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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<head>
<title>EE462-Utilization of Electtrical Energy</title>
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class: center, middle
# EE-462 UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
# Synchronous Machine Drives
## Ozan Keysan
## [keysan.me](http://keysan.me)
### Office: C-113 <span class="meta">•</span> Tel: 210 7586
---
# A Not Very Short Review
## [EE362 Presentations](http://keysan.me/ee362/)
---
# Equivalent Circuit
<img src="./images/ee462/synch_phasor1.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
# Phasor Diagrams
<img src="./images/ee462/synch_phasor2.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 650px;"/>
---
# Phasor Diagrams
<img src="./images/ee462/synch_phasor3.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 650px;"/>
---
# Maximum Torque
## Load Angle is 90 degrees
<img src="./images/ee462/synch_phasor4.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 450px;"/>
---
## Can you notice the similarity to DC Motor?
<img src="./images/ee462/synch_phasor4.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 450px;"/>
---
# Sinusoidal Synchronous Motor Drives
<img src="./images/ee462/sinusoidal_PMAC_drive.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
## Notice the position sensor
### Required to adjust the angle between current and flux
---
# Sinusoidal Synchronous Motor Drives
## A detailed look
<img src="./images/ee462/sinusoidal_PMAC_drive2.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
## Current is kept within tolerances
---
## Current Regulated VSI
--
<img src="./images/ee462/current_regulated_vsi.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
## Current Regulated VSI
<img src="./images/ee462/current_regulated_vsi2.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
## Current Regulated VSI
<img src="./images/ee462/current_regulated_vsi3.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
### Current magnitude is controlled while keeping the load angle at 90 degrees.
---
### Similarities between a DC motor and Synchronous Machines
--
## DC Motor
<img src="./images/ee462/brushed_dc.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 250px;"/>
### Stationary flux is produced by field windings (or by PM)
### Armature flux is kept 90 degrees apart with the commutator (brushes).
---
### Similarities between a DC motor and Synchronous Machines
## Brushless DC Motor (Synchronous Motor)
<img src="./images/ee462/brushless_dc.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 300px;"/>
### Rotating flux is produced by the field windings in the rotor.
### Another rotating flux is generated by the stator windings, and kept at the same speed and at 90 degrees by the power processing unit.
---
# Speed Sensors
### Three options:
--
- ## Resolver
- ## Encoder
- ## Hall Effect Sensor
---
# Resolver
<img src="https://www.amci.com/index.php/download_file/view_inline/2415/" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
# Resolver
<img src="http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/16190-2744411.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
# Encoder
<img src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/robotc-wiki/wiki-images/thumb/2/22/Encoder_diagram.png/300px-Encoder_diagram.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 650px;"/>
---
# Encoder
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Encoder_incremental_Dynapar_B58N.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
---
# Hall Effect Sensor
<img src="https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/8/1/c/7/8/5260259e757b7f9d538b456d.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
---
# Position Sensor Comparison
<img src="https://abm-website-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/ecnmag.com/s3fs-public/legacyimages/ECN/Articles/Microchip%20Figure%202-101309.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
---
## Brushless DC Motors (BLDC)
<img src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51m3FKS3-3L.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
---
## Difference between BLDC and PMSM?
--
## Trapezoidal Back EMF (BLDC)
## Sinusoidal Back EMF (PMSM)
---
## Difference between BLDC and PMSM?
<img src="https://abm-website-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/ecnmag.com/s3fs-public/legacyimages/ECN/Articles/Microchip%20Figure%201-101309.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
# PMSM
--
- ### Fed with sinusoidal currents
--
- ### Continuous Stator Flux Position Variation
--
- ### Less harmonics (current, torque)
--
- ### Lower core loss
--
- ### Higher switching losses
---
# BLDC
--
- ### Fed with direct currents
--
- ### Stator Flux Position Commutation at each 60 degrees
--
- ### Torque Ripple at commutation
--
- ### Higher core losses due to harmonic content
--
- ### Less switching losses
---
## BLDC Motors
---
## BLDC Commutation sequence
<img src="./images/ee462/BLDC_current.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
[Reference TI Application Notes](http://www.ti.com/lit/an/sprabq6/sprabq6.pdf)
---
## BLDC Commutation sequence
<img src="https://e2e.ti.com/resized-image/__size/550x0/__key/communityserver-blogs-components-weblogfiles/00-00-00-07-88/7711.rajne-2.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
## BLDC Inverter
<img src="./images/ee462/BLDC_inverter.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
[Reference TI Application Notes](http://www.ti.com/lit/an/sprabq6/sprabq6.pdf)
---
# Large Synchronous Motor Drives
--
## Load Commutated Inverter
<img src="./images/ee462/lci_drive.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
### For very large motors (>10 MW)
---
# Large Synchronous Motor Drives
## Load Commutated Inverter
<img src="./images/ee462/lci_drive_waveform.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
---
## Load Commutated Inverter
### Needs to work with leading pf (for commutation)
### Has low order harmonics (need to have harmonic filter)
<img src="http://electrical-riddles.com/upload/images/981800327_598.GIF" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
# Cycloconverters
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Cycloconverter.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 400px;"/>
---
# Cycloconverters
## Let's start with single phase
<img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/2017/january/1485787482.PNG" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
# Cycloconverters
## Let's start with single phase
<img src="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/2017/january/1485787784.PNG" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
---
# Cycloconverters
## Single phase with variable firing angle
<img src="http://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Single-phase-to-single-phase-cyclo-converters-waveforms1.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 550px;"/>
---
# Three Phase Cycloconverters
<img src="http://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Three-phase-to-single-phase-Cyclo-converters-waveforms.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
# Three Phase Cycloconverters
<img src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/_X6JnoL0U4BY/S2w6nqXiaiI/AAAAAAAANxk/MZ5LGLRBWO0/tmpB11_thumb_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
## Pros, Cons?
---
# [Operating Limits of Synchronous Machines](http://keysan.me/presentations/ee362_synchronous_v_curves.html#37)
<img src="http://keysan.me/presentations/images/cummins_stability.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
---
# Synchronous Reluctance Motors
--
<img src="https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-de85bde116c38e8f6f37da02ab7685b5" alt="Drawing" style="width: 400px;"/>
### Synchronous Torque, Reluctance Torque?
--
### [Salient Pole Synchronous Machines](http://keysan.me/presentations/ee362_power_salient.html)
---
## You can download this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee462](http://keysan.me/ee462)
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