[v24.3.x] iceberg: add simple drop_table support for filesystem_catalog

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #24299 to branch v24.3.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.3.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-24299-v24.3.x-740
git cherry-pick -x 3476abdfc6 2b469d146c 5cf96dfb37 049dd7d4a4

git push origin manual-backport-24299-v24.3.x-740
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.3.x] iceberg: add simple drop_table support for filesystem_catalog" \
  --base "v24.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-24299-v24.3.x-740" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/24299 "

[ztlpn]

Fixed by #24318