diff --git a/.nojekyll b/.nojekyll new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e69de29b diff --git a/404.html b/404.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..32e82d02 --- /dev/null +++ b/404.html @@ -0,0 +1,820 @@ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Donna G. Albertson and J. N. Thompson
+Published: 10 August 1976 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1976.0085
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +Zeynep F.Altun, Bojun Chen, Zhao-Weng Wang, David. H Hall
+Published: 17 July 2009 (https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.22025)
+There are three tables of innexin expression within the paper. Table 3 is incorporated into a dataset with WormAtlas data.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +Adam A. Atanas, Jungsoo Kim, Ziyu Wang, Eric Bueno, McCoy Becker, Di Kang, Jungyeon Park, Talya S. Kramer, Flossie K. Wan, Saba Baskoylu, Ugur Dag, Elpiniki Kalogeropoulou, Matthew A. Gomes, Cassi Estrem, Netta Cohen, Vikash K. Mansinghka, and Steven W. Flavell
+Published: September 14, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.035
+2D embedding of the connectome +- The 2D embedding of connectome as performed by determining the sensorimotor layer (referred to as processing depth in the original paper) for each neuron and the 2nd eigenvector of the Laplacian of the graph. See Varshney et al for the exact methods in determining those values.
+Beets I, Zels S, Vandewyer E, Demeulemeester J, Caers J, Baytemur E, Courtney A, Golinelli L, Hasakioğulları İ, Schafer WR, Vértes PE, Mirabeau O, Schoofs L.
+doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113058
+Barry Bentley, Robyn Branicky, Christopher L. Barnes, Yee Lian Chew, Eviatar Yemini, Edward T. Bullmore, Petra E. Vértes , William R. Schafer
+Published: December 16, 2016 +https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005283
+Abstract: +- Extrasynaptic modulation (monoamines and peptides) influence neural circuits +- This paper presents a draft monoamine connectome and a partial neuropeptide connectome, based on new and published expression data for biosynthetic genes and receptors
+Introduction +- A full understanding of neural connectivity requires a detailed mapping of these extrasynaptic pathways +- Monoaminergic systems play diverse roles in regulating behaviour and so extrasynaptic monoamine interactions must also be mapped, not just the network of wired chemical synapses and gap junctions +- Neuropeptides are widely used as neuromodulators in the C.elegans nervous system, with over 250 known or predicted neuropeptides from at least 122 precursor genes and over 100 putative peptide receptors
+Materials & Methods +- Full hermaphrodite C.elegans connectome, containing all 302 neurons +- Network was composed from somatic connectome of White et al, updates and released by Chklovskii lab + - https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001066 + - https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0506806103 +- Pharyngeal network of Albertson and Thomson made available by the Cybernetic C.elegans Program + - (CCeP:http://ims.dse.ibaraki.ac.jp/ccep/) +- Functional classifications referred (i.e. sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron) are based on the classification scheme used in WormAtlas
+Monoamine network construction +- A literature search was performed to identify genes known to be receptors, transporters or synthetic enzymes of monoamines +- A further search was performed to collect cell-level expression data for the monoamine associated genes identified in the previous step +- Search was assisted with WormBase databases and WormWeb (http://www.wormbase.org/) +- Neurons expressing multiple receptors for a single monoamine receive a single edge from each sending neuron +- Reciprocal connections between nodes are considered as 2 separate unidirectional connections
+Neuropeptide network construction +- Constructed from published expression data for peptides and receptors using similar methods for the monoamines +- Only those systems were included for which sufficient expression and ligand-receptor interaction data in the literature (biologically plausible EC50 values) +- 15 neuropeptides and 12 receptors were matched and included
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +Brittin, C.A., Cook, S.J., Hall, D.H. et al
+Published: 24 February 2021 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03284-x
+Abstract +- nerve ring is derived from integrating the volumetric reconstructions from two animals with corresponding synaptic and gap junctional connectomes (Cook et al 2019) +- C.elegans connectome is not invariant, but that a precisely wired core circuit is embedded in a background of variable connectivity, and identify a canditate reference connectome for the core circuit. +- Using this reference, they propose a modular network architecture of C.elegans brain that supports sensory computation and integration, sensorimotor convergence and brain-wide coordination. +- These findings reveal scalable and robust features of brain organisation that may be universal across phyla.
+Main +- invariant cell lineage and anatomy of C.elegans might suggest that its connectome is too invariant +- small sample size of available reconstructions has precluded a reliable estimate of the reproducibility and variability of the synaptic connectome +- the synaptic wiring has been exhaustively characterised (ref to be inserted) but the spatial proximity of neurons is only partially described (ref to be inserted).
+Data +- https://zenodo.org/records/4383277 +- https://zenodo.org/records/4383277 +- two complete volumetric reconstructions of the C.elegans nerve ring from previously published EMs (ref.) + -adult + -larval stage 4 (L4) worm +- two series of EMs span approx the same vol. with a length of 36 micrometres, starting in the anterior and ending in the ventral ganglia +- the reconstructiosn of these two nerve rings provide the first complete, nanoscale-resolution datasets of all neuronal membrane contacts of any neuropil. +- "contactome": the set of membrane contacts of the brain +- they define two neurons as immediate neighbours if the membranes along their neural processes are physically adjacent in at least one EM. +- to characterise synaptic pathways within a spatial contex, they integrated volumetric reconstructions with recent rescoring of synapses on the same L4 and adult worms (Cook et al) + -for validation and comparison with other datasets (White et al, Witvliet et al)
+Discussion +- Despite the C.elegans connectome being available for over 30 years, the delineation of functions within its main neuropil is still incomplete +- There are no physical boundaries within the nerve ring, but their analysis points to the spatial clustering of neural processes into 5 neighbourhoods. +- the concept of a reference connectome was key to their brain map and the modelling framework they sued to establish thsi reference can be accomodated for future connectomes. +- Connectome consists of a core, conserved circuit that is embedded in a considerably variable background +- Due to technical limitations of synaptic scoring, it is hard to determine the extent of the variability + - requires multiple further connectomes + - conserved synapes- like most variable ones- are constrained by the "contactome" +- if the baseline functionality of the animal is represented by a core circuit, the variable component could support redundancy, individuality and plasticity
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +Steven J. Cook, Travis A. Jarrell, Christopher A. Brittin, Yi Wang, Adam E. Bloniarz, Maksim A. Yakovlev, Ken C. Q. Nguyen, Leo T.-H. Tang, Emily A. Bayer, Janet S. Duerr, Hannes E. Bülow, Oliver Hobert, David H. Hall & Scott W. Emmons
+Published: 3 July 2019
+Whole animal connectomes +- Small world, network motifs, modules and rich clubs +- Reconstruction of circuity for the male head, including the nerve ring and retrovesicular ganglion, from a new EM series and re-annotate previously generated prints of the hermaphrodite +- Graph of the hermaphrodite connectome has 460 nodes (302 neurons, 132 muscles and 26 non-muscle end organs) + - Male graph has 579 nodes (385 neurons, 155 muscles and 39 non-muscle end organs) +- Two dimensional layouts of the connectivity graphs based on computational arrangement reveal the pathways of sensory information flow +- Small number (1-5) of synaptic steps between the sensory neurons and the end organs and feedforward nature of the networks +- Placement of the nodes to the neuroanatomy of the worm reflects economical wiring, a property commonly found for nervous systems, including in C.elegans
+Architecture of information flow +- Polarity of the chemical synapses and the architecture of the physical connectivity networks to order the sex-shared neurons and end organ classes using an algorithm that detects hierarchy in a network +- Interneurons can be categorised roughly into one of three layers that reflect preponderance of their output onto the layer below and approx the number of synaptic steps to motor neurons +- Fourth interneuron category: consists of interneurons that interact across all layers, cannot be fitted into this layered structure +- 83 sensory neurons that are shared by both sexes may be grouped into six categories based on type of stimulus, connectivity and the nature of the evoked behavioural response +- Chemical connectivity between the three interneuron layers forms a feedforward loop: + - Layer 3 substantially targets both layer 2 and layer 1 + - Layer 2 targets layer 1 + - Feedforward loop is a prevalent motif in the C.elegans connectome +- Node degree: amount of convergence and divergence at single nodes in a network (number of attached edges) + - Diverging connectivity enables information from single sensory neurons to potentially reach from 70% to 98% of all the other cells in the network within two synaptic steps
+Generation of body movements +- Postural movements of C.elegans during foraging and locomotion are generated by a set of 95 body wall muscles that are arranged in four longitudinal rows, two of which are sub-dorsal and the other two are sub-ventral +- Within each of these quadrants, adjacent muscle cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions +- 154 neurons in 46 classes have NMJs with these somatic muscles +- SMD encodes the deep ventral bend behaviour known as the omega-turn; SMB influences the amplitude of sinusoidal movement +- SAB is thought to act in proprioception +- SIA neurons are involved in flipping behaviour during lethargus +- Posture of worm will arise from muscle tensions that result from summed inputs of these 3 groups of motor neurons + - Summing 4 eigenworms, the shapes of which, respectively, correspond to these groups + - Two are sinusoidal: corresponding to the forward and backward classes of ventral cord motor neurons + - Third is a general body curvature, corresponding to the potential effect of the sublateral motor neurons + - Fourth includes head bending, corresponding to the head motor neurons
+Reproducibility of connectivity +- Left-right homologous neuron pairs onto left-right homologous targets in the nerve ring of the hermaphrodite reconstruction to assess the amount of natural variability in connectivity +- For chemical connections, edge weights varied by 10-40%, depending on connection strength +- In both sexes, the gustatory neurons ASEL (left neuron of the pair) has greater chemical than the ASER (right neuron of the pair) to the olfactory neuron class AWC. + - Known to be lateralized in its ability to sense chemosensory cues + - We confirmed the difference in connectivity by in vivo fluorescence labelling of this synaptic connection
+Comparison of the sexes +- Circuits controlling the sex-unique behaviours of egg laying and copulation include both sex-specific and sex-shared neurons, +- Most notable in the male, in which the neural network that controls copulation consists of 85 male-specific and 64 shared neurons +- Sex-specific neurons connect into the sex-shared central circuity in the head with 2 functions + - Regulate behaviour during overt reproductive activity + - Mediate sex specific appetitive decision making
+Discussion +- Physical connectivity matrices for the entire nervous system of an animal for both adult sexes +- Amount of convergence and divergence of sensory input pathways is such that particular behavioural response pathways cannot be readily identified in general +- Major motor neurons and primary premotor interneurons are highly interconnected +- Structural connectome describes only one portion of the functional communication network +- Extrasynaptic communication by neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and hormones provides a second dimension that controls the flow of information for optimal output +- Complex circuitry -> well known behaviours and novel behaviours (learning and memory, inter-animal communication, social behaviour and complexities of mating) +- An EM based connectome should be considered a snapshot of a dynamic structure + - More detailed architecture of individual neurons and the locations and structures of individual synapses may be important for understanding the functions of neurons within circuits. + - C.elegans neurons are isopotential, properties of these neurons may be compartmentalised and signalling may not be uniform or simultaneous at all synapses + - Modelling the functions of the nervous system at the abstracted level of the connectivity network cannot be seriously cannot be seriously undertaken if a considerable number of nodes and edges are missing
+Methods +- Adjacency matrices: data from neuron maps are abstracted as an adjacency matrix with weights that indicate the total amount of physical connectivity between each cell pair
+Male-specific neurons +- There are two new classes of male-specific neurons: MCM (L and R) are interneurons in the head (Sammut et al. 2015, Nature 526, 385-390); PHD (L and R) are putative sensory neurons in the tail derived during the L4 larval stage by transdifferentiation of the phasmid socket cell PHso1 (Sulston et al., 1980; Molina-Garcia et al., https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/03/21/285320). +- In Jarrell et al., the processes of PHD(L/R) were misidentified as branches of R8B. +- In Jarrell et al., LUA and PHC were reversed. Connectivity data given for LUA is in fact due to PHC, and vice versa. +- AN3 of Jarrell et al. is AVF (verified by transgene expression of a synaptic marker (unpublished observations)). AN3 was one of three interneuron processes of neurons with cell bodies in the head that could not be positiviely identified in the pre-anal ganglion. +- The other two, AN1 and AN2, are tentatively assigned as AVH and AVJ, respectively.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +## The connectome of the Caenorhabditis elegans pharynx
+Steven J. Cook, Charles M. Crouse, Eviatar Yemini, David H. Hall, Scott W. Emmons, Oliver Hobert
+First published: 30 April 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.24932
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +Richard Michael Durbin
+Published: April 1987
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Bánk G. Fenyves, Gábor S. Szilágyi, Zsolt Vassy, Csaba Sőti, Peter Csermely +Published: December 21, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007974
+David H. Hall and Richard L. Russell
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +Laura Pereira, Paschalis Kratsios, Esther Serrano-Saiz, Hila Sheftel, Avi E Mayo, David H Hall, John G White, Brigitte LeBoeuf, L Rene Garcia, Uri Alon, and Oliver Hobert
+Published: 25 December 2015 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12432.001
+Data for network construction +- Connectivity data was taken from the latest release of www.wormwiring.org which containes updates to the original wiring diagram (White et al. 1986) +- Data from JSE and N2U worms were used +- Only connections that have more than 3 EM serial sections of synaptic connection are kept +- Connection between a neuron to itself were ignored
+Abstract +- systematically map all cholinergic neuron types in the male and hermaphrodite C.elegans nervous system +- find that ACh is most broadly used neurotransmitter and analyse its usage relative to other neurotransmitters within the contex of the entire connectome and within the specific network motifs embedded in the connectome
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +git clone https://github.com/openworm/ConnectomeToolbox
+cd ConnectomeToolbox
+pip install .
+
## Molecular topography of an entire nervous system + Seth R. Taylor, Gabriel Santpere, Alexis Weinreb, Marc Hammarlund, Oliver Hobert, David M. Miller
+Published: July 07, 2021 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.023
+flowchart TD
+ classDef anat fill:#ff6666
+ classDef gene fill:#85e085
+ classDef es fill:#99bbff
+ classDef func fill:#ff80ff
+
+
+ subgraph 1970-1980
+ A1[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Albertson_Thompson_1976.md' >Albertson & Thomson 1976</a>]:::anat
+ end
+ subgraph 1980-1990
+ A[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/White_1986.md' >White et al. 1986</a>]:::anat & B[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Durbin_1987.md' >Durbin 1987</a>]:::anat
+ end
+
+ subgraph 1990-2000
+ A2[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Hall_1991.md' >Hall & Russell 1991</a>]:::anat
+ end
+
+ subgraph 2000-2010
+ C[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Altun_2009.md' >Altun et al. 2009</a>]:::gene
+ end
+
+ subgraph 2010-2020
+ D[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Varshney_2011.md' >Varshney et al.2011</a>]:::anat & E[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Pereira_2015.md' >Pereira et al. 2015</a>]:::es & E1[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Serrano_2013.md' >Serrano-Saiz et al. 2013</a>]:::es & E2[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Gendrel_2016.md' >Gendrel, Hobert & Atlas 2016</a>]:::es & F[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Bentley_2016.md' >Bentley et al. 2016 </a>]:::es & G[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Cook_2019.md' >Cook et al. 2019</a>]:::anat & H[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Fenyves_2020.md' >Fenyves et al.2020</a>]:::func & I[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Cook_2020.md' >Cook et al. 2020</a>]:::anat
+ end
+
+ subgraph 2020-2030
+ J[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Brittin_2021.md' >Brittin et al. 2021</a>]:::anat & K[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Witvliet_2021.md' >Witvliet et al. 2021</a>]:::anat & L[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Taylor_2021.md' >Taylor et al. 2021</a>]:::gene & M[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Yemini_2021.md' >Yemini et al. 2021</a>]:::gene & N[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Beets_2023.md' >Beets et al. 2023</a>]:::gene & P[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Randi_2023.md' >Randi et al. 2023</a>]:::func & NP[<a href='https://github.com/yasinthanvickneswaran/ConnectomeToolbox/blob/main/docs/Ripoll_2023.md' >Ripoll-Sanchez et al. 2023</a>]:::es
+ end
+
+
+ E --> H
+ E1 --> H
+ E2 --> H
+ E --> F
+ C --> L
+ L --> M
+ M --> N
+ A --> B
+ A1 --> A
+ A1 --> I
+ A --> A2
+ A --> D
+ B --> D
+ A2 --> D
+ A --> G
+ A --> I
+ A --> J
+ A --> F
+ D --> F
+ A --> NP
+ A1 --> NP
+ F --> NP
+ L --> NP
+ K --> NP
+ D --> NP
+ A --> P
+ L --> P
+ N --> P
+ K --> P
+ NP --> P
+ F --> P
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Lav R. Varshney, Beth L. Chen, Eric Paniagua, David H. Hall, Dmitri B. Chklovskii
+Published: February 3, 2011 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001066)
+Data Acquisition +- Assembled wiring diagram by consolidating existing data from both published and unpublished sources
+White et al- The Mind of a Worm (MOW) (starting point) + - extracted wiring data from diagrams, figures, tables and text + - connectivity of each neuron, its synaptic partner, and synaptic type was manually entered into an electronic database + - in the ventral cord, determining this level of synaptic specification was complicated by the fact that connections were recorded by neuron class + - assigned proper connections to the appropriate left/right neuronby referring to White and coworker's original laboratory notebooks and original EMs
+R.M. Durbin- the anterior portion of the worm +- Anterior connections needed an update as MOW did not specify the location of syanpses, integration proved difficult +- For these neurons, they obtained positional information by cross-referencing Durbin's data against original EMs and his handwritten annotations in White's laboratory notebooks +- Only synapses located in regions addressed by Durbin were included +- Connections in the middle and tail region of the worm were mostly unaffected by these updates.
+Differences in data and gaps +-[Hobert O and Hall DH, unpublished] differences between GFP neurons and White's work have been observed + - anterior processes of DVB and PVT could have been mistakenly switched in MOW + - so they reversed the connections for neurons DVB and PVT anterior to the vulva +- reconstructions of neurons in the mid-body of the wor are incomplete +- from a combination of these published works + - White et al 1986 + - Durbin RM 1987 + - Hall DH, Russel RL 1991 + - White et al 1976 +- wiring data for 64 neurons had large gaps or were missing entirely + - 61 of these were motor neurons in the ventral cord + - 2 were excretory neurons (CANL/R) that do not appear to make any synapses + - RID is the only process in the dorsal cord that extends over the length of the animal
+Updates to previous data +- Using a White et al laboratory notebooks, they identified notes for full reconstructions of 24 of the aforementioned neurons +- Partial connectivity data for the remaining 38 were also available where 22 neurons have partial/missing dorsal side connections and 6 neurons have partial ventral side connections +- 600 updates were made to the original notes and published reconstructions + -additions of previously missed NMJs between ventral cord motor neurons and body wall muscles +-large section on the dorsal side of the worm was never EM at high power magnification + - produced new high power EMs of this dorsal region + - 3 neurons (DA5,DB4,DD3) were obtained from these EMs + - resource constraints prevented them from covering the entire dorsal gap +- reconciliation of discrepancies + -561 synapses for 108 neurons (49% chemical "sends", 31% chemical "receives" and 20% for electrical junctions)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +By J.G.White, E.Southgate, J.N. Thomson and S.Brenner, F.R.S.
+Published 12 November 1986
+Type of Connectomics Data +- Anatomical connectome: chemical synapses; electrical gap junctions
+Datasets | +Readers | +
---|---|
White_A | +White_A | +
White_L4 | +White_L4 | +
White_Whole | +White_whole | +
Summary +- The first complete connectome of the adult hermaphrodite C.elegans
+Reliability of data +1. Human error: when following long featureless process bundles, it resulted in switch processes. +2. Many processes run close to plane of sectioning and so it provides images with indistinct objects leading to problems in identification +3. Similar errors of process identification in area of poor image quality caused by dirt or loss of sections on grid bars
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +Witvliet, D., Mulcahy, B., Mitchell, J.K. et al
+Published: 4 August 2021 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03778-8)
+www.nemanode.org
+ +Data +- eight isogenic C.elegans from L1 to adult + -three L1, two L2, and one L3 worm to capture continuous connectomic changes +- reconstructed two adults to make direct comparisons between animals of the same age and the original published connectome (White et al 1984)
+Brain reconstruction +- Brain was defined as the nerve ring, ventral ganglion and neuropil anterior of the ventral sub-lateral commissures. +- every neuron, glia and muscle was annotated for chemical synapses to generate a connectome of the brain. +- Gap junctions were partially annotated and excluded from analyses. +- Chemical synapse weight was assessed by both the number and size of synapses. +- Each presynaptic active zone was volumetrically reconstructed to determine synapse sizes. (insert data)
+Connection classification +- 3,113 connections (averaging 1,292 per dataset) were assigned as stable, variable or developmentally dynamic +- 1,647 connections (averaging 323 per dataset) had no more than two synapses in two or more datasets and were left-right asymmetric. (classed as variable) +- 1,466 connections were pooled by left-right pairs, resulting in 658 pair connections
+Comparison with original dataset +- As observed in the original dataset, some variability in cell body position and neurite trajectory was observed +- every cell was unambiguously identified in every dataset becaused combined anatomical features and neighbourhood for each cell is unique. +- because individual muscles were not traced in the original, they complete this dataset by tracing through all head muscles using the EM hosted by www.wormatlas.org +- individual muscle arms were identified by their characteristic location within the brain, which were confirmed by tracing their arms back to their cell body in several datasets.
+Minimally corrected dataset (N2U, Cook et al., 2019) +- WormAtlas hosts a wiring of N2U connectome from (Cook et al). +- They noted errors in muscle identification and synapse annotation in this reannotation + - corrected identity of muscle pairs (VL1-VL2, VR1-VR2, DL2-DL3, DR2-DR3, DL5-DL6, DR5-DR6, VL5-VL6, VR5-VR6) + - muscles were not traced at all in the brain, and only one of more than 50 synapses onto muscle VR2 was annotated
+Limitations +- Not included gap junctions +- improvement in sample prepation and analysis are needed to reach the same level of confidence and throughput as they reached for chemical synaptic networks throughout development +- analysed only one connectome at most timepoints + - could not assess animal-to-animal variability at each age
+Abstract +- use serial EM to reconstruct the full brain of eight isogenic C.elegans individuals across postnatal stages to investigate how to changes with age. +- overall geometry of the brain is preserved from birth to adulthood, but substantial changes in chemical synaptic connectivity emerge on this consistent scaffold +- comparing connectomes between individuals between individuals reveal substantial differences in connectivity that make each brain partly unique. +- comparing connectomes across maturation reveal consistent wiring changes between different neurons
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +## NeuroPAL: A Multicolor Atlas for Whole-Brain Neuronal Identification in C. elegans
+Eviatar Yemini, Albert Lin , Amin Nejatbakhsh , Erdem Varol , Ruoxi Sun, Gonzalo E Mena, Aravinthan D T Samuel, Liam Paninski, Vivek Venkatachalam, Oliver Hobert +DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.012
+