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ADR 005: Relayer v0.1 implementation

Changelog

  • 04.01.2020: First draft proposed.
  • 09.02.2020: Revised, fixed todos, reviewed.

Context

This ADR documents the implementation of the v0.1 [relayer lib crate] ibc-relayer. This library is instantiated in the Hermes binary of the ibc-relayer-cli crate (which is not the focus of this discussion).

As a main design goal, v0.1 is meant to lay a foundation upon which we can add more features and enhancements incrementally with later relayer versions. This is to say that v0.1 may be deficient in terms of features or robustness, and rather aims to be simple, adaptable, and extensible. For this reason, we primarily discuss aspects of concurrency and architecture.

Relayer versioning scheme

On the mid-term, the relayer architecture is set out to evolve across three versions.

The first of these, v0.1, makes several simplifying assumptions about the environment of the relayer and its features. These assumptions are important towards limiting the scope that v0.1 aims to cover, and allowing a focus on the architecture and concurrency model to provide for growth in the future.

These assumptions are documented below in the decision section.

Decision

Configuration

For the most part, the relayer configuration will be static: the configuration for chains and their respective objects (clients, connections, or channels) will be fully specified in the relayer configuration file and will not change throughout execution. Light clients are also statically defined in the config file, and cannot be switched dynamically at runtime.

Recent changes to the ICS protocol specifies identifier selection for clients, connections, and channels to be deterministic. For this reason, we will not need to specify any identifiers in the configuration file. We only specify which pairs of chains should communicate with one another, and the port identifier to use for that purpose. This pair of chains plus their corresponding port identifiers is called a relaying path. Any relaying path is unidirectional.

An example with the relevant section of the configuration file follows.

[[connections]]
a_chain = 'ibc-0'
b_chain = 'ibc-1'

[[connections.paths]]
a_port = 'transfer'
b_port = 'transfer'

Here there are two chains, ith one connection between them, and a path for relaying on the port called transfer on both chains, from chain ibc-0 to ibc-1.

Links

A link is a relayer-level protocol that implements packet relay across one relaying path. The relayer at v0.1 will focus on a single link. This limitation will be lifted in subsequent versions.

Chain State

Each chain is assumed to start with an empty IBC state. This means that the relayer will take care of creating the client, connection, and channel objects respectively on each side of a link.

Proof Verification

The v0.1 relayer will not do proof verification.

Feature set

The complete list of features is documented elsewhere in detail.

Relayer Concurrency Model

Relayer v0.1 works under the assumption that there are no competing relayers running concurrently (which may interfere with each other). Furthermore, as stated above, the relayer will handle a single link (one packet relaying direction from a source chain to a destination chain). The following diagram sketches the relayer domain decomposition at a high-level, with a focus on one link.

relayer v0 domain decomposition

The relayer supports a single stack made of a connection, a channel, and a link.

The application thread that runs upon starting creates a link associated with the relaying path. It also triggers messages for creating all objects (clients, a connection, and a channel) underlying this link. These will cause the relayer to build and send all messages associated with the handshakes for these objects, plus a retry mechanism. It should work even these events are received by the link in the same time with the live chain IBC events. In other words, no synchronization with starts of other threads should be required.

Beside the application thread, the relayer maintains one or more threads for each chain. The number of threads per chain is chain-specific:

  • For the production chain [Gaia][gaia] (see also the [References] (#references) below), there are three separate threads, described in more detail in the architecture section.
  • For the mock chain (Mock), there is one thread.

The link runs in the main application thread. This consumes events from the chains, performs queries and sends transactions synchronously.

Architecture

The following diagram provides more detail into how the relayer is structured. Here the focus is on the interfaces within the relayer, as well as the interface between the relayer and a single chain.

relayer v0 architecture

Legend

Some of the notation from this figure has the following meaning.

Notation Description Examples
E Enum: typically messages between threads ChainRequest; IBCEvent
S Struct: a processing element ForeignClient; Connection
T Trait: typically interface between threads Chain; LightClient<C: Chain>
Levels of abstraction

At the top of this diagram, there is a chain consisting of multiple full nodes. The deeper (i.e., lower) we go into this sketch, the closer we get to the user, or Hermes (the relayer CLI). To understand the relayer architecture intuitively, we can break down the levels of abstraction as follows:

1. The actual chain, comprising a number of full nodes
  • This is the lowest level of abstraction, the farthest away from relayer users
  • The relayer communicates with a chain via three interfaces:
    • (i) the LightClient trait (handled via the supervisor for the production chain),
    • (ii) the Chain trait (where the communication happens over the ABCI/gRPC interface primarily), and
    • (iii) an EventMonitor which subscribes to a full node, and carries batches of events from that node to the chain runtime in the relayer. Currently, the relayer registers for Tx and Block notifications. It then extracts the IBC events from the Tx and generates a NewBlock event also for the block. Note that a notification may include multiple IBC Events.
2. The chain runtime
  • This is an intermediary layer, sitting between the relayer application and any chain(s);
  • The runtime is universal for all possible chains, i.e., does not contain any chain-specific code;
  • Accepts as input requests from the application (Hermes, the CLI), in the form of ChainRequest via a crossbeam channel
  • Responds to the application via a crossbeam channel
  • Has objects which implement the three interfaces named above (LightClient, Chain, and EventMonitor) and orchestrates access to these objects as required by application requests
3. The relayer application
  • Communicates with the runtime via a ChainHandle, which contains the appropriate crossbeam sender and receiver channels to/from the runtime
  • Upon start-up, instantiates relayer-level objects in the following order: two ForeignClients (one per chain), a Connection (which contains the two clients), a Channel (containing the connection), and on top of that a Link.
  • The code here is part of the Hermes (relayer CLI) binary.
Threads

Each thread in this diagram is a separate box shaded in gray. There are four threads running: the EventMonitor, the Supervisor, the Runtime, and the main application thread, called V0Cmd.

Status

Accepted

Consequences

Positive

  • prepares the relayer crate for incremental growth

Negative

Neutral

References:

  • Gaia: the correct Gaia instance for working with v0.1 can be obtained from https://github.com/cosmos/relayer, with git checkout v4.0.0 by executing make build-gaia. This comment provides additional insights into development-time relayer v0.1 environment.

  • Mock: Has been removed after splittin the ibc-rs repository