
    difficult to reason about correctly. You should always assume
    strings are shared, never uniquely owned.

    For example, string literals are implicitly shared by the
    compiler, so you never uniquely own them.

    {[
let incorrect = Bytes.unsafe_of_string "hello"
let s = Bytes.of_string "hello"
    ]}

    The first declaration is incorrect, because the string literal
    ["hello"] could be shared by the compiler with other parts of the
    program, and mutating [incorrect] is a bug. You must always use
    the second version, which performs a copy and is thus correct.

    Assuming unique ownership of strings that are not string
    literals, but are (partly) built from string literals, is also
    incorrect. For example, mutating [unsafe_of_string ("foo" ^ s)]
    could mutate the shared string ["foo"] -- assuming a rope-like
    representation of strings. More generally, functions operating on
    strings will assume shared ownership, they do not preserve unique
    ownership. It is thus incorrect to assume unique ownership of the
    result of [unsafe_of_string].

    The only case we have reasonable confidence is safe is if the
    produced [bytes] is shared -- used as an immutable byte
    sequence. This is possibly useful for incremental migration of
    low-level programs that manipulate immutable sequences of bytes
    (for example {!Marshal.from_bytes}) and previously used the
    [string] type for this purpose.
*)


val split_on_char: char -> bytes -> bytes list
(** [split_on_char sep s] returns the list of all (possibly empty)
    subsequences of [s] that are delimited by the [sep] character.
    If [s] is empty, the result is the singleton list [[empty]].

    The function's output is specified by the following invariants:

    - The list is not empty.
    - Concatenating its elements using [sep] as a separator returns a
      byte sequence equal to the input ([Bytes.concat (Bytes.make 1 sep)
      (Bytes.split_on_char sep s) = s]).
    - No byte sequence in the result contains the [sep] character.

    @since 4.13
*)

(** {1 Iterators} *)

val to_seq : t -> char Seq.t
(** Iterate on the string, in increasing index order. Modifications of the
    string during iteration will be reflected in the sequence.
    @since 4.07 *)

val to_seqi : t -> (int * char) Seq.t
(** Iterate on the string, in increasing order, yielding indices along chars
    @since 4.07 *)

val of_seq : char Seq.t -> t
(** Create a string from the generator
    @since 4.07 *)

(** {1:utf UTF codecs and validations}

    @since 4.14 *)

(** {2:utf_8 UTF-8} *)

val get_utf_8_uchar : t -> int -> Uchar.utf_decode
(** [get_utf_8_uchar b i] decodes an UTF-8 character at index [i] in
    [b]. *)

val set_utf_8_uchar : t -> int -> Uchar.t -> int
(** [set_utf_8_uchar b i u] UTF-8 encodes [u] at index [i] in [b]
    and returns the number of bytes [n] that were written starting
    at [i]. If [n] is [0] there was not enough space to encode [u]
    at [i] and [b] was left untouched. Otherwise a new character can
    be encoded at [i + n]. *)

val is_valid_utf_8 : t -> bool
(** [is_valid_utf_8 b] is [true] if and only if [b] contains valid
    UTF-8 data. *)

(** {2:utf_16be UTF-16BE} *)

val get_utf_16be_uchar : t -> int -> Uchar.utf_decode
(** [get_utf_16be_uchar b i] decodes an UTF-16BE character at index
    [i] in [b]. *)

val set_utf_16be_uchar : t -> int -> Uchar.t -> int
(** [set_utf_16be_uchar b i u] UTF-16BE encodes [u] at index [i] in [b]
    and returns the number of bytes [n] that were written starting
    at [i]. If [n] is [0] there was not enough space to encode [u]
    at [i] and [b] was left untouched. Otherwise a new character can
    be encoded at [i + n]. *)

val is_valid_utf_16be : t -> bool
(** [is_valid_utf_16be b] is [true] if and only if [b] contains valid
    UTF-16BE data. *)

(** {2:utf_16le UTF-16LE} *)

val get_utf_16le_uchar : t -> int -> Uchar.utf_decode
(** [get_utf_16le_uchar b i] decodes an UTF-16LE character at index
    [i] in [b]. *)

val set_utf_16le_uchar : t -> int -> Uchar.t -> int
(** [set_utf_16le_uchar b i u] UTF-16LE encodes [u] at index [i] in [b]
    and returns the number of bytes [n] that were written starting
    at [i]. If [n] is [0] there was not enough space to encode [u]
    at [i] and [b] was left untouched. Otherwise a new character can
    be encoded at [i + n]. *)

val is_valid_utf_16le : t -> bool
(** [is_valid_utf_16le b] is [true] if and only if [b] contains valid
    UTF-16LE data. *)

(** {1 Binary encoding/decoding of integers} *)

(** The functions in this section binary encode and decode integers to
    and from byte sequences.

    All following functions raise [Invalid_argument] if the space
    needed at index [i] to decode or encode the integer is not
    available.

    Little-endian (resp. big-endian) encoding means that least
    (resp. most) significant bytes are stored first.  Big-endian is
    also known as network byte order.  Native-endian encoding is
    either little-endian or big-endian depending on {!Sys.big_endian}.

    32-bit and 64-bit integers are represented by the [int32] and
    [int64] types, which can be interpreted either as signed or
    unsigned numbers.

    8-bit and 16-bit integers are represented by the [int] type,
    which has more bits than the binary encoding.  These extra bits
    are handled as follows:
    {ul
    {- Functions that decode signed (resp. unsigned) 8-bit or 16-bit
       integers represented by [int] values sign-extend
       (resp. zero-extend) their result.}
    {- Functions that encode 8-bit or 16-bit integers represented by
       [int] values truncate their input to their least significant
       bytes.}}
*)

val get_uint8 : bytes -> int -> int
(** [get_uint8 b i] is [b]'s unsigned 8-bit integer starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_int8 : bytes -> int -> int
(** [get_int8 b i] is [b]'s signed 8-bit integer starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_uint16_ne : bytes -> int -> int
(** [get_uint16_ne b i] is [b]'s native-endian unsigned 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_uint16_be : bytes -> int -> int
(** [get_uint16_be b i] is [b]'s big-endian unsigned 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_uint16_le : bytes -> int -> int
(** [get_uint16_le b i] is [b]'s little-endian unsigned 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_int16_ne : bytes -> int -> int
(** [get_int16_ne b i] is [b]'s native-endian signed 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_int16_be : bytes -> int -> int
(** [get_int16_be b i] is [b]'s big-endian signed 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_int16_le : bytes -> int -> int
(** [get_int16_le b i] is [b]'s little-endian signed 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_int32_ne : bytes -> int -> int32
(** [get_int32_ne b i] is [b]'s native-endian 32-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_int32_be : bytes -> int -> int32
(** [get_int32_be b i] is [b]'s big-endian 32-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_int32_le : bytes -> int -> int32
(** [get_int32_le b i] is [b]'s little-endian 32-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_int64_ne : bytes -> int -> int64
(** [get_int64_ne b i] is [b]'s native-endian 64-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_int64_be : bytes -> int -> int64
(** [get_int64_be b i] is [b]'s big-endian 64-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val get_int64_le : bytes -> int -> int64
(** [get_int64_le b i] is [b]'s little-endian 64-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_uint8 : bytes -> int -> int -> unit
(** [set_uint8 b i v] sets [b]'s unsigned 8-bit integer starting at byte index
    [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_int8 : bytes -> int -> int -> unit
(** [set_int8 b i v] sets [b]'s signed 8-bit integer starting at byte index
    [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_uint16_ne : bytes -> int -> int -> unit
(** [set_uint16_ne b i v] sets [b]'s native-endian unsigned 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_uint16_be : bytes -> int -> int -> unit
(** [set_uint16_be b i v] sets [b]'s big-endian unsigned 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_uint16_le : bytes -> int -> int -> unit
(** [set_uint16_le b i v] sets [b]'s little-endian unsigned 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_int16_ne : bytes -> int -> int -> unit
(** [set_int16_ne b i v] sets [b]'s native-endian signed 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_int16_be : bytes -> int -> int -> unit
(** [set_int16_be b i v] sets [b]'s big-endian signed 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_int16_le : bytes -> int -> int -> unit
(** [set_int16_le b i v] sets [b]'s little-endian signed 16-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_int32_ne : bytes -> int -> int32 -> unit
(** [set_int32_ne b i v] sets [b]'s native-endian 32-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_int32_be : bytes -> int -> int32 -> unit
(** [set_int32_be b i v] sets [b]'s big-endian 32-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_int32_le : bytes -> int -> int32 -> unit
(** [set_int32_le b i v] sets [b]'s little-endian 32-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_int64_ne : bytes -> int -> int64 -> unit
(** [set_int64_ne b i v] sets [b]'s native-endian 64-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_int64_be : bytes -> int -> int64 -> unit
(** [set_int64_be b i v] sets [b]'s big-endian 64-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)

val set_int64_le : bytes -> int -> int64 -> unit
(** [set_int64_le b i v] sets [b]'s little-endian 64-bit integer
    starting at byte index [i] to [v].
    @since 4.08
*)


(** {1:bytes_concurrency Byte sequences and concurrency safety}

    Care must be taken when concurrently accessing byte sequences from
    multiple domains: accessing a byte sequence will never crash a program,
    but unsynchronized accesses might yield surprising
    (non-sequentially-consistent) results.

    {2:byte_atomicity Atomicity}

    Every byte sequence operation that accesses more than one byte is not
    atomic. This includes iteration and scanning.

    For example, consider the following program:
{[let size = 100_000_000
let b = Bytes.make size  ' '
let update b f ()  =
  Bytes.iteri (fun i x -> Bytes.set b i (Char.chr (f (Char.code x)))) b
let d1 = Domain.spawn (update b (fun x -> x + 1))
let d2 = Domain.spawn (update b (fun x -> 2 * x + 1))
let () = Domain.join d1; Domain.join d2
]}
    the bytes sequence [b] may contain a non-deterministic mixture
    of ['!'], ['A'], ['B'], and ['C'] values.


    After executing this code, each byte of the sequence [b] is either ['!'],
    ['A'], ['B'], or ['C']. If atomicity is required, then the user must
    implement their own synchronization (for example, using {!Mutex.t}).

    {2:bytes_data_race Data races}

    If two domains only access disjoint parts of a byte sequence, then the
    observed behaviour is the equivalent to some sequential interleaving of the
    operations from the two domains.

    A data race is said to occur when two domains access the same byte
    without synchronization and at least one of the accesses is a write.
    In the absence of data races, the observed behaviour is equivalent to some
    sequential interleaving of the operations from different domains.

    Whenever possible, data races should be avoided by using synchronization
    to mediate the accesses to the elements of the sequence.

    Indeed, in the presence of data races, programs will not crash but the
    observed behaviour may not be equivalent to any sequential interleaving of
    operations from different domains. Nevertheless, even in the presence of
    data races, a read operation will return the value of some prior write to
    that location.

    {2:bytes_mixed_access Mixed-size accesses }

    Another subtle point is that if a data race involves mixed-size writes and
    reads to the same location, the order in which those writes and reads
    are observed by domains is not specified.
    For instance, the following code write sequentially a 32-bit integer and a
    [char] to the same index
{[
let b = Bytes.make 10 '\000'
let d1 = Domain.spawn (fun () -> Bytes.set_int32_ne b 0 100; b.[0] <- 'd' )
]}

    In this situation, a domain that observes the write of 'd' to b.[0] is not
    guaranteed to also observe the write to indices [1], [2], or [3].

*)

(**/**)

(* The following is for system use only. Do not call directly. *)

external unsafe_get : bytes -> int -> char = "%bytes_unsafe_get"
external unsafe_set : bytes -> int -> char -> unit = "%bytes_unsafe_set"
external unsafe_blit :
  bytes -> int -> bytes -> int -> int ->
    unit = "caml_blit_bytes" [@@noalloc]
external unsafe_blit_string :
  string -> int -> bytes -> int -> int -> unit
  = "caml_blit_string" [@@noalloc]
external unsafe_fill :
  bytes -> int -> int -> char -> unit = "caml_fill_bytes" [@@noalloc]

val unsafe_escape : bytes -> bytes