diff --git a/go-tipb/analyze.pb.go b/go-tipb/analyze.pb.go
index 06248b7e..4bc658ce 100644
--- a/go-tipb/analyze.pb.go
+++ b/go-tipb/analyze.pb.go
@@ -316,8 +316,11 @@ type AnalyzeColumnsReq struct {
 	ColumnGroups           []*AnalyzeColumnGroup `protobuf:"bytes,10,rep,name=column_groups,json=columnGroups" json:"column_groups,omitempty"`
 	// sample_rate is the sampling rate that how many samples will collected.
 	// There must be one non-zero value in sample_rate and sample_size.
-	SampleRate       *float64 `protobuf:"fixed64,11,opt,name=sample_rate,json=sampleRate" json:"sample_rate,omitempty"`
-	XXX_unrecognized []byte   `json:"-"`
+	SampleRate *float64 `protobuf:"fixed64,11,opt,name=sample_rate,json=sampleRate" json:"sample_rate,omitempty"`
+	// If ndv_sample_rate is 1, just use fm_sketch to calculate ndv.
+	// If ndv_sample_rate is less than 1, use sample-based estimator to calculate ndv.
+	NdvSampleRate    []float64 `protobuf:"fixed64,12,rep,name=ndv_sample_rate,json=ndvSampleRate" json:"ndv_sample_rate,omitempty"`
+	XXX_unrecognized []byte    `json:"-"`
 }
 
 func (m *AnalyzeColumnsReq) Reset()                    { *m = AnalyzeColumnsReq{} }
@@ -402,6 +405,13 @@ func (m *AnalyzeColumnsReq) GetSampleRate() float64 {
 	return 0
 }
 
+func (m *AnalyzeColumnsReq) GetNdvSampleRate() []float64 {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.NdvSampleRate
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type AnalyzeMixedResp struct {
 	ColumnsResp      *AnalyzeColumnsResp `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=columns_resp,json=columnsResp" json:"columns_resp,omitempty"`
 	IndexResp        *AnalyzeIndexResp   `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=index_resp,json=indexResp" json:"index_resp,omitempty"`
@@ -682,12 +692,19 @@ func (m *SampleCollector) GetTotalSize() int64 {
 }
 
 type RowSampleCollector struct {
-	Samples          []*RowSample `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=samples" json:"samples,omitempty"`
-	NullCounts       []int64      `protobuf:"varint,2,rep,name=null_counts,json=nullCounts" json:"null_counts,omitempty"`
-	Count            int64        `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=count" json:"count"`
-	FmSketch         []*FMSketch  `protobuf:"bytes,4,rep,name=fm_sketch,json=fmSketch" json:"fm_sketch,omitempty"`
-	TotalSize        []int64      `protobuf:"varint,5,rep,name=total_size,json=totalSize" json:"total_size,omitempty"`
-	XXX_unrecognized []byte       `json:"-"`
+	Samples    []*RowSample `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=samples" json:"samples,omitempty"`
+	NullCounts []int64      `protobuf:"varint,2,rep,name=null_counts,json=nullCounts" json:"null_counts,omitempty"`
+	Count      int64        `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=count" json:"count"`
+	FmSketch   []*FMSketch  `protobuf:"bytes,4,rep,name=fm_sketch,json=fmSketch" json:"fm_sketch,omitempty"`
+	TotalSize  []int64      `protobuf:"varint,5,rep,name=total_size,json=totalSize" json:"total_size,omitempty"`
+	// sample_ndv_offsets, sample_fm_sketch, sample_f1_fm_sketch are used for sample-based ndv calculation.
+	// sample_ndv_offsets indicates which columns/indexes use sample-based ndv calculation.
+	// sample_fm_sketch is the fm_sketch of the all samples.
+	// sample_f1_fm_sketch is the fm_sketch of the samples whose value occurs exactly once.
+	SampleNdvOffsets []int64     `protobuf:"varint,6,rep,name=sample_ndv_offsets,json=sampleNdvOffsets" json:"sample_ndv_offsets,omitempty"`
+	SampleFmSketch   []*FMSketch `protobuf:"bytes,7,rep,name=sample_fm_sketch,json=sampleFmSketch" json:"sample_fm_sketch,omitempty"`
+	SampleF1FmSketch []*FMSketch `protobuf:"bytes,8,rep,name=sample_f1_fm_sketch,json=sampleF1FmSketch" json:"sample_f1_fm_sketch,omitempty"`
+	XXX_unrecognized []byte      `json:"-"`
 }
 
 func (m *RowSampleCollector) Reset()                    { *m = RowSampleCollector{} }
@@ -730,6 +747,27 @@ func (m *RowSampleCollector) GetTotalSize() []int64 {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (m *RowSampleCollector) GetSampleNdvOffsets() []int64 {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.SampleNdvOffsets
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *RowSampleCollector) GetSampleFmSketch() []*FMSketch {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.SampleFmSketch
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *RowSampleCollector) GetSampleF1FmSketch() []*FMSketch {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.SampleF1FmSketch
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type RowSample struct {
 	Row              [][]byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=row" json:"row,omitempty"`
 	Weight           int64    `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=weight" json:"weight"`
@@ -1040,6 +1078,15 @@ func (m *AnalyzeColumnsReq) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 		encoding_binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(dAtA[i:], uint64(math.Float64bits(float64(*m.SampleRate))))
 		i += 8
 	}
+	if len(m.NdvSampleRate) > 0 {
+		for _, num := range m.NdvSampleRate {
+			dAtA[i] = 0x61
+			i++
+			f3 := math.Float64bits(float64(num))
+			encoding_binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(dAtA[i:], uint64(f3))
+			i += 8
+		}
+	}
 	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
 		i += copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
 	}
@@ -1065,21 +1112,21 @@ func (m *AnalyzeMixedResp) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 		dAtA[i] = 0xa
 		i++
 		i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(m.ColumnsResp.Size()))
-		n3, err := m.ColumnsResp.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+		n4, err := m.ColumnsResp.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		i += n3
+		i += n4
 	}
 	if m.IndexResp != nil {
 		dAtA[i] = 0x12
 		i++
 		i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(m.IndexResp.Size()))
-		n4, err := m.IndexResp.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+		n5, err := m.IndexResp.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		i += n4
+		i += n5
 	}
 	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
 		i += copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
@@ -1153,21 +1200,21 @@ func (m *AnalyzeColumnsResp) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 		dAtA[i] = 0x12
 		i++
 		i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(m.PkHist.Size()))
-		n5, err := m.PkHist.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+		n6, err := m.PkHist.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		i += n5
+		i += n6
 	}
 	if m.RowCollector != nil {
 		dAtA[i] = 0x1a
 		i++
 		i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(m.RowCollector.Size()))
-		n6, err := m.RowCollector.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+		n7, err := m.RowCollector.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		i += n6
+		i += n7
 	}
 	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
 		i += copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
@@ -1194,31 +1241,31 @@ func (m *AnalyzeIndexResp) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 		dAtA[i] = 0xa
 		i++
 		i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(m.Hist.Size()))
-		n7, err := m.Hist.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+		n8, err := m.Hist.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		i += n7
+		i += n8
 	}
 	if m.Cms != nil {
 		dAtA[i] = 0x12
 		i++
 		i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(m.Cms.Size()))
-		n8, err := m.Cms.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+		n9, err := m.Cms.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		i += n8
+		i += n9
 	}
 	if m.Collector != nil {
 		dAtA[i] = 0x1a
 		i++
 		i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(m.Collector.Size()))
-		n9, err := m.Collector.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+		n10, err := m.Collector.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		i += n9
+		i += n10
 	}
 	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
 		i += copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
@@ -1370,21 +1417,21 @@ func (m *SampleCollector) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 		dAtA[i] = 0x22
 		i++
 		i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(m.FmSketch.Size()))
-		n10, err := m.FmSketch.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+		n11, err := m.FmSketch.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		i += n10
+		i += n11
 	}
 	if m.CmSketch != nil {
 		dAtA[i] = 0x2a
 		i++
 		i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(m.CmSketch.Size()))
-		n11, err := m.CmSketch.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+		n12, err := m.CmSketch.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		i += n11
+		i += n12
 	}
 	if m.TotalSize != nil {
 		dAtA[i] = 0x30
@@ -1453,6 +1500,37 @@ func (m *RowSampleCollector) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 			i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(num))
 		}
 	}
+	if len(m.SampleNdvOffsets) > 0 {
+		for _, num := range m.SampleNdvOffsets {
+			dAtA[i] = 0x30
+			i++
+			i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(num))
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.SampleFmSketch) > 0 {
+		for _, msg := range m.SampleFmSketch {
+			dAtA[i] = 0x3a
+			i++
+			i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(msg.Size()))
+			n, err := msg.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+			i += n
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.SampleF1FmSketch) > 0 {
+		for _, msg := range m.SampleF1FmSketch {
+			dAtA[i] = 0x42
+			i++
+			i = encodeVarintAnalyze(dAtA, i, uint64(msg.Size()))
+			n, err := msg.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:])
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+			i += n
+		}
+	}
 	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
 		i += copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
 	}
@@ -1694,6 +1772,9 @@ func (m *AnalyzeColumnsReq) Size() (n int) {
 	if m.SampleRate != nil {
 		n += 9
 	}
+	if len(m.NdvSampleRate) > 0 {
+		n += 9 * len(m.NdvSampleRate)
+	}
 	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
 		n += len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
 	}
@@ -1887,6 +1968,23 @@ func (m *RowSampleCollector) Size() (n int) {
 			n += 1 + sovAnalyze(uint64(e))
 		}
 	}
+	if len(m.SampleNdvOffsets) > 0 {
+		for _, e := range m.SampleNdvOffsets {
+			n += 1 + sovAnalyze(uint64(e))
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.SampleFmSketch) > 0 {
+		for _, e := range m.SampleFmSketch {
+			l = e.Size()
+			n += 1 + l + sovAnalyze(uint64(l))
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.SampleF1FmSketch) > 0 {
+		for _, e := range m.SampleF1FmSketch {
+			l = e.Size()
+			n += 1 + l + sovAnalyze(uint64(l))
+		}
+	}
 	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
 		n += len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
 	}
@@ -2717,6 +2815,52 @@ func (m *AnalyzeColumnsReq) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
 			iNdEx += 8
 			v2 := float64(math.Float64frombits(v))
 			m.SampleRate = &v2
+		case 12:
+			if wireType == 1 {
+				var v uint64
+				if (iNdEx + 8) > l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				v = uint64(encoding_binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(dAtA[iNdEx:]))
+				iNdEx += 8
+				v2 := float64(math.Float64frombits(v))
+				m.NdvSampleRate = append(m.NdvSampleRate, v2)
+			} else if wireType == 2 {
+				var packedLen int
+				for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+					if shift >= 64 {
+						return ErrIntOverflowAnalyze
+					}
+					if iNdEx >= l {
+						return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+					}
+					b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+					iNdEx++
+					packedLen |= (int(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+					if b < 0x80 {
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				if packedLen < 0 {
+					return ErrInvalidLengthAnalyze
+				}
+				postIndex := iNdEx + packedLen
+				if postIndex > l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				for iNdEx < postIndex {
+					var v uint64
+					if (iNdEx + 8) > l {
+						return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+					}
+					v = uint64(encoding_binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(dAtA[iNdEx:]))
+					iNdEx += 8
+					v2 := float64(math.Float64frombits(v))
+					m.NdvSampleRate = append(m.NdvSampleRate, v2)
+				}
+			} else {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field NdvSampleRate", wireType)
+			}
 		default:
 			iNdEx = preIndex
 			skippy, err := skipAnalyze(dAtA[iNdEx:])
@@ -4171,6 +4315,130 @@ func (m *RowSampleCollector) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
 			} else {
 				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field TotalSize", wireType)
 			}
+		case 6:
+			if wireType == 0 {
+				var v int64
+				for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+					if shift >= 64 {
+						return ErrIntOverflowAnalyze
+					}
+					if iNdEx >= l {
+						return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+					}
+					b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+					iNdEx++
+					v |= (int64(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+					if b < 0x80 {
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				m.SampleNdvOffsets = append(m.SampleNdvOffsets, v)
+			} else if wireType == 2 {
+				var packedLen int
+				for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+					if shift >= 64 {
+						return ErrIntOverflowAnalyze
+					}
+					if iNdEx >= l {
+						return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+					}
+					b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+					iNdEx++
+					packedLen |= (int(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+					if b < 0x80 {
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				if packedLen < 0 {
+					return ErrInvalidLengthAnalyze
+				}
+				postIndex := iNdEx + packedLen
+				if postIndex > l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				for iNdEx < postIndex {
+					var v int64
+					for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+						if shift >= 64 {
+							return ErrIntOverflowAnalyze
+						}
+						if iNdEx >= l {
+							return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+						}
+						b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+						iNdEx++
+						v |= (int64(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+						if b < 0x80 {
+							break
+						}
+					}
+					m.SampleNdvOffsets = append(m.SampleNdvOffsets, v)
+				}
+			} else {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field SampleNdvOffsets", wireType)
+			}
+		case 7:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field SampleFmSketch", wireType)
+			}
+			var msglen int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowAnalyze
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				msglen |= (int(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if msglen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthAnalyze
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + msglen
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.SampleFmSketch = append(m.SampleFmSketch, &FMSketch{})
+			if err := m.SampleFmSketch[len(m.SampleFmSketch)-1].Unmarshal(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			iNdEx = postIndex
+		case 8:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field SampleF1FmSketch", wireType)
+			}
+			var msglen int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowAnalyze
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				msglen |= (int(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if msglen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthAnalyze
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + msglen
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.SampleF1FmSketch = append(m.SampleF1FmSketch, &FMSketch{})
+			if err := m.SampleF1FmSketch[len(m.SampleF1FmSketch)-1].Unmarshal(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			iNdEx = postIndex
 		default:
 			iNdEx = preIndex
 			skippy, err := skipAnalyze(dAtA[iNdEx:])
@@ -4746,83 +5014,88 @@ var (
 func init() { proto.RegisterFile("analyze.proto", fileDescriptorAnalyze) }
 
 var fileDescriptorAnalyze = []byte{
-	// 1244 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
+	// 1317 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
 	0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0xff, 0x94, 0x56, 0x5f, 0x6f, 0xdc, 0x44,
-	0x10, 0xaf, 0xcf, 0xf7, 0x77, 0xee, 0x92, 0x5c, 0x96, 0xb6, 0x98, 0xa8, 0xa4, 0x27, 0x57, 0xa5,
-	0x97, 0x16, 0x1d, 0x28, 0x15, 0x0f, 0xa8, 0xa2, 0x12, 0x29, 0x2a, 0xad, 0xa0, 0xa5, 0xda, 0x56,
-	0x20, 0xf1, 0x62, 0x39, 0xf6, 0xde, 0x9d, 0x15, 0xdb, 0xeb, 0x78, 0xd7, 0xbd, 0x34, 0xe2, 0x15,
-	0x1e, 0xe1, 0xb5, 0xdf, 0x03, 0x3e, 0x44, 0x9f, 0x10, 0x9f, 0x00, 0xa1, 0x22, 0x5e, 0xf9, 0x0c,
-	0x68, 0x67, 0xd7, 0xbe, 0x3f, 0xb9, 0xa0, 0xf6, 0xc9, 0x3b, 0x33, 0xbf, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0xf9, 0xcd,
-	0xec, 0xac, 0x61, 0xc3, 0x4f, 0xfd, 0xf8, 0xc5, 0x29, 0x1b, 0x65, 0x39, 0x97, 0x9c, 0xd4, 0x65,
-	0x94, 0x1d, 0xee, 0xf4, 0x44, 0x30, 0x65, 0x89, 0xaf, 0x75, 0x3b, 0x17, 0x27, 0x7c, 0xc2, 0x71,
-	0xf9, 0x91, 0x5a, 0x69, 0xad, 0xfb, 0x4b, 0x0d, 0xe0, 0x73, 0xbd, 0x97, 0xb2, 0x63, 0x72, 0x03,
-	0x6a, 0x32, 0x73, 0xac, 0x81, 0x35, 0xdc, 0xdc, 0xdf, 0x1e, 0x29, 0x2f, 0x23, 0x63, 0x7d, 0xf6,
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-	0x95, 0xdd, 0x38, 0xd1, 0x2a, 0x32, 0x82, 0xbe, 0x8c, 0x12, 0xe6, 0x9d, 0xf2, 0x94, 0x79, 0x7c,
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-	0x7f, 0x69, 0x29, 0xca, 0x87, 0x69, 0xc8, 0x4e, 0x28, 0x3b, 0xa6, 0xcd, 0x28, 0x54, 0x5f, 0xf2,
-	0x31, 0xb4, 0x02, 0x1e, 0x23, 0xbe, 0x89, 0xf8, 0x77, 0x97, 0xf0, 0xf7, 0x78, 0x5c, 0x24, 0xa9,
-	0xc0, 0x1d, 0x01, 0x8f, 0x29, 0x3b, 0x76, 0x7f, 0xad, 0xc1, 0xd6, 0x8a, 0x37, 0x72, 0x1d, 0xba,
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+	0x01, 0x9b, 0x8a, 0xd1, 0x28, 0xbc, 0x39, 0xd8, 0x6c, 0xbd, 0x7f, 0x2c, 0x58, 0x3f, 0x45, 0xa3,
+	0x40, 0xab, 0x47, 0xa9, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0x17, 0x9b, 0x2d, 0xba, 0x0a, 0x90, 0xcd, 0x92, 0xc4, 0x57,
+	0x7c, 0x56, 0xbb, 0x6c, 0x5b, 0xc8, 0x1f, 0x48, 0x4e, 0x4b, 0xbe, 0xed, 0xb3, 0x7c, 0xdf, 0x82,
+	0xf6, 0x38, 0xf5, 0x55, 0xa3, 0x93, 0x7c, 0x95, 0x35, 0x37, 0x59, 0xe0, 0xd6, 0x38, 0xd5, 0xf9,
+	0xdc, 0x82, 0x76, 0x58, 0x82, 0xeb, 0x2b, 0x2f, 0x48, 0x2b, 0x34, 0xe0, 0x0f, 0xc4, 0xd8, 0xe1,
+	0x41, 0x52, 0x19, 0x4e, 0xb8, 0x2d, 0x25, 0xa2, 0xa5, 0x7b, 0xff, 0xd6, 0x00, 0x9d, 0xbd, 0xc5,
+	0x68, 0x7b, 0x39, 0xd5, 0xf2, 0x96, 0x96, 0xd0, 0x45, 0xee, 0x72, 0x34, 0x9b, 0xdc, 0xf5, 0xeb,
+	0x5d, 0x8c, 0x66, 0x9d, 0x3c, 0x7b, 0x97, 0xec, 0xed, 0xff, 0xcd, 0x7e, 0x39, 0xa1, 0xba, 0x6c,
+	0x16, 0x8b, 0x84, 0xc4, 0x80, 0xd0, 0x9d, 0x53, 0x34, 0x51, 0xd3, 0x7a, 0x1a, 0x6a, 0x40, 0x28,
+	0xcd, 0x93, 0xe8, 0xc8, 0x74, 0x9f, 0x4f, 0x41, 0xcb, 0xfc, 0x45, 0x00, 0xcd, 0x95, 0x01, 0xac,
+	0x29, 0xdc, 0x9e, 0x09, 0xe3, 0x1e, 0x9c, 0x37, 0x96, 0xb7, 0x2b, 0xc6, 0xad, 0x95, 0xc6, 0xfa,
+	0x90, 0xbd, 0xdb, 0xc6, 0xdc, 0xbb, 0x0b, 0xed, 0x92, 0x4b, 0xf1, 0x16, 0x0a, 0x3a, 0xd7, 0x97,
+	0x4a, 0x2c, 0xd1, 0x65, 0x68, 0xcc, 0x49, 0x3c, 0x99, 0x2e, 0x5f, 0x26, 0x2d, 0xf3, 0xb6, 0xa1,
+	0x53, 0x56, 0x9a, 0xce, 0xd1, 0x26, 0xb4, 0x24, 0x8f, 0x44, 0xb7, 0xc0, 0x1e, 0x2e, 0xf7, 0xde,
+	0x7d, 0xe8, 0x1a, 0xe8, 0x73, 0x9a, 0x3f, 0x41, 0x08, 0x9c, 0x28, 0xe0, 0x81, 0x7c, 0x0b, 0x5d,
+	0x2c, 0xd7, 0x8b, 0xd2, 0xd4, 0xaa, 0x7f, 0x91, 0x52, 0xe4, 0xfd, 0x68, 0x41, 0xcb, 0x38, 0x40,
+	0xd7, 0xc0, 0x29, 0xe8, 0xdc, 0x5c, 0x89, 0x8d, 0x53, 0x77, 0x8e, 0xce, 0xb1, 0x54, 0xa3, 0x1b,
+	0x50, 0x97, 0x7f, 0x3a, 0xfa, 0x85, 0xa2, 0x65, 0x9c, 0x08, 0x03, 0x3b, 0xe2, 0xc7, 0x07, 0x6d,
+	0x43, 0x2f, 0x22, 0xe3, 0x60, 0x96, 0x70, 0xff, 0x28, 0x48, 0x66, 0x64, 0xe9, 0x37, 0xb6, 0xab,
+	0x55, 0xdf, 0x0a, 0xcd, 0xcd, 0x1f, 0xa0, 0x53, 0xf9, 0x5d, 0x46, 0x3d, 0x68, 0x8b, 0xaf, 0xec,
+	0xa9, 0xfd, 0x73, 0x68, 0x0d, 0x40, 0x6c, 0xd5, 0x64, 0xe8, 0x5b, 0xe8, 0x02, 0xf4, 0xd5, 0x3e,
+	0x4d, 0x69, 0xf6, 0x30, 0xc8, 0xa2, 0x84, 0xf4, 0x6b, 0xe8, 0x3c, 0xac, 0x0b, 0xa9, 0x22, 0x5d,
+	0x99, 0xda, 0xc6, 0x93, 0x9c, 0xa0, 0x7d, 0xc7, 0x58, 0xee, 0xcd, 0x92, 0x44, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0x6c,
+	0xd2, 0xaf, 0xef, 0x6e, 0xbf, 0x7a, 0xbd, 0x65, 0xfd, 0xf1, 0x7a, 0xcb, 0xfa, 0xeb, 0xf5, 0x96,
+	0xf5, 0xf2, 0xef, 0xad, 0x73, 0x70, 0x31, 0xa4, 0xe9, 0x28, 0x8f, 0xb3, 0x49, 0x18, 0xe4, 0x23,
+	0x1e, 0x47, 0xfb, 0x32, 0xc9, 0xa7, 0xd6, 0x7f, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x08, 0x46, 0x54,
+	0x3e, 0x30, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00,
 }
diff --git a/proto/analyze.proto b/proto/analyze.proto
index 2280106f..7961b677 100644
--- a/proto/analyze.proto
+++ b/proto/analyze.proto
@@ -79,6 +79,9 @@ message AnalyzeColumnsReq {
     // sample_rate is the sampling rate that how many samples will collected.
     // There must be one non-zero value in sample_rate and sample_size.
     optional double sample_rate = 11;
+    // If ndv_sample_rate is 1, just use fm_sketch to calculate ndv.
+    // If ndv_sample_rate is less than 1, use sample-based estimator to calculate ndv.
+    repeated double ndv_sample_rate = 12;
 }
 
 message AnalyzeMixedResp {
@@ -147,6 +150,13 @@ message RowSampleCollector {
     optional int64 count = 3 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false];
     repeated FMSketch fm_sketch = 4;
     repeated int64 total_size = 5;
+    // sample_ndv_offsets, sample_fm_sketch, sample_f1_fm_sketch are used for sample-based ndv calculation.
+    // sample_ndv_offsets indicates which columns/indexes use sample-based ndv calculation.
+    // sample_fm_sketch is the fm_sketch of the all samples.
+    // sample_f1_fm_sketch is the fm_sketch of the samples whose value occurs exactly once.
+    repeated int64 sample_ndv_offsets = 6;
+    repeated FMSketch sample_fm_sketch = 7;
+    repeated FMSketch sample_f1_fm_sketch = 8;
 }
 
 message RowSample {