diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 8edefe8f2457b..17fba8e8bcbbb 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -9479,7 +9479,6 @@ name = "simulacrum"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
- "async-trait",
  "bcs",
  "fastcrypto",
  "move-binary-format",
diff --git a/crates/simulacrum/Cargo.toml b/crates/simulacrum/Cargo.toml
index 11d041ce1be73..a3ddc6e8ef843 100644
--- a/crates/simulacrum/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/simulacrum/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
 anyhow.workspace = true
-async-trait.workspace = true
 bcs.workspace = true
 fastcrypto.workspace = true
 move-binary-format.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/simulacrum/src/store.rs b/crates/simulacrum/src/store.rs
index cef9ed057ce68..a7c655e7053b5 100644
--- a/crates/simulacrum/src/store.rs
+++ b/crates/simulacrum/src/store.rs
@@ -410,61 +410,50 @@ impl KeyStore {
     }
 }
 
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 pub trait SimulatorStore:
     sui_types::storage::BackingPackageStore
     + sui_types::storage::ObjectStore
     + sui_types::storage::ReceivedMarkerQuery
 {
-    async fn get_checkpoint_by_sequence_number(
+    fn get_checkpoint_by_sequence_number(
         &self,
         sequence_number: CheckpointSequenceNumber,
     ) -> Option<&VerifiedCheckpoint>;
 
-    async fn get_checkpoint_by_digest(
-        &self,
-        digest: &CheckpointDigest,
-    ) -> Option<&VerifiedCheckpoint>;
+    fn get_checkpoint_by_digest(&self, digest: &CheckpointDigest) -> Option<&VerifiedCheckpoint>;
 
-    async fn get_highest_checkpint(&self) -> Option<&VerifiedCheckpoint>;
-    async fn get_checkpoint_contents(
+    fn get_highest_checkpint(&self) -> Option<&VerifiedCheckpoint>;
+    fn get_checkpoint_contents(
         &self,
         digest: &CheckpointContentsDigest,
     ) -> Option<&CheckpointContents>;
 
-    async fn get_committee_by_epoch(&self, epoch: EpochId) -> Option<&Committee>;
+    fn get_committee_by_epoch(&self, epoch: EpochId) -> Option<&Committee>;
 
-    async fn get_transaction(&self, digest: &TransactionDigest) -> Option<&VerifiedTransaction>;
+    fn get_transaction(&self, digest: &TransactionDigest) -> Option<&VerifiedTransaction>;
 
-    async fn get_transaction_effects(
-        &self,
-        digest: &TransactionDigest,
-    ) -> Option<&TransactionEffects>;
-    async fn get_transaction_events(
+    fn get_transaction_effects(&self, digest: &TransactionDigest) -> Option<&TransactionEffects>;
+    fn get_transaction_events(
         &self,
         digest: &TransactionEventsDigest,
     ) -> Option<&TransactionEvents>;
 
-    async fn get_object(&self, id: &ObjectID) -> Option<&Object>;
-    async fn get_object_at_version(
-        &self,
-        id: &ObjectID,
-        version: SequenceNumber,
-    ) -> Option<&Object>;
+    fn get_object(&self, id: &ObjectID) -> Option<&Object>;
+    fn get_object_at_version(&self, id: &ObjectID, version: SequenceNumber) -> Option<&Object>;
 
-    async fn get_system_state(&self) -> sui_types::sui_system_state::SuiSystemState;
+    fn get_system_state(&self) -> sui_types::sui_system_state::SuiSystemState;
 
-    async fn get_clock(&self) -> sui_types::clock::Clock;
+    fn get_clock(&self) -> sui_types::clock::Clock;
 
-    async fn owned_objects(&self, owner: SuiAddress) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &Object> + '_>;
+    fn owned_objects(&self, owner: SuiAddress) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &Object> + '_>;
 
-    async fn insert_checkpoint(&mut self, checkpoint: VerifiedCheckpoint);
+    fn insert_checkpoint(&mut self, checkpoint: VerifiedCheckpoint);
 
-    async fn insert_checkpoint_contents(&mut self, contents: CheckpointContents);
+    fn insert_checkpoint_contents(&mut self, contents: CheckpointContents);
 
-    async fn insert_committee(&mut self, committee: Committee);
+    fn insert_committee(&mut self, committee: Committee);
 
-    async fn insert_executed_transaction(
+    fn insert_executed_transaction(
         &mut self,
         transaction: VerifiedTransaction,
         effects: TransactionEffects,
@@ -472,105 +461,94 @@ pub trait SimulatorStore:
         written_objects: BTreeMap<ObjectID, Object>,
     );
 
-    async fn insert_transaction(&mut self, transaction: VerifiedTransaction);
+    fn insert_transaction(&mut self, transaction: VerifiedTransaction);
 
-    async fn insert_transaction_effects(&mut self, effects: TransactionEffects);
+    fn insert_transaction_effects(&mut self, effects: TransactionEffects);
 
-    async fn insert_events(&mut self, events: TransactionEvents);
+    fn insert_events(&mut self, events: TransactionEvents);
 
-    async fn update_objects(
+    fn update_objects(
         &mut self,
         written_objects: BTreeMap<ObjectID, Object>,
         deleted_objects: Vec<(ObjectID, SequenceNumber, ObjectDigest)>,
     );
 }
 
-#[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl SimulatorStore for InMemoryStore {
-    async fn get_checkpoint_by_sequence_number(
+    fn get_checkpoint_by_sequence_number(
         &self,
         sequence_number: CheckpointSequenceNumber,
     ) -> Option<&VerifiedCheckpoint> {
         self.get_checkpoint_by_sequence_number(sequence_number)
     }
 
-    async fn get_checkpoint_by_digest(
-        &self,
-        digest: &CheckpointDigest,
-    ) -> Option<&VerifiedCheckpoint> {
+    fn get_checkpoint_by_digest(&self, digest: &CheckpointDigest) -> Option<&VerifiedCheckpoint> {
         self.get_checkpoint_by_digest(digest)
     }
 
-    async fn get_highest_checkpint(&self) -> Option<&VerifiedCheckpoint> {
+    fn get_highest_checkpint(&self) -> Option<&VerifiedCheckpoint> {
         self.get_highest_checkpint()
     }
 
-    async fn get_checkpoint_contents(
+    fn get_checkpoint_contents(
         &self,
         digest: &CheckpointContentsDigest,
     ) -> Option<&CheckpointContents> {
         self.get_checkpoint_contents(digest)
     }
 
-    async fn get_committee_by_epoch(&self, epoch: EpochId) -> Option<&Committee> {
+    fn get_committee_by_epoch(&self, epoch: EpochId) -> Option<&Committee> {
         self.get_committee_by_epoch(epoch)
     }
 
-    async fn get_transaction(&self, digest: &TransactionDigest) -> Option<&VerifiedTransaction> {
+    fn get_transaction(&self, digest: &TransactionDigest) -> Option<&VerifiedTransaction> {
         self.get_transaction(digest)
     }
 
-    async fn get_transaction_effects(
-        &self,
-        digest: &TransactionDigest,
-    ) -> Option<&TransactionEffects> {
+    fn get_transaction_effects(&self, digest: &TransactionDigest) -> Option<&TransactionEffects> {
         self.get_transaction_effects(digest)
     }
 
-    async fn get_transaction_events(
+    fn get_transaction_events(
         &self,
         digest: &TransactionEventsDigest,
     ) -> Option<&TransactionEvents> {
         self.get_transaction_events(digest)
     }
 
-    async fn get_object(&self, id: &ObjectID) -> Option<&Object> {
+    fn get_object(&self, id: &ObjectID) -> Option<&Object> {
         self.get_object(id)
     }
 
-    async fn get_object_at_version(
-        &self,
-        id: &ObjectID,
-        version: SequenceNumber,
-    ) -> Option<&Object> {
+    fn get_object_at_version(&self, id: &ObjectID, version: SequenceNumber) -> Option<&Object> {
         self.get_object_at_version(id, version)
     }
 
-    async fn get_system_state(&self) -> sui_types::sui_system_state::SuiSystemState {
+    fn get_system_state(&self) -> sui_types::sui_system_state::SuiSystemState {
         self.get_system_state()
     }
 
-    async fn get_clock(&self) -> sui_types::clock::Clock {
+    fn get_clock(&self) -> sui_types::clock::Clock {
         self.get_clock()
     }
 
-    async fn owned_objects(&self, owner: SuiAddress) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &Object> + '_> {
+    fn owned_objects(&self, owner: SuiAddress) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &Object> + '_> {
         Box::new(self.owned_objects(owner))
     }
 
-    async fn insert_checkpoint(&mut self, checkpoint: VerifiedCheckpoint) {
+    fn insert_checkpoint(&mut self, checkpoint: VerifiedCheckpoint) {
         self.insert_checkpoint(checkpoint)
     }
 
-    async fn insert_checkpoint_contents(&mut self, contents: CheckpointContents) {
+    fn insert_checkpoint_contents(&mut self, contents: CheckpointContents) {
         self.insert_checkpoint_contents(contents)
     }
 
-    async fn insert_committee(&mut self, committee: Committee) {
+    fn insert_committee(&mut self, committee: Committee) {
         self.insert_committee(committee)
     }
 
-    async fn insert_executed_transaction(
+    fn insert_executed_transaction(
         &mut self,
         transaction: VerifiedTransaction,
         effects: TransactionEffects,
@@ -580,19 +558,19 @@ impl SimulatorStore for InMemoryStore {
         self.insert_executed_transaction(transaction, effects, events, written_objects)
     }
 
-    async fn insert_transaction(&mut self, transaction: VerifiedTransaction) {
+    fn insert_transaction(&mut self, transaction: VerifiedTransaction) {
         self.insert_transaction(transaction)
     }
 
-    async fn insert_transaction_effects(&mut self, effects: TransactionEffects) {
+    fn insert_transaction_effects(&mut self, effects: TransactionEffects) {
         self.insert_transaction_effects(effects)
     }
 
-    async fn insert_events(&mut self, events: TransactionEvents) {
+    fn insert_events(&mut self, events: TransactionEvents) {
         self.insert_events(events)
     }
 
-    async fn update_objects(
+    fn update_objects(
         &mut self,
         written_objects: BTreeMap<ObjectID, Object>,
         deleted_objects: Vec<(ObjectID, SequenceNumber, ObjectDigest)>,