This is a complete oltp workload that uses the RWP*Load Simulator together with a comprehensive set of scripts allowing you to run several different types of tests against different types and sizes of databases.
If you have been using the demonstration found in the demo sub-directory of rwloadsim itself, you will find that the oltp workload is a heavily expanded set of tests. They include a broad set of oltp style "business transactions", some of which are somewhat realistic dealing with order processing, while others are completely artificial. The artificial ones are designed to show typical oltp database behavior.
There are several ways to use this workload; you can make individual runs, you can make sets of runs that show scalability, and you can make runs that are supposed to run 24/7. The latter can be used to show change in your database behavior over time.
Results are generally presented in generated web-pages, including many types of graphs. If further processing is needed, everything is stored in the usual rwloadsim repository database.
You may (well, you probably will) find that the scripts are somewhat convoluted with many moving parts including some odd usage of both rwloadsim, sqlplus, standard UNIX scripting, etc. This is the result of a long evolution over time, but in most cases, you will only need to do a small amount of configurations in order to call the top level scripts appropriately. If, however, you want to expand the scripts or change them to suit your specific purposes, you need to be prepared to spend some time understanding the details.
There is a OLTPQUICKSTART.md file that has very
brief instructions for the experienced user of the workload,
and you can access a man page using rwlman oltpsetup.
In order to run this workload, the following is required:
- A Linux installation with standard tools like bash, awk, sed.
- Ability to run as root is highly preferred although this can be delegated.
- The RWP*Load Simulator; a binary distribution (which does include the workload) is fine.
- An Oracle client (Instant Client is fine) including sqlplus.
- The gnuplot command must be installed.
- A httpd installation must be available and must be prepared such that you have write access to a directory that is exposed externally from a browser.
- A database that will be running the workload, dba access is required to create schemas, gather awr snapshots, query v$-views and more. Any type, including on-premise, autonomous, single instance, RAC, multi-tenant is supported.
- A database to hold the rwloadsim repository; this should preferably be a separate database from the one under test, and it can very well be shared between multiple projects.
- If you have upgraded to version 2.3.4 or newer, an already existing repository must have have the rwl234.sql script found in the admin directory applied to it.
You will be going to make many "runs"; each will store various files into two different directories:
- A results directory that can be considered intermediate. The size required is typically up to 300kB per run, so the total size will not grow rapidly.
- A directory for various html files, images, awr reports, etc, which will be exposed via the http daemon mentioned above. The size required for each run is typically 2MB plus 1-2MB for each instance in your database under test; the total size can therefore be substantial.
You will need a Linux account on a system that you should consider as your "application server". You must define one (or more) projects, that you are going to use to show behavior in different circumstances. These could be different databases; they could be databases running on different servers or they could be different ways to connect to the same database such as using shared and dedicated connections. In the simple case, you may just have one project, which in that case typically would be given the same name as the database. Project names should be short and meaningful and cannot not contain white space characters. Good names would be dbone, dbtwo_a, dbtwo_b, db-shr, db-ded. By default, the project name will also be the key used when storing results in the rwloadsim repository, and therefore, we will be using {key} below.
On your "application server" system, you need to have the two directories mentioned above for each project; they must be separate and should not simply be your home directory. There should be one directory, called the results directory, where intermediate files are stored, and there should be one directory, called the awr directory, where all externally visible html, images, etc will be stored. If your http daemon is Apache, it will by default expose files off /var/www/html, and the recommend approach is to create a directory with sufficient space somewhere in your file system and create a symbolic link in /var/www/html pointing to this directory. As it is likely you will use multiple projects, the suggested approach is to have one directory visible via a browser, and then create project specific directories.
As an example, if you have access to a /home2/mylogin directory, you could have these two directories, where the sub-directories named {key} refers to the project and is discussed in detail below.
/home2/mylogin/results/{key}
/home2/mylogin/html/{key}
and have a symbolic link named /var/www/html/rwloltp pointing to /home2/mylogin/html. If the symbolic link is named "rwloltp", a url like http://yourhost/rwloltp will point to the top directory for all projects, and clicking the link that is the project specific directory, will allow browsing of the files generated during execution of runs for your specific project. Do make sure this is working before continuing.
Note that if you are running secure Linux, you probably need to become root and execute
chcon unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /home2/mylogin/html
to set the proper security context on your awr directory.
Also note, that the full path of both directories cannot contain any white space characters.
When gnuplot generates graphical output, it is generated in png as well as svg format. The latter are clickable assuming the javascript resources are available in your to your webserver, which is typically done by copying these files to an appropriate location under your web server root. If you are running a default Apache installation and your gnuplot version is 4.6, do the following as root:
cd /var/www/html
mkdir -p usr/share/gnuplot/4.6/js/
cp /usr/share/gnuplot/4.6/js/* usr/share/gnuplot/4.6/js/
If you are running a different webserver and/or a different version of gnuplot, you will need to adjust the commands appropriately.
Note that the location under your webservers root must mach the setting in your {key}.rwl file mentioned below.
Please follow instructions for rwloadsim itself. During installation, you will also be installing an oracle client such as Instant Client, including sqlplus. As example locations for respectively rwloadsim and Instant Client assuming the above mentioned /home2/mylogin directory exists could be:
/home2/mylogin/rwloadsim
/home2/mylogin/instantclient_19_9
These two directories can very well be shared among multiple users or even systems via e.g. an NFS mount, as they do not contain any sensitive information such as passwords. Unless you have an existing repository database, you are strongly advised to also create one; if your "application server" has sufficient capacity to include this database, you can do so. Otherwise, use a separately located databases for your repository.
In your installation of the RWP*Load Simulator, the oltp directory contains the files that are needed by the oltp workload. You need to have copies of two of these files (only) in your own working directory. You should therefore first create this directory (private to you) where your real work will take place, and where you put copies of these two files; the copies must be named after your project.
The files you need to make your own copies of are:
oltp.envwhere environment variables needed by the specific project are set.oltp.rwlwhere a large number of variables used by almost all rwl scripts are set.
So you should create {key}.env and {key}.rwl in your working directory as copies of these two files. The only setting that must be set in {key}.env is the environment RWLOLTP_NAME which should be your project name, i.e. {key}. Other environment variables that are commented out in oltp.env can be set if appropriate; typical examples are TWO_TASK and TNS_ADMIN. It is also recommended to set the RWLOADSIM_PATH environment variable to (include) the name of the directory where your copy of oltp.rwl is stored; if you do not, your current directory must be this directory when you execute any oltp commands.
If you have multiple projects, you can create multiple such pairs of files in the same directory and easily switch between them using the . or source command in the shell. If your projects are called dbtwo_a and dbtwo_b, you can switch between them by doing either of:
. ./dbtwo_a.env
. ./dbtwo_b.env
The entire configuration of the workload is done in a single rwl file named after your project, i.e. {key}.rwl, which you initially create as a copy of oltp.rwl. The file has many details about the use of the different parameters; a few explanations are:
The test suite uses a number of different database declarations that all have a connect string, a username and a password. There are two different database declarations used for DBA work, five different schemas that are used for the actual workload, and a number of pooled and non-pooled database declarations. Often, you can use the same connect string for all of these; exceptions are mentioned in {key}.rwl.
The two system (DBA) accounts are used respectively to generate awr reports, run gv$ queries, etc, and to create all other accounts. The two can very well be the same, but if your database is multi-tenant, you can make the former account execute at the root, while the latter uses your pdb.
The two directories mentioned previously must be named in the file.
There is a tablespace name parameter that identifies the tablespace where all tables will be put. The tablespace should have at least 20-30 GB available.
If your database does not have the partitioning option, you must set the value of the orders_hashcount parameter to 0. Doing so will imply the two tables orders and order_items will grow without bounds; with partitioning the scripts will keep their size below a certain limit.
Note that this file typically contains account passwords; you must therefore ensure the file can only be read by you, e.g. by giving it permission 0600. You can also decide not to include passwords, in that case, rwloadsim will prompt for them.
Set see a description of all parameters, use rwlman oltpsetup.
For your initial tests, it is highly recommended that you don't change any other parameters.
The scale of the workload is primarily controlled by the number of processes started, which again is an argument to the shell scripts such as oltprun. The default parameters (ratefactor=0.2, threadcount=50) are such that a run with just one process will use in the order of 0.2-0.3 database cpu seconds per second depending on the cpu speed of the database server.
The following shell scripts are found the in the bin directory:
| Name | Usage |
|---|---|
| oltpverify | Verify directories and parameter settings |
| oltpcreate | Create all schemas |
| oltpparams | Show some or all parameters from your {key.rwl} file |
| oltpplus | Call sqlplus with some user specified in your {key.rwl} file |
| oltpfilloe | Drops and recreates the OE schema |
| oltpcheckkey | Check if some key exists in the repository schema |
| oltpdrop | Drops all schemas except the repository |
| oltpcore | Perform a single run without saving all output |
| oltprun | Perform a single run preparing all output for browsing |
| oltpplot | Create all graphs and html files from one run |
| oltpscale | Perform a scaling run over a range of process counts |
| oltpscalereport | Create all graphs and html files after a scale run |
| oltpforever | Executes runs continuously until stopped |
| oltpforever2 | Separate another overlapping continuous run by ½hour |
| oltpday | Create graphs and html files for one full day of continuous execution |
Use rwlman with the name of either shell script to get its usage.
The script oltpverify is used to verify the parameters that are set in your file such as {key}.rwl.
You should check that the directories exist by calling
oltpverify -d
and if it displays a message that directories are fine, you should verify you can access the system account of your database by calling
oltpverify -s
which should finish with a line saying:
repository:nottested systemdb:ok cruserdb:ok runuser:nottested
If you have an existing rwloadsim repository, you can verify connections to it are working by doing
oltpverify -r
The five schemas used can now be created by calling
oltpcreate
If any errors are shown, correct these before continuing.
Note that if you have set results_in_test to a non-zero value, a repository schema will also
be created in your database under test; this is not the recommended approach.
To drop all schemas (except repository), execute
oltpdrop
Once you have created the schemas, you can use the oltpverify script with the -a option, which should finish with this line:
repository:ok systemdb:ok cruserdb:ok runuser:ok
To confirm everything has been configured properly, simply type
oltpcore -r 195
which will perform a run that lasts just under 200s. There should be no error messages, neither from sqlplus, bash nor rwloadsim. It will produce output while it progresses; some of these are:
RWP*Load Simulator Release 2.2.5.28 Development using client 19.9 on Mon Dec 7 17:21:01 2020
Connected rwl_aw for threads dedicated to:
Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
truncated aw tables
Preparing runnumber 27354
**** remaining: 0
**** started all background jobs at Mon Dec 7 17:21:05 UTC 2020
...
runnumber 27354 at 20.03 inst 2 3 aw_transaction
runnumber 27354 at 20.03 inst 2 5 awindex_query
runnumber 27354 at 20.03 inst 2 1 complex_query
...
runnumber 27354 at 20.04 total 18
...
runnumber 27354 at 194.50 total 17
doing ash from 2020.12.07T17:21:07
**** runperiod=195 over at Mon Dec 7 17:24:23 UTC 2020
making awr for 3132122639 2 816 817
...
**** 10 extra seconds over at Mon Dec 7 17:24:33 UTC 2020
**** looking for still running processes at Mon Dec 7 17:25:03 UTC 2020
...
ash data copied to repository
If there are errors, you need to fix them before continuing. Once all errors - if any - are fixed, you should stop using oltpcore as it does not save stdout and stderr from the run. In stead, use oltprun, oltpscale or oltpforever for real runs.
Now do a run using oltprun; if you have an X-Windows environment with the DISPLAY variable set, you should try also using the -g option:
oltprun -g
It will run for five minutes while producing output similar to what you have seen previously; the only change is that stderr is not shown; it is saved in a file. Both stdout and stderr will be available via your browser after the run has completed.
Finally, point your browser the the URL that exposes the awr directory. Initially, you will just see a directory named rNN, where NN will be 0 if you are using a newly created rwloadsim repository, otherwise NN will be the runnumber divided by 1000. Click that directory and then click the directory that has the same name as the runnumber.
The page will in the first part contain a number of links to things like awr reports, various graphs in both svg and png format and to a text file that contains both stdout (that was shown during the run) and stderr from the run. If any ORA-errors occurred during the run, that will also be shown. Some of the graphs will be embedded directly in the page as well. Note that the ash graphs are a balance between having good resolution and visibility of the number of sessions on cpu and the number of sessions in wait. As the latter can be very high, the y-axis my be too short to accommodate all periods with sessions waiting.
The oltprun script can be used to execute individual runs where you can change parameters (in your {key}.rwl file) or change arguments to oltprun. It accepts the following options:
| option | usage |
|---|---|
| -H | Show help |
| -n N | Set the number of processes, default 1 |
| -k key | Set the value of the key to be used in repository, default $RWLOLTP_NAME |
| -r N | set the runperiod in seconds, default 295 |
| -b | Simulate batch processing using busy loops |
| -g | show running graphs - requires X windows |
| -R file | Set non default file to run, default run.rwl |
| -a | allocate partitions at beginning of run |
| -2 | use side 2 |
- The most simple way to increase the load on your database is to use the -n option to specify a higher process count.
- The default run period of 295 seconds is chosen as a balance between time spent and validity of results. Choosing run periods that are a bit shorter than a multiple of 300s will produce graphs with nice x-axes.
- If you want to experiment with other run files than the default run.rwl, you can specify one using the -R option.
- To get a running graph of your run, use the -g option. If you have RWLOLTP_GNUPLOT1 and/or RWLOLTP_GNUPLOT2 set in your environment, they should be -geometry options to gnuplot and will be used for respectively time/session and throughput plots.
- If your orders and order_lines tables are partitioned, you can use the -a option to make sure an empty set of partitions are created at the start of the run. Only use this if the automatic allocation via interval partitions appears to cause trouble.
- The -2 option should only be used indirectly via the oltpforever2 script.
The {key}.rwl file sets a parameter called rwl_title that is a text string shown on all generated html and graphic files. If you in some run want to add additional text, you can provide that on the command line to oltprun. As an example
oltprun -r 595 -g -n 15 yet another test
will run a test that lasts just under 10 minutes, shows running graphics, uses 15 processes, and generates html and graphics files that include the text "yet another test" in addition to the text of your rwl_title parameter.
At SAMPLEOLTP.md, there are examples of the graphs being produced.
A goal of performance testing and simulation is to see how well the database deals with changes in workload. The rwloltp workload is prepared to allow one several types of bursts in workload during the test. One of these increases the transaction arrival rate and is specified by these settings in {key}.rwl:
| parameter | usage |
|---|---|
| burst_start | The time in seconds after run start when the burst should start |
| burst_length | The length in seconds of the burst |
| burst_factor | The factor (as a double) by which the workload will be increased during the burst |
If the burst_start time is after the run period provided by the -r option, if the burst_length is zero, or the burst_factor is 1, no burst will take place.
For the other types, see rwlman oltpsetup.
An often wanted measure performance measure is to find the workload at which the database can no longer keep up due to e.g. lack of cpu resources. The oltpscale script is designed to do exactly that as it performs a sequence of runs with increasing number of processes and eventually produces a scaling report from these runs.
As oltpscale needs to produce graphs based on multiple runs, it need to run queries against the repository that return exactly these runs. These queries are using key and hostname (of the server where you execute oltpscale, i.e. your application server), so each oltpscale runs needs a separate key. Therefore, a unique key must be chosen (such as {key}scale1, {key}sclA, or similar.) To ensure no runs exist in your repository, execute
oltpcheckkey {keytobechecked}
It will either display a line saying the key does not exist or a line saying how many runs already exist with that key executed from your server. If runs exist, you need to pick a new key.
The oltpscale script has these options:
| option | usage |
|---|---|
| -H | show this help |
| -l N | Specify lowest number of process (and interval unless -i is used) |
| -h N | Specify highest number of process |
| -n N | Ignore lo/hi and act as if this was just calling oltprun |
| -i N | Specify interval of process count between runs |
| -k key | Set the value of the key to be used in repository |
| -r N | Set the runperiod in seconds, default 595 |
| -b | Simulate batch processing using busy loops |
| -g | Show running graphs - requires X windows |
| -A | Allow reuse of key |
| -a | Pre allocate partitions |
The typically used options are:
- The range of process counts that will be started is provided as the argument to the -l and -h options. If these are set to e.g. 2 and 10, runs with process counts of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 will be performed.
- The unique key must be provided using the -k option
- Any arguments in addition to options will be added as text string to html files, graphs, etc.
When execution has finished, a html file will be created named after the key and made available for browsing at the awr directory. It contains a scalability graph including throughput, database cpu and database time, and it includes links to individual run data (that is to the results of each run). In addition, it includes graphs that show the execution time fractiles for a subset of the transactions in the workload.
A simple example of calling oltpscale is:
oltpcheckkey scale1a
oltpscale -l 1 -h 4 -r 295 -k scale1a my first scale test
which will make four runs with process counts of 1,2,3, and 4, each taking just under 300s using. When completed, you can browse to your externally visible awr directory where a file named scale1a.html will contain the results of the run. If you then realize you really should have made runs with as many as 6 processes, you can make the two missing ones by
oltpscale -A -l 5 -h 6 -i 1 -r 295 -k scale1a my first scale test
The -A option is needed such that oltpscale will accept there are already runs with scale1a as key, and the -i option is needed to use an interval of 1 between the lowest (5) and highest (6) process counts.
At SAMPLEOLTP.md, there is an example of scalability graphs.
If your goal is to investigate long term behavior, you will want to repeat a certain run over and over. This is what the oltpforever script is designed to do; it will do little more than repeating a run until it is gracefully terminated or is canceled using ctrl-c. The script does little more than executing oltprun repeatedly each with a runtime of 1h; there is a parameter that you can configure in your {key}.rwl file, forever_proccount. When oltpforever is started, a file named {key}.run will be created; if you remove this file, oltpforever will terminate gracefully when its current run has completed.
As oltpforever does little more than executing oltprun in a loop, there will be a period (typically around 1 min) after each 1h run during which saving of results to the repository and cleanup will take place before the next start of oltprun. This implies that there will be periods without load against the database under test. If you want to achieve having a load at all times, you can execute oltpforever2 in a separate shell window. This will add a workload (by calling oltprun) that is exactly the the one created by oltprun from oltpforever, but it will be shifted ½hour. As a result, results saving and cleanup of one will be roughly halfway into the other, ensuring there is always something running against your database. Interaction between the two scripts is done via files named {key}.2time (with a time-stamp to start) and {key}.2args with the arguments needed for oltprun. If you want to use oltpforever2, start it in a separate window at most ½hour after you have started oltpforever. You will see a countdown until oltpforever2 is ½hour after oltpforever, and oltpforever will subsequently control when oltpforever2 runs.
When deciding the size of the workload (i.e. the forever_proccount value), you need to take into account if you are going to run with only oltpforever or if you also want to run oltpforever2. In practical terms, forever_proccount should be half of the wanted workload if you are running with both. When running with both, you will see that database cpu and database time will drop to about half for about one minute halfway through each run, as that is the time when the other one is saving results, doing cleanup and prepare for the next run.
Note that start time synchronization is only done initially, so if you let the oltpforever/oltpforever2 pair run for extended time, they may gradually drift out of the ½hour synchronization.
As the name indicates, the purpose of the oltp workload is to simulate an
oltp environment, and the primary means to do so is to have a relatively
high number of worker threads
that execute business transactions with some average arrival rate.
This is closely emulating real oltp systems.
If you want to emulate a batch system, where a small number of workers
execute business transactions in a busy loop, you can use the -b option
to e.g. oltprun or oltpscale.
Doing so sets a flag (an integer variable named simulatebatch, that
you can test in your {key.rwl} file.
As worker threads become busy loops rather than having an arrival rate, you need much fewer worker threads for the same database workload. Also, you will normally want to use a dedicated connection to the database rather than a session pool. The following is a recommended addition to your {key.rwl} file:
if simulatebatch then
threadcount := 2;
pool_type := "dedicated";
end if;
Note that due to the busy loop, running with just a single process may require up to 2 database cpu seconds per second.
All rwl scripts used by the oltp workload are found in the oltp directory which automatically will be added to RWLOADSIM_PATH when calling the executable shell scripts such as oltprun. Due to the way these scripts are used by rwloadsim either as parameters or as $include files, there is a simple approach to experimenting with changes to these scripts. You can simply copy any rwl file from the oltp directory to your current working directory, where you already have your project .env and .rwl files, and rwloadsim will use your copy of the file in stead of the one found in the oltp directory. You can therefore experiment with modifications by editing your copy of the file.
You are likely to need to run queries against some of your defined schemas using sqlplus, which can be done without showing or typing your schema passwords using the oltpplus command. It simply takes one option that tells which schema to log in to. As an example, use
oltpplus -R
to log in to your repository, or
oltpplus -S
to log in using the user that runs v$ queries, etc.
See rwlman oltpplus for further details.
The oltp workload can be used for live demonstration, where changes to parameters such as the loadfactor can be done while a run is in progress.
The following commands are used for this:
| Name | Usage |
|---|---|
| oltpxcrun | Executes oltpcore continuously |
| oltpxcset | Modify parameters of an ongoing oltpcore run |
At present, this is primary used internally by the Oracle Real World Performance team.
- index.md Table of contents
- SAMPLEOLTP.md Previous topic: Sample use cases with the oltp workload
- OLTPQUICKSTART.md Next topic: Quickstart of the oltp workload for experienced users