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<<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>EE568-Selected Topics in Electrical Machines</title>
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class: center, middle
# EE-568 Selected Topics in Electrical Machines
## Types of PM Machines
## Ozan Keysan
[ozan.keysan.me](http://ozan.keysan.me)
Office: C-113 <span class="meta">•</span> Tel: 210 7586
---
### There are many PM topology classifications:
--
### With respect to flux direction:
--
- ### Radial Flux
- ### Axial Flux
- ### Transverse Flux
---
### There are many PM topology classifications:
### With respect to Stator Core:
--
- ### Iron-cored Machines
- ### Air-cored (Coreless) Machines
--
### With respect to Rotor-Stator Position
--
- ### Inner Rotor Machines
- ### Outer (External) Rotor Machines
- ### Dual Rotor Machines
---
### There are many PM topology classifications:
### With respect to PM placement:
--
- ### Surface Mount PM
- ### Interior PM
- ### Concentrated Flux PM
---
### There are many PM topology classifications:
--
### With respect to Back-EMF
--
- ### Brushless DC (BLDC)
- ### Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM)
---
---
## Rotor-Stator Configuration
--
### Inner Rotor PM Machines
<img src="./images/ee564/inner.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
---
## Rotor-Stator Configuration
### Outer (External) Rotor PM Machines
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2Sh8s.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 300px;"/>
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/tlpMV.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 300px;"/>
---
## Rotor-Stator Configuration
### Outer (External) Rotor PM Machines
<img src="./images/ee564/outer_rotor.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
## What are the challenges & advantages?
---
### Outer (External) Rotor PM Machines
<img src="./images/ee564/outer_inner.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
#### Have higher radius (more surface area and torque) ([Dana TM4 Sumo Motors](https://www.danatm4.com/technology/electric-motors/external-rotor-motor-technology/))
#### Can be easy to couple mechanically (i.e. [direct drive wind turbines](http://www.pengky.cn/zz-direct-drive-turbine/external-rotor-generator/external-rotor-generator.html), [reading](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7538361))
#### Difficult to cool (especially with air cooling)
---
## Rotor-Stator Configuration
### Dual Rotor PM Machines
--
<img src="./images/ee564/dual_rotor.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
## Rotor-Stator Configuration
### Dual Rotor PM Machines
<img src="./images/ee564/dual_rotor2.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 400px;"/>
---
# Flux Direction
--
<img src="./images/ee564/radial_axial_flux.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
# Flux Direction
--
<img src="./images/ee564/radial_axial_flux2.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
## What are the key differences?
---
## Axial Flux Machines
--
- ### Have shorter axial length
--
- ### Usually have higher radius (usually results in higher torque density)
--
- ### Non-cancelling attraction forces between rotor and stator (for iron-cored machines) make the mechanical design difficult
---
## PM Rotor Types (Radial Flux)
## Surface Mount PM Machine
--
<img src="./images/ee564/smpm.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
---
## PM Rotor Types (Radial Flux)
## Surface Mount PM Machine
--
- ### Easy to manufacture
--
- ### \\(L\_d = L\_q \\) No reluctance torque
--
- ### Not suitable for very high speeds (centrifugal forces)
--
- ### PM are not well protected against corrosion, mechanical damage etc.
--
- ### Eddy currents on PM surface can be problematic for high frequencies
---
## PM Rotor Types
## Inset PM
--
<img src="./images/ee564/inset_PM.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
---
## PM Rotor Types
## Inset PM
--
- ### \\(L\_q > L\_d \\), has reluctance torque (higher torque density can be achieved)
--
- ### Magnets are easier to mount in place
--
- ### Leakage flux can be tricky
---
## PM Rotor Types
## Interior PM
--
<img src="./images/ee564/interior_PM.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
---
## PM Rotor Types
## Interior PM
--
- ### Suitable for high speed operation
--
- ### Magnets are well protected for corrosion and mechanical impacts
--
- ### Flux barriers should be used to minimize leakage flux
---
## PM Rotor Types
## Flux Concentrating PM
--
<img src="./images/ee564/flux_concentration.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
---
## PM Rotor Types
## Flux Concentrating PM
--
<img src="./images/ee564/inset_shaft.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
## PM Rotor Types
## Flux Concentrating PM
--
- ### Many different combinations are available
--
- ### A flux density higher than the remanence flux density can be obtained
--
- ### Can have significant reluctance torque assist, depending on geometry
--
- ### Suitable for high-speed operation
---
## Details of Flux Barriers (Tesla IPM)
<img src="./images/ee564/tesla_ipm.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
## IPM motors for EVs
<img src="./images/ee564/ipm_ev.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
#### [Synchronous Reluctance Motor for Traction Applications](http://www.refreedrive.eu/wp-content/downloads/2018_Coiltech_ReFreeDrive_UnivLAquila_SynchronousReluctanceMotorForTractionApplications.pdf)
---
## IPM motors for EVs
<img src="./images/ee564/ipm_ev2.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
#### [Synchronous Reluctance Motor for Traction Applications](http://www.refreedrive.eu/wp-content/downloads/2018_Coiltech_ReFreeDrive_UnivLAquila_SynchronousReluctanceMotorForTractionApplications.pdf)
#### [BMW-i3 Electric Motor Production](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJZagXcLo1w)
---
## Synchronous Reluctance Machines
--
<img src="https://www07.abb.com/images/librariesprovider100/default-album/ie5_synrm_web.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
## Synchronous Reluctance Machines
--
<img src="./images/ee564/synch_reluctance.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
---
## Synchronous Reluctance Machines
<img src="./images/ee564/rel_parameters.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
---
## PM assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines
--
<img src="./images/ee564/pm_assisted_synch.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
---
## PM assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines
--
<img src="./images/ee564/pm_assisted2.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
---
## PM assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines
<img src="./images/ee564/pm_assisted.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
## Axial Flux Machines
<img src="./images/ee564/axial_pm_types.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
---
# Single Sided Axial Flux Machines
<img src="./images/ee564/single_sided_axial.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
# Internal Rotor Axial Flux Machine
<img src="./images/ee564/internal_rotor_axial.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
# Double Sided Inner Stator Axial Flux Machine
<img src="./images/ee564/double_axial.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
## Multi-Stage Axial Flux Machine
<img src="./images/ee564/multi_stage_axial.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
## Transverse Flux Machine
<img src="./images/ee564/transverse_flux.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
---
## Transverse Flux Machine
<img src="./images/ee564/double_transverse_flux.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
## Transverse Flux Machine
<img src="./images/ee564/transverse.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
---
## You can download this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee564](http://keysan.me/ee564)
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