sad.bib

@article{Alves2015,
author = {Alves, GCS and Santos, LC and Duarte, HSS and Dias, V and Zambolim, L and Rocha, MR},
journal = {Multi-Science Journal},
keywords = {puccinia triticcina,quantification of disease,severity},
number = {1},
pages = {128--133},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da ferrugem da folha do trigo}},
volume = {1},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Malagi2011,
author = {Malagi, G and Santos, I and Camochena, RC and Moccellin, R},
doi = {10.1590/S1806-66902011000300028},
journal = {Revista Ci{\^{e}}ncia Agron{\^{o}}mica},
keywords = {Maize foliar diseases,Pantoea ananatis S,Phaeosphaeria maydis (P. Henn.)},
number = {3},
pages = {797--804},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da mancha branca do milho}},
volume = {42},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Domiciano2014,
abstract = {... Article first published online: 25 NOV 2013. DOI: 10.1111 / ppa . 12150 . {\{}{\textcopyright}{\}} 2013 British Society for Plant Pathology. Issue. Plant Pathology. Volume 63, Issue 4, pages 922{\{}$\backslash$textendash{\}}928, August 2014. ... Plant Pathology, 63: 922{\{}$\backslash$textendash{\}}928. doi: 10.1111 / ppa . 12150 . Author Information. 1 ...},
author = {Domiciano, GP and Duarte, HSS and Moreira, EN and Rodrigues, FA},
doi = {10.1111/ppa.12150},
journal = {Plant Pathology},
number = {4},
pages = {922--928},
title = {{Development and validation of a set of standard area diagrams to aid in estimation of spot blotch severity on wheat leaves}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.12150/full},
volume = {63},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Santos2010,
abstract = {The castor bean cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora ricinella Sacc. {\&} Berl.) is a common disease in castor bean crop (Ricinus communis L.), causing defoliation and losses. In spite of this, the evaluation of disease severity is an important decision support for adoption of strategies and tactics for disease control. Therefore the objective of this work was to elaborate and to validate a diagrammatic to evaluate cercospora leaf spot severity in the castor bean. The scale was developed based on six treatments with different irrigation depths plus the control treatment without irrigation. Based on disease incidence analysis, it was possible to select different severity levels per treatment, which were used to define the percentage intervals of foliar diseased area of the diagrammatic scale. In view of the inexistence of standardized methods for the quantification of cercospora leaf spot in the field, the levels of 0{\%}, 0.1 to 1{\%}, 1.1 to 10{\%}, 10.1 to 20{\%} and 20.1 to 45{\%} of lesioned foliar area were established, pointing out the observation that in the interval of 20 to 45{\%} leaf fall started to occur. The scale was tested according its accuracy, precision and reproducibility. For that, 40 leaves with different disease severity levels were appraised by 10 users, without and with the scale, with an interval of seven days between evaluations of the same users. The appraisers obtained better results under utilization of the scale. The scale proposed in this work presented appropriate applicability for cercospora leaf spot evaluation in castor bean. Higher disease intensity was observed in the control and in treatments with higher irrigation depth and lower irrigation frequency.},
author = {Santos, WF and Alves, MC and Carvalho, LG and Rios, GFA and Fraga, AC},
doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01636.x},
isbn = {0931-1785},
journal = {Journal of Phytopathology},
keywords = {Cercospora,Cercospora ricinella,Leaf disease,Ricinus communis,Severity},
number = {6},
pages = {403--408},
title = {{Elaboration and validation of a diagrammatic scale for epidemiological studies of cercospora leaf spot of castor bean}},
volume = {158},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Teramoto2011,
author = {Teramoto, A and Aguiar, RA and Garcia, RA and Martins, MC and Cunha, MG},
doi = {10.5216/pat.v41i3.12017},
journal = {Pesquisa Agropecu{\'{a}}ria Tropical},
number = {3},
pages = {439--445},
title = {{Escala Diagram{\'{a}}tica Para Avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o Da Severidade Da Mancha Alvo Em Folhas De Pepineiro}},
url = {http://www.revistas.ufg.br/index.php/pat/article/view/12017},
volume = {41},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Sepulveda-Chavera2013,
abstract = {G. Sep{\'{u}}lveda-Chavera, R. Salvatierra-Mart{\'{i}}nez, and R. And{\'{i}}a-Guardia. 2013. The alternative control of powdery mildew complex (Leveillula taurica and Erysiphe sp.) in tomato in the Azapa Valley, Chile. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(1):119-130. The powdery mildew complex (Leveillula taurica and Erysiphe sp.) is one of the major factors limiting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production in the Azapa Valley, Chile. This problem is especially severe in the case of protected crops because the options for the treatment of these crops with chemical fungicides are limited. This study evaluated the effects of 0.5 and 1.0 kg100 L-1 Ospo-V55{\textregistered} and 10{\%} raw cow{\&}{\#}039;s milk on tomato leaflets infected by powdery mildew complex. Ospo-V55{\textregistered}, with active ingredients consisting of 10{\%} p/p of algae extract (IB-101) and 0.8{\%} of microorganism concentrate, was evaluated in this study. Ospo-V55{\textregistered} contains flavonoids, alkaloids and phenols, oligo- and polysaccharides, 8.6{\%} protein, 0.5{\%} magnesium and trace amounts of riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid. Tacora Mas{\textregistered} (a mixture of 25{\%} tebuconazole and 12.5{\%} carbendazime) and Acoidal WG (wettable sulfur) were included for comparison with the Ospo-V55{\textregistered} and raw cow{\&}{\#}039;s milk treatments. A diagrammatic scale to assess the severity of the disease was validated and used to quantify the damage resulting from tomato powdery mildew and the effects of the treatments. The effect of the treatments on the germination of the conidia of L. taurica and Erysiphe sp. was also studied on water agar. Tacora Mas{\textregistered} provided the best control of powdery mildew in the field, followed by 1.0 kg100 L-1 Ospo-V55{\textregistered} and Acoidal. However, Ospo-V55{\textregistered} was more effective than Acoidal. All treatments, including raw cow{\&}{\#}039;s milk, significantly (P{\&}{\#}8804;0.05) reduced disease severity in the leaf compared with the control. Both surfaces of the leaves were assessed, and better results were obtained on the upper surface. This difference was associated with differences in wetting. Acoidal was the most effective treatment for inhibiting conidia germination, decreasing germination more than 98.2{\%}. This result differed significantly from the value of inhibition produced by Tacora Mas{\textregistered}. Ospo-V55{\textregistered} and raw cow{\&}{\#}039;s milk showed significant differences (P{\&}{\#}8804;0.05) in conidial germination compared with the control. Based on these results, we conclude that Ospo-V55 and raw cow{\&}{\#}039;s milk can be used in an integrated management program as alternative treatments to control tomato powdery mildew complex.},
author = {Sep{\'{u}}lveda-Chavera, G and Salvatierra-Mart{\'{i}}nez, R and Andia-Guardia, R},
journal = {Crop Protection},
keywords = {alternative product,arica,av,chile,conidial germination,cow,facultad de ciencias agron{\'{o}}micas,general vel{\'{a}}zquez 1775,ospo-v55,powdery mildew,raw,s milk,severity,tomato,universidad de tarapac{\'{a}},valle de azapa},
number = {1},
pages = {119--130},
title = {{The alternative control of powdery mildew complex ( Leveillula taurica and Erysiphe sp .) in tomato in the Azapa Valley , Chile}},
volume = {40},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Vivas2010,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale of black-spot in papaya fruit was elaborated and validate in order to standardize disease severity assessments. The proposed scale showed disease levels of 0.1; 0.3; 0.6; 1.2; 2.5; 5.0; 10.0 and 20.0{\%} of fruit superficial area with lesions. Without the scale, most of the evaluators overestimated the disease severity. When the scale was applied, better accuracy and precision levels were obtained, with absolute errors around 5{\%}, that can be acceptable in this kind of work. The evaluators presented good repeatability and high reproducibility estimations when the scale was used. The diagrammatic scale was suitable for black-spot severity evaluation in papaya fruits.},
author = {Vivas, M and Terra, CEPS and Silveira, SF and Fontes, RV and Pereira, MG},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052010000200010},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
keywords = {a pinta-preta,asperisporium caricae,assessment,carica papaya,causada por asperisporium caricae,do mamoeiro,folhas quanto,mais comuns na cultura,maubl,os sintomas dessa doen{\c{c}}a,se manifestam tanto nas,severity,speg,{\'{e}} uma das doen{\c{c}}as},
number = {2},
pages = {161--163},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da pinta-preta em frutos de mamoeiro}},
volume = {36},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Renaud2008,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale of Alternaria Brown Spot in citrus was developed in order to standardize disease severity assessments. The scale was built taking into consideration the distribution, shape and frequency of lesions as well as minimum and maximum severity levels found in the field. Two types of symptoms widely observed at field were represented in the diagrammatic scale: small circular or irregular lesions (0.1 1 2.5 5 11 and 25{\%}) and large circular lesions (1 2.5 5 10 and 17{\%}). The validation of the scale was accomplished in two stages. Firstly, four experts estimated the severity of disease in 79 photographs of citrus fruits with symptoms without using the diagrammatic scale. Secondly, the experts estimated the severity of the disease on the same fruits, by using the scale. When the scale was not used, the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.69, the intercept (a) 1.42 and the angular coefficient (b) 0.77, while by using the scale these parameters were 0.84, 1.59 and 0.84, respectively. The scale was shown to be appropriate for severity assessment of Alternaria Brown Spot on citrus fruits.},
author = {Renaud, MSA and Amorim, L and Louren{\c{c}}o, SA and Sp{\'{o}}sito, MB},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052008000300015},
isbn = {0100-5405},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
number = {3},
pages = {270--271},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da mancha marrom de alternaria de citros}},
volume = {34},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Andrade2005,
abstract = {The leaf spot, caused by Quambalaria eucalypti, is presently one of the most serious diseases in eucalyptus {\{}(Eucalyptus{\}} spp.) nurseries in Brazil. Since the disease was only reported recently in Brazil, little is known about its epidemiology and control. As standardized and precise methods are needed for the disease severity evaluations, a diagrammatic scale containing eight levels (0,4; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32 and 49{\%}) of severity was developed in this study for the disease quantification. For the scale validation four inexperienced and four expert appraisers scored leaves with different levels of severity, initially without the use of the scale and later on with its use. The estimates were compared for accuracy and precision. Using of the scale the appraisers were able to get better levels of precision and accuracy. After training, the levels of precision and accuracy were also increased, mainly for the inexperienced appraisers. The greatest errors in the disease evaluations were observed between levels 15 and 30{\%} of severity.},
author = {Andrade, GCG and Alfenas, AC and Mafia, RG and Maffia, LA and Gon{\c{c}}alves, RC},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-41582005000500007},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
number = {5},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da mancha foliar do eucalipto causada por Quambalaria eucalypti}},
volume = {30},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Juliatti2013,
author = {Juliatti, FC and Crato, FF and Juliatti, FC and Couto, KR and Juliatti, BCM},
journal = {Bioscience Journal},
pages = {676--680},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade de mofo branco em soja}},
volume = {29},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Godoy1997,
author = {Godoy, CV and Carneiro, SMTPG and Iamauti, MT and {Dalla Pria}, M and Amorim, L and Berger, RD and {Bergamin Filho}, A},
journal = {Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection},
number = {4},
pages = {336--345},
title = {{Diagrammatic scales for bean diseases: development and validation}},
volume = {104},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Lenz2009,
abstract = {The lack of a standardized visual method may lead to inaccurate severity estimative and wrong conclusions. The objective of this research was to develop a diagrammatic scale to assess the severity of grape isariopsis leaf spot on grape, caused by Isariopsis clavispora. A diagrammatic scale with six levels of disease severity (1.60; 3.20; 6.60; 13.00; 24.10 e 40.24{\%}) was developed and validated to assess grape isariopsis leaf spot. For validation, the severity of 30 leaves presenting different intensities of the disease was estimated by eight raters. Accuracy and precision were determined by linear regression and by the actual severity scale. This one provided good levels of accuracy and accuracy of visual estimation. The coefficient determination average was higher than 0.89, and absolute errors were lower than acceptable limits. The levels of accuracy, precision and reproducibility measurements of isariopsis leaf spot severity on grape significantly improved with the use of diagrammatic scale. The proposed diagrammatic scale proved to be adequate for severity assessments of grape isariopsis leaf spot.},
author = {Lenz, G and Costa, ID and Balardin, RS and Marques, LN and Arru{\'{e}}, A and Stefanelo, MS and Zemolin, CR},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782009000800005},
isbn = {1982-5676},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
keywords = {diagnosis,isariopsis clavispora,leaf spot,phytopatometry,pseudocercospora vitis},
number = {8},
pages = {2301--2308},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da mancha de isariopsis da videira}},
volume = {39},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Santos2011,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale for powdery mildew {\{}(Streptopodium{\}} caricae) in papaya leaves was elaborated and validated in order to standardize the disease severity assessments. The proposed scale presented severity levels of 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0{\%}. Without the scale, all evaluators overestimated the disease severity. When the scale was used by the evaluators, better accuracy and precision levels were obtained, although there was a severity underestimation tendency, with absolute errors around 5{\%} and many times inferior to this value and a few times above 10{\%}. The evaluators presented good repeatability and high reproducibility of estimates when the scale was used. The diagrammatic scale was suitable for powdery mildew severity evaluation in papaya leaves.},
author = {Santos, PHD and Vivas, M and Silveira, SF and Silva, JM and Terra, CEPS},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052011000400011},
isbn = {1982-5676},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
keywords = {assessment,carica papaya,carica papaya l,de quatro esp{\'{e}}cies de,maior exportador mundial,maior import{\^{a}}ncia no brasil,mundialmente,o mamoeiro,o mamoeiro {\'{e}} hospedeiro,o{\'{i}}dio,sendo o pa{\'{i}}s o,severity,streptopodium caricae,tropicais de,{\'{e}} uma das fruteiras},
number = {4},
pages = {215--217},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade de o{\'{i}}dio em folhas de mamoeiro}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S0100-54052011000400011{\&}lng=pt{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=en},
volume = {37},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Pedroso2011,
author = {Pedroso, C and Lage, DC and Henz, GP and Caf{\'{e}}-Filho, AC},
journal = {Journal of Plant Pathology},
number = {1},
pages = {219--225},
title = {{Development and validation of a diagrammatic scale for estimation of anthracnose on sweet pepper fruits for epidemiological studies}},
volume = {93},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Eschamps2008,
author = {Eschamps, C and {May de Mio}, LL and Oliveira, RA and Mazaro, SM and Machado, MP and Oliveira, MC and Gouv{\^{e}}a, A},
journal = {Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais},
keywords = {mint,pathometry,rust,severity},
pages = {82--87},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da ferrugem de Mentha arvensis L.}},
volume = {10},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Martins2004,
abstract = {The occurrence of late season leaf diseases in soybean {\{}(Glycine{\}} max) caused by the fungi Septoria glycines and Cercospora kikuchii are easily identified in field. However, there is a need for more precise information to quantify damage and yield losses. The lack of a standardized visual method may lead to inaccurate estimates of severity and innaccurate conclusions. With the purpose of elaborating a diagrammatic scale to assess these diseases, leaves with different levels of severity were collected in the field. The area of each leaf and its correspondent severity were determined, and following the {\{}{\{}"{\}}Stimulus{\}} Law by {\{}Weber-Fechner{\{}"{\}},{\}} a scale was elaborated with severity levels: 2.4, 15.2, 25.9, 40.5 and 66.6{\%}. Validation was carried out by nine appraisers, without previous practice in assessing late season leaf diseases, who estimated the severity on 30 leaflets of soybean {\{}(Glycine{\}} max) with disease symptoms. The variance found among appraisers {\{}(0.84{\{}$\backslash$textless{\}}R2{\{}$\backslash$textless{\}}0.65),{\}} and accuracy (0.00{\{}$\backslash$textless{\}}a{\{}$\backslash$textless{\}}3.40; 0.90{\{}$\backslash$textless{\}}b{\{}$\backslash$textless{\}}1.29), did not constitute systematic mistakes in over or underestimating the severity of disease. The developed diagrammatic scale is, therefore, appropriate to quantify late soybean season disease severity},
author = {Martins, MC and Guerzoni, RA and C{\^{a}}mara, GMS and Mattiazzi, P and Louren{\c{c}}o, SA and Amorim, L},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-41582004000200009},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
number = {2},
pages = {179--184},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para a quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o do complexo de doen{\c{c}}as foliares de final de ciclo em soja}},
volume = {29},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Lenz2009a,
abstract = {The lack of a standardized visual method may lead to inaccurate estimative of severity and wrong conclusions. The objective of this research was to develop a diagrammatic scale to assess the severity of septoria leaf spot in sunflower, caused by Septoria helianthi. A diagrammatic scale with five levels of disease severity (2; 12; 26; 48; and 71{\%}) was developed and validated to assess septoria leaf spot in sunflower. The scale was developed considering the maximum limit of disease severity observed in the field and the intermediate values followed logarithmic increments according to the {\{}{\{}"{\}}Stimulus{\}} Law by {\{}Weber-Fechner{\{}"{\}}.{\}} Initially the estimates of severity were performed without the use of the scale in 30 leaves with different levels of severity. Validation was carried out by eight appraisers, without previous practice in assessing septoria leaf spot in sunflower. Then, the appraisers estimated the severity of the same leaves previously assessed using the proposed diagrammatic scale. Assessments with the diagrammatic scale were of great precision for all raters and did not constitute systematic mistakes in overestimating or underestimating the disease severity. The proposed diagrammatic scale was considered adequate to estimate septoria-leaf-spot severity in sunflower.},
author = {Lenz, G and Costa, ID and Balardin, RS and Stefanelo, MS and Marques, LN and Arru{\'{e}}, A},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782009000800040},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
number = {8},
pages = {2527--2530},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de severidade de mancha-de-septoria em girassol}},
volume = {39},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Castillo2010,
author = {Castillo, SY and Rivera, JF and Hoyos, LM},
journal = {Fitopatologia Colombiana},
keywords = {fitopatometr{\'{i}}a,frutas,pasifloras,s},
number = {2},
pages = {41--45},
title = {{Escala digram{\'{a}}tica para evaluar la severidade de la bacteriosis de la gul upa ( Passiflora edulis Sims )}},
volume = {34},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Pethybridge2015,
abstract = {An interactive, iterative smartphone application was used on color images to distinguish diseased from healthy plant tissues and calculate percentage of disease severity. The user touches the application's display screen to select up to eight different colors that represent healthy tissues. The user then moves a threshold slider until only the symptomatic tissues have been transformed into a blue hue. The pixelated image is then ana- lyzed to calculate the disease percentage. This study reports the accuracy, precision, and robustness of Leaf Doctor using six different diseases with typical lesions of varying severity. Estimates of disease severity from Leaf Doctor were highly accurate (R2 {\$} 0.79; Cb {\$} 0.959) compared with estimates obtained from the discipline-standard, Assess. Precision was operationally defined as the ability of a rater to use Leaf Doctor and repeatedly obtain similar percentages of disease severity for the same image. Coefficients of variation were low (0.51 to 14.1{\%}) across all disease datasets but a significant negative relationship was found between the coefficient of variation of estimates and mean disease severity. Other advantages of Leaf Doctor included compar- atively less time for image processing, low cost, ease of use, ability to send results by e-mail, and the ability to create realistic standard area diagrams. Leaf Doctor is compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch and is optimized for iPhone 5. It is available as a free download at the iTunes Store. Reliable,},
author = {Pethybridge, SJ and Nelson, SC},
doi = {10.1094/PDIS-03-15-0319-RE},
journal = {Plant Disease},
number = {10},
pages = {1310--1316},
title = {{Leaf Doctor : A New Portable Application for Quantifying Plant Disease Severity}},
volume = {99},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Challiol2006,
author = {Challiol, MA and {May de Mio}, LL and Cuquel, FL and Monteiro, LB and Serrat, BM and Motta, ACV and {Ribeiro J{\'{u}}nior}, PJ},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-29452006000300012},
journal = {Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura},
pages = {391--396},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para furo de bala e avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de doen{\c{c}}as foliares em dois sistemas de produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em pessegueiro}},
volume = {28},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Ramos2015,
abstract = {El complejo mancha de asfalto del ma{\{}$\backslash$'$\backslash$i{\}}z, inducido por los hongos Phyllachora maydis y Monographella maydis , es una enfermedad de importancia econ{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}mica en M{\{}{\'{e}}{\}}xico, debido a que provoca severas p{\{}{\'{e}}{\}}rdidas en rendimiento. Dada su importancia se requieren m{\{}{\'{e}}{\}}todos estandarizados de cuantificaci{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n de los da{\{}{\~{n}}{\}}os ocasionados por la enfermedad, que permitan realizar estudios epidemiol{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}gicos reproducibles; con este prop{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}sito fue elaborada una escala logar{\{}$\backslash$'$\backslash$i{\}}tmica de severidad con los intervalos y punto medio de cada clase de 0(0-0), 3(1-6), 12(7-22), 38(23-55), 72(56-84), 91(85-95) y 98(96-100){\%} de {\{}{\'{a}}{\}}rea foliar afectada, analiz{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}ndose su exactitud, precisi{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n y reproducibilidad. La evaluaci{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n consider{\{}{\'{o}}{\}} a diez evaluadores y 50 plantas con distintos niveles de severidad, determinadas con el Software ImageTool 3.0. La precisi{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n y exactitud se calcul{\{}{\'{o}}{\}} mediante un an{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}lisis de regresi{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n lineal, entre la severidad real y estimada. Todos los evaluadores mostraron una tendencia a sobreestimar la enfermedad; y registraron valores del coeficiente b 1 estad{\{}$\backslash$'$\backslash$i{\}}sticamente igual a 1 (P{\{}{\&}{\}}lt;0.01), por lo que la evaluaci{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n del CMA con la escala propuesta arroja resultados cercanos a los valores reales. Se observaron buenos niveles de precisi{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n, la r 2 estuvo comprendida entre el rango 0.71 a 0.91; indicando que la escala puede ser implementada exitosamente en la evaluaci{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n de los da{\{}{\~{n}}{\}}os de la enfermedad.},
author = {Ramos, LH and Islas, JSS},
journal = {Revista Mexicana De Fitopatolog{\'{i}}a},
number = {x},
pages = {95--104},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica de severidad para el complejo mancha de asfalto del ma{\'{i}}z}},
volume = {33},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Citadin2008,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale was developed and validated to assess the severity of the bacteriose in peach leaves, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni. The scale was elaborated considering the maximum and minimum limits of disease severity observed in the field and the intermediate levels followed logarithmic increments according to the {\{}{\{}"{\}}Stimulus{\}} Law by {\{}Weber-Fechner{\{}"{\}}.{\}} The scale presents six levels of disease severity (0,5; 1,5; 4,3; 12,0; 29,1 and 55,3{\%}) which validation was carried out by seven individuals without previous practice in evaluating of the bacteriose in peach trees. Initially the estimates of severity were performed without the use of the scale in 50 leaves with different levels of severity. Then, the appraisers estimated the severity of the same leaves previously assessed using the proposed diagrammatic scale. Accuracy and precision were determined by linear regression, relating real and estimated severity values. The scale provided good levels of accuracy and precision of visual estimates. The proposed diagrammatic scale was considered adequate to the bacteriose severity in peach trees and it can be used in epidemiological studies and on evaluation for controlling this disease.},
author = {Citadin, I and Assmann, AP and Mazaro, SM and Gouvea, A and Danner, MA and Malagi, G},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-29452008000200010},
isbn = {0100-2945},
journal = {Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura},
pages = {327--330},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade de bacteriose em pessegueiro}},
volume = {30},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Damasceno2014,
abstract = {Cylindrocladium leaf spot on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) presents high occurrence in the feld, causing losses due to defoliation since the frst year of planting. The need of quantifying the disease and the lack of already published reliable scales have generated the need of elaborating and validating a diagrammatic scale to evaluate Cylindrocladium spp. leaf spot on eucalyptus crops. The study was developed in Botucatu, S{\~{a}}o Paulo, Brazil, in an E. grandis crop aged approximately two years and showing 2.5 x 3.0 meters spacing under epidemic conditions in the feld. One hundred E. grandis leaves were collected and digitalized by using a scanner, and two scales were elaborated, the frst one performed by AFSoft software to rate colors related to healthy and injured areas and the second one by manual delineating with the aid of a tablet and image treatment on GIMP and ImageJ software. Then, severity was determined based on the sample distribution. For the visual acuity test and validation of scales, leaves were subjected to severity evaluation, without and with scale, by ten raters (fve for each scale), followed by regression analysis. Comparison of scales showed that they can be used to quantify the severity of Cyllindrocladium spp. leaf spot on E. grandis, showing higher accuracy and precision with the second method. AFSoft is indicated for the elaboration of scales with small variation among the sampling tonalities and shorter work time; otherwise, manual delineating by using a tablet is indicated.},
author = {Damasceno, VFV and Furtado, EL and {Ferreira Filho}, PJ},
doi = {10.1590/0100-5405/1960},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
number = {2},
pages = {248--255},
title = {{Compara{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de dois m{\'{e}}todos de elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para a quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da mancha de Cylindrocladium em eucalipto}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S0100-54052014000300006{\&}lng=pt{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=en},
volume = {40},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Klosowski2013,
abstract = {Objetivou-se neste trabalho elaborar e validar uma escala diagram{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}tica para a ferrugem alaranjada da cana-de-a{\{}{\c{c}}{\}}{\{}{\'{u}}{\}}car e comparar a sua efici{\{}{\^{e}}{\}}ncia em avaliar a doen{\{}{\c{c}}{\}}a com a escala da ferrugem marrom. Para elabora{\{}{\c{c}}{\}}{\{}{\~{a}}{\}}o da escala foram coletadas 120 folhas de uma cultivar suscet{\{}$\backslash$'$\backslash$i{\}}vel {\{}{\`{a}}{\}} doen{\{}{\c{c}}{\}}a, e a maior e menor severidades encontradas representaram os extremos da escala. Os n{\{}$\backslash$'$\backslash$i{\}}veis intermedi{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}rios foram calculados respeitando a lei de Weber-Fechner. A escala foi proposta com nove n{\{}$\backslash$'$\backslash$i{\}}veis de severidade: 0,06; 0,14; 0,36; 0,89; 2,17; 5,18; 11,87; 24,92 e 45,00{\%}. Oito avaliadores realizaram a valida{\{}{\c{c}}{\}}{\{}{\~{a}}{\}}o estimando a severidade de 120 folhas em tr{\{}{\^{e}}{\}}s avalia{\{}{\c{c}}{\}}{\{}{\~{o}}{\}}es: sem escala, com a escala da ferrugem marrom e com a escala da ferrugem alaranjada. A escala elaborada foi mais eficiente para avaliar a doen{\{}{\c{c}}{\}}a, proporcionando um coeficiente de determina{\{}{\c{c}}{\}}{\{}{\~{a}}{\}}o (R2 ) m{\{}{\'{e}}{\}}dio de 0,91 e aus{\{}{\^{e}}{\}}ncia de erros constantes e sistem{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}ticos. Com a escala da ferrugem marrom, o R2 m{\{}{\'{e}}{\}}dio foi de 0,84, e tr{\{}{\^{e}}{\}}s avaliadores cometeram desvios constantes. Com a escala elaborada, aproximadamente 92{\%} das estimativas estiveram na faixa de varia{\{}{\c{c}}{\}}{\{}{\~{a}}{\}}o de 5{\%} do valor real, enquanto que nas avalia{\{}{\c{c}}{\}}{\{}{\~{o}}{\}}es sem escala e com a escala da ferrugem marrom, aproximadamente 78{\%} e 84{\%} das estimativas, estiveram nessa faixa, respectivamente. Palavras-chave:},
author = {Klosowski, AC and Ruaro, L and {Bespalhok Filho}, JC and {May de Mio}, LL},
doi = {10.1590/S1982-56762013000200012},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
keywords = {2010,a ferrugem alaranjada,barbasso et al,butler,causada pelo fungo puccinia,de 2009 no estado,de s{\~{a}}o paulo,e,e j{\'{a}},foi detectada em dezembro,j,kr{\"{u}}ger,kuehnii,pathometry,puccinia kuehnii,saccharum spp,severity,w},
number = {2},
pages = {166--171},
title = {{Proposta e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala para a ferrugem alaranjada da cana-de-a{\c{c}}ucar}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jph.12246/abstract},
volume = {38},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Barguil2008,
abstract = {Anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides {\{}(Penz.){\}} Sacc. is an important disease of torch ginger {\{}[Etlingera{\}} elatior {\{}(Jack){\}} Smith] in the Brazilian Northeast. Considering the inexistence of standard methods for assessment of this disease, a diagrammatic scale was developed with 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 82 and 92{\%} of diseased bracts area and tested for accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the estimative of anthracnose severity with and without using the scale. The diagrammatic key was validated by 10 raters, using 45 bracts with different levels of severity. Without the diagrammatic scale most of raters overestimated disease severity. With the scale raters obtained better levels of accuracy and precision, with absolute errors concentrated around 10{\%}. Raters showed great repeatability (95{\%}) and reproducibility ({\{}$\backslash$textthreesuperior{\}}90{\%} in 75.6{\%} of cases) of estimative by using the scale. The proposed diagrammatic scale was suitable for the evaluation of torch ginger anthracnose severity.},
author = {Barguil, BM and Albert, ICL and Michereff, SJ and Oliveira, SMA},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782011000100001},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
keywords = {colletotrichum gloeosporioides,etlingera elatior},
number = {1},
pages = {1--4},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da antracnose em bast{\~{a}}o do imperador}},
volume = {41},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Kowata2010,
author = {Kowata, LS and Strapasson, M and Challiol, MA and {May de Mio}, LL},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
number = {7},
pages = {1502--1508},
publisher = {SciELO Brasil},
title = {{Glomerella leaf spot in apple: validation of proposed diagrammatic scale and efficiency of fungicides}},
volume = {40},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Lima2013,
abstract = {RESUMO Duas escalas diagram{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}ticas foram desenvolvidas para quantificar a severidade da mancha-bacteriana do feij{\{}{\~{a}}{\}}ocaupi, causada pela bact{\{}{\'{e}}{\}}ria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola, em cultivares de feij{\{}{\~{a}}{\}}o-caupi de trif{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}lios com fol{\{}$\backslash$'$\backslash$i{\}}olos ovais e lanceolados. ...$\backslash$n},
author = {Lima, HE and Nechet, KL and Halfeld-Vieira, BA and Oliveira, JR and Duarte, HSS and Queiroz, ES and OliveirA, FL},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782013001000001},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
keywords = {Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola,caupi,escala diagram{\'{a}}tica,valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o},
pages = {1735--1743},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escalas diagram{\'{a}}ticas para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da mancha-bacteriana do feij{\~{a}}o - caupi em cultivares com trif{\'{o}}lios morfologicamente distintos}},
volume = {43},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Dolinski2017,
author = {Dolinski, MA and Duarte, HSS and Silva, JB and {May de Mio}, LL},
doi = {10.1007/s10658-016-1138-9},
journal = {European Journal of Plant Pathology},
keywords = {Disease assessment,Epidemiology,Foliar disease,Tranzschelia discolor,disease assessment,epidemiology,foliar disease,tranzschelia discolor},
publisher = {European Journal of Plant Pathology},
title = {{Development and validation of a standard area diagram set for assessment of peach rust}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-1138-9},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Belan2014,
abstract = {Abstract Due to the lack of a standardized visual method for assessing bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae) in coffee leaves, a diagrammatic scale was developed and validated to quantify the disease. Leaves were collected in crops and nursery with ...},
author = {Belan, LL and Pozza, EA and Freitas, MLO and Souza, RM and {Jesus Junior}, WC and Oliveira, JM},
doi = {10.1111/jph.12272},
journal = {Journal of Phytopathology},
number = {11-12},
pages = {801--810},
title = {{Diagrammatic Scale for Assessment of Bacterial Blight in Coffee Leaves}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jph.12272},
volume = {162},
year = {2014}
}
@misc{Mello1997,
author = {Mello, SCM and Takatsu, A and Lopes, CA},
booktitle = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
keywords = {Lycopersicon esculentum,Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria,resist{\^{e}}ncia},
pages = {447--448},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da mancha-bacteriana do tomateiro}},
volume = {22},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Gonzalez-Dominguez2014,
author = {Gonz{\'{a}}lez-Dom{\'{i}}nguez, E and Martins, RB and {Del Ponte}, EM and Michereff, SJ and Garc{\'{i}}a-Jim{\'{e}}nez, J and Armengol, J},
doi = {10.1007/s10658-014-0400-2},
journal = {European Journal of Plant Pathology},
keywords = {Diagrammatic scale,Eriobotrya japonica,Phytopathometry},
number = {2},
pages = {413--422},
title = {{Development and validation of a standard area diagram set to aid assessment of severity of loquat scab on fruit}},
volume = {139},
year = {2014}
}
@article{BelasqueJunior2005,
abstract = {Escalas diagram{\'{a}}ticas s{\~{a}}o importantes ferramentas na avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade de doen{\c{c}}as. Objetivando padronizar a estimativa da severidade do cancro c{\'{i}}trico em folhas de citros (Citrus sinensis) causada por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, foram elaboradas quatro escalas diagram{\'{a}}ticas, considerando a ocorr{\^{e}}ncia de les{\~{o}}es isoladas pequenas (LP), m{\'{e}}dias (LM) e grandes (LG) e de les{\~{o}}es associadas com o ataque da larva minadora dos citros (LMC). Cada escala possui oito n{\'{i}}veis de porcentagens da {\'{a}}rea foliar lesionada: 0,2 a 16{\%} para LP; 0,6 a 25{\%} para LM; 1,8 a 30{\%} para LG e 0,5 a 30{\%} para LMC. Inicialmente, seis avaliadores estimaram a severidade de 447 imagens digitalizadas de folhas sintom{\'{a}}ticas com o aux{\'{i}}lio das quatro escalas. Ap{\'{o}}s treinamento, foram avaliadas mais 115 imagens. Regress{\~{o}}es lineares entre as severidades real e estimada foram calculadas para cada avaliador. As escalas foram validadas conjuntamente considerando acur{\'{a}}cia, precis{\~{a}}o e reprodutibilidade das avalia{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es, revelando-se adequadas para quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade do cancro c{\'{i}}trico nas folhas. Palavras-chave},
author = {{Belasque J{\'{u}}nior}, J and Bassanezi, RB and Sp{\'{o}}sito, MB and Ribeiro, LM and {Jesus Junior}, WC and Amorim, L},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-41582005000400008},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
number = {4},
pages = {387--393},
title = {{Escalas diagram{\'{a}}ticas para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade do cancro c{\'{i}}trico}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S0100-41582005000400008{\&}lng=pt{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=pt},
volume = {30},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Leite2002,
author = {Leite, RMVBC and Amorim, L},
isbn = {0100-5405},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
pages = {14--19},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para mancha de Alternaria em girassol}},
volume = {28},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Debona2015,
abstract = {... et al. 2009). However, resistance based on three single Eur J Plant Pathol DOI 10.1007 / s10658 - 015 - 0638 - 3 D. Debona .KJT Nascimento .D. Rezende .JA Rios . AMA Bernardeli .LC Silva .F. {\{}{\'{A}}{\}}. Rodrigues (*) Departamento de ...},
author = {Debona, D and Nascimento, KJT and Rezende, D and Rios, JA and Bernardeli, AMA and Silva, LC and Rodrigues, FA},
doi = {10.1007/s10658-015-0638-3},
journal = {European Journal of Plant Pathology},
number = {3},
pages = {603--614},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{A set of standard area diagrams to assess severity of frogeye leaf spot on soybean}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-015-0638-3/fulltext.html},
volume = {142},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Menge2013,
author = {Menge, D and Makobe, M and Shomari, S and Tiedemann, AV},
isbn = {9194344531},
journal = {International Journal of Advanced Research},
number = {4},
pages = {26--38},
title = {{Development and validation of a diagrammatic scale for estimation of cashew blight for epidemiological studies}},
volume = {1},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Angelotti2008,
author = {Angelotti, F and Scapin, CR and Tessmann, DJ and Vida, JB and Oliveira, RR and Canteri, MG},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
pages = {439--443},
title = {{Diagrammatic scale for assessment of grapevine rust}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S1982-56762009000400008{\&}lng=pt{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=pt},
volume = {33},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Mazaro2006,
author = {Mazaro, SM and Gouvea, A and {May de Mio}, LL and Deschamps, C and Biasi, LA and Citadin, I},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782006000500046},
isbn = {1678-4596},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
keywords = {a mancha-de-micosferela {\'{e}} a,doen{\c{c}}a do,fragaria x ananassa duch,fragariae,mycosphaerella,pathometry},
number = {2},
pages = {648--652},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da mancha-de-michosferela em morangueiro}},
volume = {36},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Fischer2009,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale, showing the most common symptoms of black spot in citrus {\{}(Citrus{\}} spp.) fruits, hard spot and false melanose types, was developed to standardize severity assessment. The scale was elaborated considering the maximum and minimum limits of disease severity observed in the field. The intermediate values followed logarithmic increments for hard spot (0.5, 1.7, 5.0, 11.5, 22.5, and 49.0{\%}) and false melanose (1.1, 4.5, 15.0, 31.0, 53.0, and 68.0{\%}) symptoms. To validate the scale, six raters quantified the disease severity of digitalized images of 50 fruits with black spot symptoms. Initially, the estimates of severity were done without the use of the scale. Then, the raters estimated the severity of the same fruits previously assessed using the proposed diagrammatic scale. Assessments with the diagrammatic scale were of greater precision and higher accuracy for all raters, besides being more highly reproducible among the different raters. The proposed diagrammatic scale was considered adequate to estimate black spot severity in citrus fruits and will be used in epidemiological studies and int he evaluation of control strategies for this disease.},
author = {Fischer, IH and Alves, SAM and Almeida, AM and Arruda, MC and Bertani, RMA and Garcia, MJM},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-41582004000100012},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
keywords = {a antracnose,amarelo,causada por colletotrichum gloeosporioides,colletotrichum,do brasil,flavicarpa deg,passiflora edulis,passiflora edulis f,pathometry,penz,reduzindo o,regi{\~{o}}es produtoras de maracuj{\'{a}},sacc,{\'{e}} comumente encontrada nas},
number = {3},
pages = {226--228},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da antracnose em frutos de maracuj{\'{a}} amarelo}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S0100-41582004000100012{\&}lng=pt{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=pt},
volume = {35},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Lazaroto2012,
abstract = {A helmintosporiose comum, causada pelo fungo Exserohilum turcicum {\'{e}} uma das principais doen{\c{c}}as foliares da cultura do milho, na regi{\~{a}}o sul do Brasil, e apresenta um consider{\'{a}}vel potencial de danos {\`{a}} cultura, especialmente quando o ataque se inicia antes do per{\'{i}}odo de flora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar e validar uma escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da helmintosporiose comum do milho. Para isso, foram coletadas folhas com sintomas da doen{\c{c}}a para a determina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade real, defini{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dos limites m{\'{a}}ximos e m{\'{i}}nimos, e os n{\'{i}}veis intermedi{\'{a}}rios da escala por meio de incrementos logar{\'{i}}tmicos, de acordo com a lei de est{\'{i}}mulo visual de Weber-Fechner. A escala elaborada sugere sete n{\'{i}}veis de severidade: 0,5; 1,0; 2,5; 6,5; 15,5; 30,0; 54,0{\%}. A valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o foi realizada por seis avaliadores, sem experi{\^{e}}ncia na quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o dessa doen{\c{c}}a, que estimaram a severidade em 30 folhas com diferentes n{\'{i}}veis de sintomas, sem e com o aux{\'{i}}lio da escala. A utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da escala diagram{\'{a}}tica resultou em melhor acur{\'{a}}cia e precis{\~{a}}o nas estimativas realizadas, sendo uma ferramenta de f{\'{a}}cil e r{\'{a}}pida utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, que pode ser adotada para auxiliar na avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da helmintosporiose comum do milho.},
author = {Lazaroto, A and Santos, I and Konflanz, VA and Malagi, G and Camochena, RC},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782012005000112},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
keywords = {exserohilum turcicum,pathometry,zea mays},
number = {12},
pages = {2131--2137},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de severidade da helmintosporiose comum em milho}},
volume = {42},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Barbosa2006,
abstract = {White rust, caused by Puccinia horiana, is considered the major disease of Chrysanthemum in Brazil, which results in severe losses for the growers. Despite of its economic importance, very few epidemiological studies have been carried out in Brazil. In order to conduct these studies it is necessary to develop standard methods to quantify disease severity under field conditions. Therefore, a diagrammatic key, including the levels 1, 3, 6, 10, 18, and 30{\%} of diseased leaf area, was elaborated. The severity of the white rust was estimates using the key or not in order to test its accuracy, precision and reproducibility. The diagrammatic key was validated by 10 raters using 50 leaves with different levels of severity, which were previously measured by the {\{}AutoCAD{\{}$\backslash$textregistered{\}}{\}} software. Two evaluations were performed with the key at 7-day intervals when different sequences of the same leaves were visually estimated by the same raters. The accuracy and precision of each rater were determined by using simple linear regression between actual and estimated severity. When the key was not used, all raters overestimated disease severity indicating the presence of constant positive errors for all levels of disease severity. The evaluations using the diagrammatic key were more accurate for the great majority of the raters and more precise for all the raters. In addition, the key also showed good repeatability and high level of reproducibility among the evaluations from the different raters. The diagrammatic key is suitable for the evaluation of severity of white rust of Chrysanthemum.},
author = {Barbosa, MAG and Michereff, SJ and Mora-Aguilera, G},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052006000100008},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
keywords = {2 departamento,angelguim,barbosa 1,bolsista do cnpq,bora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de,br,campus de altamira,colegiado de ci{\^{e}}ncias agr{\'{a}}rias,com,da severidade da,escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,ferrugem branca do cris{\^{a}}ntemo,gustavo mora-aguilera 3,ig,maria ang{\'{e}}lica g,michereff 2,sami j,universidade federal do par{\'{a}}},
pages = {57--62},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da ferrugem branca do cris{\^{a}}ntemo}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sp/v32n1/v32n1a08},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Duarte2013,
author = {Duarte, HSS and Zambolim, L and Capucho, AS and J{\'{u}}nior, AFN and Rosado, AWC and Cardoso, CR and Paul, PA and Mizubuti, ESG},
doi = {10.1007/s10658-013-0234-3},
journal = {European Journal of Plant Pathology},
number = {2},
pages = {249--257},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{Development and validation of a set of standard area diagrams to estimate severity of potato early blight}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-013-0234-3/fulltext.html},
volume = {137},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Paula2016,
author = {Paula, PVAA and Pozza, EA and Santos, LA and Chaves, E and Maciel, MP and Paula, JCA},
doi = {10.1111/jph.12499},
journal = {Journal of Phytopathology},
keywords = {Coffea arabica,coffee disease,plant disease assessment},
number = {10},
pages = {791--800},
title = {{Diagrammatic scales for assessing brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola) in red and yellow coffee cherries}},
volume = {164},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Yadav2013,
author = {Yadav, NVS and Vos, SM and Bock, CH and Wood, BW},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02641.x},
journal = {Plant Pathology},
number = {2},
pages = {325--335},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
title = {{Development and validation of standard area diagrams to aid assessment of pecan scab symptoms on fruit}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02641.x/full},
volume = {62},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Sposito2004,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale, showing the most common symptoms of black spot in citrus {\{}(Citrus{\}} spp.) fruits, hard spot and false melanose types, was developed to standardize severity assessment. The scale was elaborated considering the maximum and minimum limits of disease severity observed in the field. The intermediate values followed logarithmic increments for hard spot (0.5, 1.7, 5.0, 11.5, 22.5, and 49.0{\%}) and false melanose (1.1, 4.5, 15.0, 31.0, 53.0, and 68.0{\%}) symptoms. To validate the scale, six raters quantified the disease severity of digitalized images of 50 fruits with black spot symptoms. Initially, the estimates of severity were done without the use of the scale. Then, the raters estimated the severity of the same fruits previously assessed using the proposed diagrammatic scale. Assessments with the diagrammatic scale were of greater precision and higher accuracy for all raters, besides being more highly reproducible among the different raters. The proposed diagrammatic scale was considered adequate to estimate black spot severity in citrus fruits and will be used in epidemiological studies and int he evaluation of control strategies for this disease.},
author = {Sp{\'{o}}sito, M B and Amorim, L and {Belasque J{\'{u}}nior}, J and Bassanezi, RB and Aquino, R},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-41582004000100012},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
number = {1},
pages = {81--85},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da mancha preta em frutos c{\'{i}}tricos}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S0100-41582004000100012{\&}lng=pt{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=pt},
volume = {29},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Michereff2006,
abstract = {The leaf smut, caused by the fungus Entyloma vignae, is a common disease of cowpea in the Brazilian Northeast. Considering the inexistence of standard methods for assessment of this disease, a diagrammatic key was developed with 1.5, 3.5, 7.0, 14.5, 27.0 and 45.0{\%} of diseased leaf areas and tested for accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the estimatives of leaf smut severity with and without using the key. The diagrammatic key was validated by 10 raters, with and without the key, using 48 cowpea leaflets with different levels of severity previously measured by the software {\{}AutoCAD{\{}$\backslash$textregistered{\}}{\}} for Windows. Two evaluations were performed with the diagrammatic key at 7-day interval where different sequences of the same leaves were visually estimated by the same raters. The accuracy and precision of each rater were determined by simple linear regression between actual, evaluated electronically, and estimated severity. Without the diagrammatic key most of raters overestimated disease severity. With the key raters obtained better levels of accuracy and precision, with absolute errors concentrated around 10{\%}. Raters showed good repeatability (90{\%}) and reproducibility (84{\%}) of estimative by using the key. The proposed diagrammatic key was suitable for the evaluation of severity of leaf smut on cowpea.},
author = {Michereff, SJ and Andrade, DEGT and Noronha, MA},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052006000100007},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
number = {1},
pages = {51--56},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade do carv{\~{a}}o da folha do caupi}},
volume = {32},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Sousa2014,
author = {Sousa, SCR and Santos, GR and Rodrigues, AC and Bonif{\'{a}}cio, A and Dalcin, MS and Juliatti, FC},
journal = {Bioscience Journal},
keywords = {Accuracy,Citrullus lanatus,Didymella bryoniae,Webber-Fechner law},
number = {5},
pages = {1314--1324},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade do crestamento gomoso do caule em melancia}},
volume = {30},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Aquino2008,
author = {Aquino, AA and Berger, PG and Rodrigues, FA and Zambolim, L and Hernandez, JFR and Miranda, LM},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
keywords = {a mancha de ramularia,accuracy,causada pelo fungo,cif,com doen{\c{c}}as,como,desfolha,essa doen{\c{c}}a pode provocar,na cultura do algod{\~{a}}o,por exemplo,precision,ramularia gossypii,severity,speg,s{\~{a}}o crescentes os problemas},
number = {4},
pages = {361--363},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da mancha de ramularia do algodoeiro}},
volume = {34},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Capucho2010,
author = {Capucho, AS and Zambolim, L and Duarte, HSS and Parreira, DF and Ferreira, P and Lanza, FE and Costa, RV and Casela, CR and Cota, LV},
doi = {10.1016/j.cropro.2010.04.012},
journal = {Crop Protection},
number = {9},
pages = {1015--1020},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Influence of leaf position that correspond to whole plant severity and diagrammatic scale for white spot of corn}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261219410001079},
volume = {29},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Correa2009,
abstract = {Three diagrammatic grading keys were designed for the assessment of the severity of late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) in tomato leaves. Simplified and broad keys considered, respectively, six (3, 12, 22, 40, 60 and 77{\%}) and eight (3, 6, 12, 22, 40, 60, 77 and 90{\%}) levels of disease severity, whilst a modified key based on a previous proposal for potato late blight considered six levels (1, 5, 10, 16, 32 and 50{\%}). The keys were validated by 24 evaluators who assessed digital images of tomato leaves exhibiting different areas with lesions. Evaluator errors were compared using a mixed model in which evaluators were considered as random effects and the keys and evaluations as fixed effects. The accuracy and precision of the evaluators were compared by simple linear regression between the estimated and actual values of disease severity. The repeatability of evaluators was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. There was significant (P {\textless} 0 center dot 001) variability amongst the errors made by evaluators, although the precision of each of the three keys was high with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0 center dot 96, 0 center dot 93 and 0 center dot 83 for the simplified, broad and modified key, respectively. Repeatability of estimations amongst the evaluators was adequate (correlation coefficients of 0 center dot 91, 0 center dot 91 and 0 center dot 90 for the three keys, respectively). The simplified and broad keys resulted in higher precision and accuracy for the estimation of severity than did the modified key. Since the simplified key considers a smaller number of disease severity levels, its use is recommended in the assessment of late blight in tomato leaves.},
author = {Corr{\^{e}}a, FM and {Bueno Filho}, JSS and Carmo, MGF},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02140.x},
journal = {Plant Pathology},
number = {6},
pages = {1028--1033},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
title = {{Comparison of three diagrammatic keys for the quantification of late blight in tomato leaves}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02140.x/full},
volume = {58},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Passador2013,
author = {Passador, MM and Porcena, AS and Masson, MV and Pieri, C and Finkenauer, E and Furtado, EL},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Florestal},
keywords = {disease evaluation,eucalyptus globulus,mycosphaerella leaf disease},
number = {2},
pages = {521--528},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade de manchas de folhas de Eucalyptus globulus Labill. causadas por Terathosphaeria nubilosa (Cooke) Crous {\&} Braun}},
volume = {23},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Valeriano2015,
abstract = {See, stats, and : http : // www . researchgate . net / publication / 274079982 Escala clones ARTICLE / FOREST Impact : 0 . 35 DOWNLOADS 33 VIEWS 12 6 , INCLUDING : Rodrigo 1 SEE Leandro Universidade - Oeste 8 SEE Eug{\^{e}}nio Universidade (UFLA) 1 SEE Available : Leandro Retrieved : 21 27 / 03 / 2015 V{\'{a}}rias doen{\c{c}}as podem causar danos em mudas de eucalipto e muitas esp{\'{e}}cies t{\^{e}}m sido atacadas por Oidium sp . , em viveiros , casa de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e no campo . Com o objetivo de avaliar a severidade de o{\'{i}}dio em folhas de eucalipto , foi elaborada e validada uma escala diagram{\'{a}}tica com as seguintes notas e n{\'{i}}veis de severidade : nota (1) 0 {\%} ; nota (2) 0 , 1 a 1 , 5{\%}; nota (3) 1 , 6 a 3 , 0{\%}; nota (4) 3 , 1 a 6 , 0{\%}; nota (5) 6 , 1 a 12 , 0{\%}; nota (6) 12 , 1 a 25{\%}; nota (7) 25 , 1 a 50{\%} . A escala foi utilizada para determinar a severidade do o{\'{i}}dio em cinco clones de eucalipto e , por meio do uso desta , foi poss{\'{i}}vel observar rea{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o diferencial em mudas de clones . As menores incid{\^{e}}ncia e severidade (retirar pois j{\'{a}} foi citado) foram observadas no clone 1528 , em casa de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o . O uso da escala melhorou a acur{\'{a}}cia dos avaliadores e proporcionou boa repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade das avalia{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es da severidade da doen{\c{c}}a . Palavras chave : Mudas; Oidium eucalypti; Doen{\c{c}}as . Abstract},
author = {Valeriano, R and Pozza, EA and Santos, LA and Chaves, E and {Barbosa Junior}, MPB and Ferreira, MA},
journal = {Scientia Forestalis},
keywords = {Nursery diseases,Oidium eucalypti,Powdery mildew},
number = {105},
pages = {51--61},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica e rea{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o diferencial de clones para O{\'{i}}dio do Eucalipto}},
volume = {43},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Camochena2008,
abstract = {The objective of this research was to develop a diagrammatic scale to assess the severity of Eyespot, caused by Kabatiella zeae in corn leaves, considering the limits for minimum and maximum severity of the disease, as well as intermediate levels. The levels observed in the field followed logarithmic increments, obeying {\{}“Weber-Fechner's{\}} {\{}Stimulus-Response{\}} Law”, representing: 0.9; 2.0; 4.0; 9.0; 18.0; 32.0; and 51.0{\%} injured leaf area. Scale validation consisted of two steps: in the first, 10 evaluators, experienced in the evaluation of diseases, evaluated 30 leaves with different levels of severity, with or without using the diagrammatic scale. In the second to evaluate, 10 other evaluators, without experience in the evaluation of diseases, performed the same evaluation, with or without using the diagrammatic scale. By linear regression, actual and estimated severity values were compared, and evaluator accuracy and precision was assessed. There was an improvement in the accuracy and precision of estimates made using the diagrammatic scale as a visual aid. The diagrammatic scale proposed was considered appropriate to estimate the severity of corn eyespot and can be used in epidemiological studies, to evaluate the reaction of genotypes to the disease, and to improve control strategies against the disease.},
author = {Camochena, RC and Santos, I and Mazaro, SM},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782008000800006},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
keywords = {a mancha branca do,brasil,de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o generalizada em,foliar de,milho,o,os primeiros trabalhos apontam,phaeosphaeria maydis,phaeosphaeria {\'{e}} uma doen{\c{c}}a,produtoras de milho no,tamb{\'{e}}m chamada de mancha,visual stimulus,webber-fechner,zea mays,{\'{a}}reas},
number = {8},
pages = {2124--2131},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da Mancha Ocular em milho causada por Kabatiella zeae}},
volume = {38},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Giglioti1998,
author = {Giglioti, EA and Canteri, MG},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
keywords = {Colletrotrichum falcatum,Diatratea saccharalis,Fusarium moniliforme,fitopatometria},
pages = {359--363},
title = {{Desenvolvimento de software e escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para sele{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e treinamento de avaliadores da severidade do complexto broca-podrid{\~{o}}es em cana-de-a{\c{c}}ucar}},
volume = {23},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Lage2015,
abstract = {Two standard area diagrams (SADs) to assess the severity of powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on tomato leaves and leaflets were developed and evaluated. The SADs are composed of two sets of images of leaves and leaflets with six distinct percentages of diseased areas (1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60{\%}). Diagrams were evaluated by 16 raters divided into two groups, based on their former experience in assessing plant disease intensities, using the two sets of images, first without SADs and then using the proposed SADs. Lin's concordance correlation analysis of estimated vs. actual disease severities showed that precision and accuracy were clearly improved when raters were aided by the proposed diagrams, for both leaflets and leaves. Based on coefficients of determinations (R2) and on the intra-class correlations (??), the estimates of severity were consistently more reliable when using SADs. Furthermore, when the scales were adopted, the performance of the inexperienced group improved to the same level of that of the experienced group. The diagrams improved subjects' ability to accurately, precisely and reliably estimate tomato powdery mildew severity, and as such can be used to assess severity for studies in epidemiology, quantitative host resistance and in the evaluation of management practices in this important pathosystem.},
author = {Lage, DC and Marouelli, WA and Duarte, HSS and Caf{\'{e}}-Filho, AC},
doi = {10.1016/j.cropro.2014.09.014},
journal = {Crop Protection},
keywords = {Disease quantification,Epidemiology,Oidiopsis haplophylli,Solanum lycopersicum,Tomato powdery mildew},
pages = {26--34},
title = {{Standard area diagrams for assessment of powdery mildew severity on tomato leaves and leaflets}},
volume = {67},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Celoto2010,
author = {Celoto, MIB and Papa, MFS},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
keywords = {a quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de doen{\c{c}}as,controle,corynespora cassiicola,de um fungicida,disease severity,estudo de medidas de,malpighia emarginata,na caracteriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da resist{\^{e}}ncia,na determina{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da efici{\^{e}}ncia,o,pathometry,varietal,{\'{e}} necess{\'{a}}ria tanto para},
number = {4},
pages = {258--262},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da mancha alvo em folhas de acerola}},
volume = {35},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Amorim1993,
author = {Amorim, L and {Bergamin Filho}, A and Palazzo, DA and Bassanezi, RB and Godoy, CV and Torres, GAMM},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
pages = {174--180},
title = {{Clorose variegada dos citros-uma escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de severidade da doen{\c{c}}a}},
volume = {18},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Capucho2011,
author = {Capucho, AS and Zambolim, L and Duarte, HSS and Vaz, GRO},
doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02472.x},
journal = {Plant Pathology},
number = {6},
pages = {1144--1150},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
title = {{Development and validation of a standard area diagram set to estimate severity of leaf rust in Coffea arabica and C. canephora}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02472.x/full},
volume = {60},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Falloon1995,
author = {Falloon, RE and Viljanen‐Rollinson, SLH and Coles, GD and Poff, JD},
journal = {New Zealand Cournal of Crop and Horticultural Science},
number = {1},
pages = {31--37},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{Disease severity keys for powdery and downy mildews of pea, and powdery scab of potato}},
volume = {23},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Freitas2015,
abstract = {... Article Number - 5C2522452821. Vol.10(19), pp. 2068-2075 , May 2015 DOI: 10.5897 / AJAR2014 . 9465 ISSN: 1991-637X. Total Views: 42 Downloaded: 5. Full Length Research Paper. Diagrammatic scale for blister spot in leaves of coffee tree. Marcelo Loran de Oliveira Freitas. ... $\backslash$n},
author = {Freitas, MLO and Pozza, EA and Belan, LL and Silva, JL and Abreu, MS},
doi = {10.5897/AJAR2014.9465},
isbn = {1991-637X},
journal = {African Journal of Agricultural Research},
keywords = {coffea arabica,colletotrichum gloeosporioides,pathometry},
number = {19},
pages = {2068--2075},
title = {{Diagrammatic scale for blister spot in leaves of coffee tree}},
url = {http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR/article-full-text/5C2522452821},
volume = {10},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Kowata2008,
abstract = {Th e downy mildew, caused by Peronospora manshurica , is a secondary disease in soybean culture, however in humid cold regions has occurred with more frequency. In this study a diagrammatic scale was developed and valided a diagramatic scale for to quantify the severity of the disease Peronospora manshurica in soybean. Of the 200 collected leaves in Castro (PR), were selected 100 leaves dissected dried herbarium in better conservation{\&}rsquo;s state with different levels of severity and after were numbered to determinate the lesion and leaf area to calculate the severity percentage per each leaf. The scale considered the minimum and maximum limits of severity observed in the field and the intermediate values followed logarithmic increments, obtaining eight levels: 0,08; 0,30; 1,10; 3,39; 12,85; 34,92; 66,13 e 87,65{\%}. In validation seven appraisers raters , with and without previous practice estimated the lesion area before and after the use of the scale. Accuracy and precision were determined by linear regression, the results of accuracy and precision were satisfactory. The coefficient of determination values after the use of the scale demonstrated increase getting levels of 0,97, in relation to the error dispersion graphic, improved 100{\%} of the cases, decreasing the number of the notes more then 10{\%} of error of 16 for 8,2. With the Test F (Assistat program) was observed the statistic difference in R 2 when it was used the scale, which provided adequate and it will can be utilized to validated the severity in others experiments.},
author = {Kowata, LS and {May de Mio}, LL and {Dalla Pria}, M and Santos, HAA},
journal = {Scientia Agraria},
keywords = {Glycine max,Peronospora manshurica,pathometry,patometria,severidade,severity},
number = {1},
pages = {105--110},
title = {{Escala Diagram{\'{a}}tica Para Avaliar Severidade De Mildio Na Soja}},
volume = {9},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Salgado2009,
abstract = {Soybean target spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, is found in practically all the soybean growing regions in Brazil and it can cause economic losses. The objective of this work was to elaborate and validate a diagrammatic scale to evaluate soybean target spot severity. Soybean leaflets with disease symptoms were collected and severity was measured, determining the minimum and maximum limits and the intermediate levels of the scale, according to Weber-Fechner's stimulus-response law. The elaborated scale had seven levels: 1, 2, 5, 9, 19, 33 and 52{\%}. The validation was performed by eight persons without experience with this disease quantification, who estimated the severity of 40 leaflets with different levels of target spot severity, with and without the use of the scale. The use of a diagrammatic scale resulted in higher accuracy and precision of the estimations performed, meaning that this can be considered a quick and easy tool to help evaluate soybean target spot severity.},
author = {Salgado, M and Pozza, EA and Lima, LM and Pereira, RTG and Pfenning, L},
doi = {10.1590/S1982-56762009000600010},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
keywords = {a,a mancha alvo da,berk,c,corynespora cassiicola,curtis,disease assessment,este pat{\'{o}}geno foi identificado,glycine max,l,m,merr,soja glycine max,t,wei,{\'{e}} causada pelo fungo},
number = {6},
pages = {422--427},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da mancha de Phoma do cafeeiro}},
volume = {34},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Michereff1998,
author = {Michereff, SJ and Pedrosa, RA and Noronha, MA and Martins, RB and Silva, FV},
journal = {Agrotr{\'{o}}pica},
keywords = {15 de junho 1998,aceito em 18 de,assessment,dezembro 1998,foliar disease,manihot esculenta,recebido para publica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o em,sampling},
number = {3},
pages = {143--148},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica e tamanho de amostras para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da mancha parda da mandioca (Cercosporidium henningsil)}},
volume = {10},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Vieira2014,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale was developed to assess the severity of northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), which is caused by the fungus Setosphaeria turcica. The validation of this new scale in relation to accuracy and precision was carried out by eight evaluators who estimated the severity of the infection on maize leaves showing NCLB symptoms, with and without the use of the scale. The new scale was also evaluated in relation to a published NCLB assessment scale. The precision and accuracy of the assessments were determined by linear regression, relating the estimated versus actual severity of NCLB as determined by image analysis. Using the new diagrammatic scale, evaluators were able to improve the precision and accuracy of NCLB assessments. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Vieira, RA and Mesquini, RM and Silva, CN and Hata, FT and Tessmann, DJ and Scapim, CA},
doi = {10.1016/j.cropro.2011.04.018},
journal = {Crop Protection},
pages = {55--57},
title = {{A new diagrammatic scale for the assessment of northern corn leaf blight}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261219413002664},
volume = {56},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Sachs2011,
abstract = {The objective of this research was to develop a diagrammatic scale to assess the severity of Eyespot, caused by Kabatiella zeae in corn leaves, considering the limits for minimum and maximum severity of the disease, as well as intermediate levels. The levels observed in the field followed logarithmic increments, obeying {\{}“Weber-Fechner's{\}} {\{}Stimulus-Response{\}} Law”, representing: 0.9; 2.0; 4.0; 9.0; 18.0; 32.0; and 51.0{\%} injured leaf area. Scale validation consisted of two steps: in the first, 10 evaluators, experienced in the evaluation of diseases, evaluated 30 leaves with different levels of severity, with or without using the diagrammatic scale. In the second to evaluate, 10 other evaluators, without experience in the evaluation of diseases, performed the same evaluation, with or without using the diagrammatic scale. By linear regression, actual and estimated severity values were compared, and evaluator accuracy and precision was assessed. There was an improvement in the accuracy and precision of estimates made using the diagrammatic scale as a visual aid. The diagrammatic scale proposed was considered appropriate to estimate the severity of corn eyespot and can be used in epidemiological studies, to evaluate the reaction of genotypes to the disease, and to improve control strategies against the disease.},
author = {Sachs, PJD and Neves, CSVJ and Canteri, MG and Sachs, LG},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782008000800006},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
keywords = {a mancha branca do,brasil,de distribui{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o generalizada em,foliar de,milho,o,os primeiros trabalhos apontam,phaeosphaeria maydis,phaeosphaeria {\'{e}} uma doen{\c{c}}a,produtoras de milho no,tamb{\'{e}}m chamada de mancha,visual stimulus,webber-fechner,zea mays,{\'{a}}reas},
number = {4},
pages = {202--204},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da mancha branca em milho}},
volume = {37},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Michereff2006a,
abstract = {To propose customized methods of evaluating the severity of cercospora leaf spot in watermelon {\{}(Citrullus{\}} lanatus) leaves, a diagrammatic scale was developed with necrotic area of 2; 4; 8; 12; 27; 45; 71 and 93{\%}. For validation, the severity of 50 leaves presenting different intensities of the disease was estimated by ten raters. Accuracy and precision were determined by linear regression, relating assessments performed by raters using the scale to actual severity. Repetition of the results provided by raters was verified in a second evaluation, seven days after the first assessment. The scale provided good levels of accuracy and precision of visual estimates. The coefficient determination average was higher than 0.94, and absolute errors were lower than acceptable limits. Overall, the raters exhibited good repetition of estimates. The proposed diagrammatic scale proved to be adequate for severity assessments of cercospora leaf spot in watermelon.},
author = {Michereff, SJ and Noronha, MA and Andrade, DEGT and Oliveira, EP and {Xavier Filha}, MS and Moreira, PAA},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052006000300008},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
number = {3},
pages = {260--266},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para a cercosporiose do piment{\~{a}}o}},
volume = {32},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Correia2017,
author = {Correia, KC and Queiroz, JVJ and Martins, RB and Nicoli, A and {Del Ponte}, EM and Michereff, SJ},
journal = {European Journal of Plant Pathology},
title = {{Development and evaluation of a standard area diagram set for the severity of Phomopsis leaf blight on eggplant}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Diaz2001,
author = {Diaz, CG and Bassanezi, RB and {Bergamin Filho}, A},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
pages = {35--39},
title = {{Desenvolvimento e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de uma escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para o Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli em feijoeiro}},
volume = {27},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Nicoli2015,
abstract = {Objetivou-se propor e validar uma escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para quantificar a antracnose do colmo em milho. A severidade da antracnose foi estimada por dez avaliadores sem o uso de escala em 139 entren{\'{o}}s, e os mesmos avaliadores avaliaram os entren{\'{o}}s usando uma escala publicada anteriormente na literatura (primeira escala) e uma nova escala proposta. Com o uso da escala proposta, todas as vari{\'{a}}veis foram significativamente diferentes em rela{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o {\`{a}} primeira escala, e os valores foram mais pr{\'{o}}ximos de uma medi{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o acurada (r=0,97, Cb =0.98, u=0.09, $\upsilon$=1.06, $\rho$c =0.96). Os maiores desvios do erro foram observados quando os avaliadores atribu{\'{i}}ram notas sem o uso de escalas e com a primeira escala, com v{\'{a}}rios exemplos de erros maiores do que 30{\%} do valor real. Com a escala proposta, poucos erros acima de 15{\%} do valor real foram encontrados, e a maioria das notas dos avaliadores n{\~{a}}o ultrapassou, para mais ou para menos, 10{\%} do valor real. Uma maior confiabilidade na estimativa da severidade da doen{\c{c}}a foi obtida com o uso da escala proposta, com a qual 100{\%} das compara{\c{c}}{\~{o}}es resultaram em um R2 {\textgreater}0,90. A nova escala diagram{\'{a}}tica proposta no presente trabalho melhorou a acur{\'{a}}cia, precis{\~{a}}o e confiabilidade das estimativas da severidade da antracnose do colmo em milho.},
author = {Nicoli, A and Costa, RV and Cota, LV and Silva, DD and Zambolim, L and Lanza, FE and Guimar{\~{a}}es, DP and Landau, EC},
doi = {10.1590/0103-8478cr20141510},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
keywords = {colletotrichum graminicola,stalk rot,zea mays},
number = {10},
pages = {1720--1726},
title = {{Valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da antracnose do colmo do milho}},
volume = {45},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Nathaniels1996,
author = {Nathaniels, NQR},
pages = {199--205},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{Methods, including visual keys for the assessment of cashew powdery mildew (Oidium anacardii Noack) severity}},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Sussel2009,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale was developed to standardize assessment of gray mold in castor bean bunches, caused by Amphobotrys ricini. Both the maximum and minimum limits of disease severity observed in the field were considered, and the intermediate values progressed by logarithmic increments, representing: 3, 5, 8, 12, 25, 50, 76, 86, 94 and 100{\%} of necrotic area. The scale was validated by 10 raters in three phases: first the raters estimated the severity in 40 photographs without using the scale. In the second and third phases, the same raters estimated the severity in the photographs but with different sequences, with a seven-day interval between assessments. Accuracy, precision, repeatability and reproducibility of estimates were determined by linear regression, relating assessments performed by raters using the scale to actual severity, and relating the results between two assessments using the scale. Assessments with the diagrammatic scale were precise and accurate, the absolute errors were lower than the acceptable limits and the raters exhibited good repetition of estimates. The proposed diagrammatic scale proved to be adequate for severity assessments of gray mold in castor bean.},
author = {Sussel, AAB and Pozza, EA and Castro, HA},
doi = {10.1590/S1982-56762009000300010},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
keywords = {a mamona,amphobotrys ricini,communis l,dentre as culturas oleaginosas,disease quantification,em todo,energ{\'{e}}ticos,ligados {\`{a}} agricultura familiar,programas,ricinus,ricinus communis,vem se destacando nos},
number = {3},
pages = {186--191},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade do mofo cinzento em mamoneira}},
volume = {34},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hill2010,
abstract = {Botrytis bunch rot (botrytis) can reduce grape yield and wine quality. Standardised assessment methods are needed to allow greater precision in wine making and to allow the use of disease management decision support models in grape production. This study developed a botrytis disease assessment key to assist the accuracy of visual disease assessment. Associated computer training software, designed to improve the accuracy of disease assessments, was also developed and tested. The mean absolute error in estimates of percentage botrytis severity was significantly (P{\textless}0.05) lower after eight assessors used the training software. Vineyard sample size required for estimation of disease severity was determined and a disease incidence-severity relationship for estimating severity from incidence was developed.},
author = {Hill, GN and Beresford, RM and Evans, KJ},
journal = {New Zealand Plant Protection},
keywords = {Assessor training,Botrytis bunch rot,Disease assessment,Incidence-severity relationship,Variation},
pages = {174--181},
title = {{Tools for accurate assessment of botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) on wine grapes}},
volume = {63},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Gomes2004,
abstract = {To propose customized methods of evaluating the severity of cercospora leaf spot in watermelon {\{}(Citrullus{\}} lanatus) leaves, a diagrammatic scale was developed with necrotic area of 2; 4; 8; 12; 27; 45; 71 and 93{\%}. For validation, the severity of 50 leaves presenting different intensities of the disease was estimated by ten raters. Accuracy and precision were determined by linear regression, relating assessments performed by raters using the scale to actual severity. Repetition of the results provided by raters was verified in a second evaluation, seven days after the first assessment. The scale provided good levels of accuracy and precision of visual estimates. The coefficient determination average was higher than 0.94, and absolute errors were lower than acceptable limits. Overall, the raters exhibited good repetition of estimates. The proposed diagrammatic scale proved to be adequate for severity assessments of cercospora leaf spot in watermelon.},
author = {Gomes, AMA and Michereff, SJ and Mariano, RLR},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052006000300008},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
pages = {38--42},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para a cercosporiose da alface}},
volume = {30},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Buffara2014,
author = {Buffara, CRS and Angelotti, F and Vieira, RA and Bogo, A and Tessmann, DJ and Bem, BP},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
number = {8},
pages = {1384--1391},
title = {{Elaboration and validation of a diagrammatic scale to assess downy mildew severity in grapevine}},
volume = {44},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Silva2009,
abstract = {Weather conditions make the Rec?ncavo Region in the State of Bahia, a favorable region to the occurrence of citrus greasy spot (Mycosphaerella citri), a disease that hadn't been studied before in Brazil. Thus, this research aimed to develop a sampling method to quantify its incidence, to characterize its symptoms, and to develop a diagrammatic scale for assessing disease severity. The minimum sample size to estimate greasy spot incidence in leaves (16 plants) was calculated based on a prospective sampling of five leaves per quadrant, four quadrants per tree, and 30 trees per grove, in ten groves. From 320 mature leaves collected in different plants of 11 groves, it was observed a high number of lesions per symptomatic leaf (mean of 131?102), most of them small (mean of 0.014?.,011cm 2). Greasy spot severity varied from 0,15{\%} to 35,85{\%}, with a mean of 7,3{\%}. Based on those severity values, a six level (1{\%}, 2{\%}, 5{\%}, 9{\%}, 18{\%} e 36{\%} of lesioned leaf area) diagrammatic scale was developed. 50 images of symptomatic leaves were showed to evaluators, which estimated the severity with and without the use of the scale. The diagrammatic scale use, slightly increased the estimates accuracy and precision.},
author = {Silva, SXB and Laranjeira, FF and Soares, ACF and Michereff, SJ},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782008005000098},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
keywords = {a mancha graxa dos,afeta frutos e folhas,bahia,citri,citros,desfolha,epidemiology,final e promover severa,levando a danos de,mycosphaerella,mycosphaerella citri,podendo depreciar o produto,severity},
number = {3},
pages = {896--899},
title = {{Amostragem, caracteriza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de sintomas e escala diagram{\'{a}}tica da mancha graxa dos citros (Mycosphaerella citri) no Rec{\^{o}}ncavo Baiano}},
volume = {39},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Ortega-Acosta2016,
abstract = {El manchado de hojas y c{\'{a}}lices en jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), inducido por Corynespora cassiicola, actualmente es considerada la principal enfermedad de este cultivo en M{\'{e}}xico. Dada su importancia, es necesario contar con un m{\'{e}}todo estandarizado para cuantificar la severidad de la enfermedad. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio consisti{\'{o}} en desarrollar y validar dos escalas logar{\'{i}}tmicas diagram{\'{a}}ticas para cuantificar {\'{e}}sta enfermedad. Para ello, se colectaron hojas y c{\'{a}}lices de jamaica infectados de manera natural en plantaciones comerciales del estado de Guerrero, y se calcul{\'{o}} la severidad real de cada uno de {\'{e}}stos {\'{o}}rganos. Las escalas propuestas, dise{\~{n}}adas con el programa 2LOG, comprenden seis clases, en hojas: 0=0, 1=({\textgreater}0-2-4), 2=({\textgreater}4-7-12), 3= ({\textgreater}12-19-29), 4= ({\textgreater}29-42-57) y 5=({\textgreater}57-70-≤100); en c{\'{a}}lices: 0=0, 1=({\textgreater}0-3-5), 2=({\textgreater}5-10-18), 3=({\textgreater}18-30-46), 4=({\textgreater}46-63-77) y 5=({\textgreater}77-87-≤100). Asimismo, se verific{\'{o}} la exactitud, precisi{\'{o}}n y reproducibilidad de las estimaciones. Se hizo una evaluaci{\'{o}}n en hojas y c{\'{a}}lices sin utilizar las escalas, y otras dos evaluaciones utilizando las escalas, a intervalos de siete d{\'{i}}as. Los evaluadores mostraron mejores grados de exactitud, precisi{\'{o}}n y reproducibilidad con el uso de las escalas. Los resultados sugieren que las escalas propuestas son apropiadas para estimar la severidad del manchado de hojas y c{\'{a}}lices en jamaica.},
author = {Ortega-Acosta, SA and Velasco-Cruz, C and Hern{\'{a}}ndez-Morales, J and Ochoa-Martinez, DL and Hern{\'{a}}ndez-Ruiz, J},
doi = {10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1606-6},
journal = {Revista Mexicana de Fitopatolog{\'{i}}a},
number = {3},
title = {{Escalas logar{\'{i}}tmicas diagram{\'{a}}ticas para evaluar la severidad del manchado de hojas y c{\'{a}}lices de jamaica}},
url = {http://www.rmf.smf.org.mx/ojs/index.php/RMF/article/view/46},
volume = {34},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Lenz2010,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale with six levels of disease severity: 1.6; 3.2; 6.4; 12.6; 23.1 and 38.6{\%} was developed and validated to assess rice brown spot, caused by Bipolaris oryzae. The scale was developed considering the maximum limit of disease severity observed in the field and the intermediate values followed logarithmic increases according to the {\{}{\{}"{\}}Stimulus{\}} Law by {\{}Weber-Fechner{\{}"{\}}.{\}} Initially, the estimatives of severity were performed without the use of the scale in 30 leaves with different levels of severity by eight people without previous experience in assessing diseases severity. Then, the same people estimated the severity of leaves using the proposed diagrammatic scale. Assessments with the diagrammatic scale were of great precision for all raters and did not presented systematic errors in over- or underestimating the disease severity. The proposed diagrammatic scale was considered adequate to estimate rice brown spot severity.},
author = {Lenz, G and Balardin, RS and Corte, GD and Marques, LN and Debona, D},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782010005000061},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
number = {4},
pages = {752--758},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de severidade de mancha-parda em arroz}},
volume = {40},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Rodrigues2002,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale, with five levels offoliar disease severity, was developed and validated for standardization of evaluations of citrus leprosis disease. This scale is suitable for field works, epidemiological studies,screening of germoplasm, evaluation of damage and yield losses caused by leprosis. A correlation between severity and disease incidence was also observed.},
author = {Rodrigues, JCV and Nogueira, NL and Machado, MA},
isbn = {0100-5405},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
pages = {192--196},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}ode escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para leprose dos citros}},
volume = {28},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Mesquini2009,
abstract = {Leaf spots, caused by the fungi Septoria apiicola and Cercospora arracacina, are among the most serious leaf diseases that affect arracacha. Since standardized methods for disease evaluation are necessary, this work proposes a diagrammatic scale for assessment of these diseases. Leaves presenting different severity levels were collected and the minimum and maximum severity limits were determined. The intermediary severity levels were determined according to "Weber-Fechner's stimulus response law" and the scale had seven severity levels (0.7; 2; 4; 8; 17; 32 and 53{\%}). Scale validation was carried out by four experienced raters and four inexperienced raters, who estimated severity with and without the use of the scale, using 50 leaves with different levels of disease. The actual severity and the estimated severity values were analyzed through linear regression, and the estimates were compared for accuracy and precision. By using the scale, the raters obtained higher precision and accuracy levels, and the variance of the absolute errors in the assessment of the disease presented values within acceptable limits. The proposed scale was thus considered appropriate for evaluation of leaf spots in arracacha.},
author = {Mesquini, RM and Schwan-Estrada, KRF and Godoy, CV and Vieira, RA and Zarate, NAH and Vieira, MC},
doi = {10.1590/S1982-56762009000400008},
isbn = {1982-5676},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
keywords = {513 kg ha -1,633,9,Arracacha,Arracacia xanthorrhiza,Evaluation,arracacia,arracacia xanthorrhiza,com produtividade m{\'{e}}dia de,diagrammatic scale,disease assessment,e produ{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o,fungi,ha,leaves,methodology,no brasil representa uma,o cultivo da mandioquinha-salsa,pathometry,pests and diseases,plant pathogenic fungi,plant pathogens,techniques,xanthorrhiza bancr,{\'{a}}rea de 7},
number = {4},
pages = {250--255},
title = {{Diagrammatic scale for assessment of Septoria apiicola and Cercospora arracacina in Arracacha}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S1982-56762009000400008{\&}lng=en{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=pt},
volume = {34},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Mazaro2006a,
author = {Mazaro, SM and Gouvea, A and {May de Mio}, LL and Deschamps, C and Biasi, LA and Citadin, I},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782006000500046},
isbn = {1678-4596},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
number = {5},
pages = {1630--1633},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da mancha-de-dendrophoma em morangueiro}},
volume = {36},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Schwanck2014,
author = {Schwanck, AA and {Del Ponte}, EM},
doi = {10.1111/jph.12246},
journal = {Journal of Phytopathology},
keywords = {bipolaris oryzae,diagrammatic scale,oryza,phytopathometry,sativa,standard area},
number = {10},
pages = {670--682},
title = {{Accuracy and Reliability of Severity Estimates Using Linear or Logarithmic Disease Diagram Sets in True Colour or Black and White: a Study Case for Rice Brown Spot}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jph.12246},
volume = {162},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Zavala-Leon2013,
abstract = {La antracnosis, causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, representa la enfermedad fungosa que m{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}s afecta la calidad de los frutos de papaya en poscosecha. Se desarroll{\{}{\'{o}}{\}} un trabajo con el objetivo de elaborar y validar una escala logar{\{}$\backslash$'$\backslash$i{\}}tmica diagram{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}tica de severidad para el patosistema papaya-antracnosis. Para ello se inocularon 130 frutos de papaya con conidios de C. gloeosporioides a una concentraci{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n 1 x 10E6 conidios/mL. Los frutos inoculados al madurar manifestaron diferentes grados de severidad, la cual se estim{\{}{\'{o}}{\}} con ayuda de programas computacionales. Posteriormente se fotografi{\{}{\'{o}}{\}} cada cara de los frutos y algunas im{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}genes con diferentes grados de da{\{}{\~{n}}{\}}o que se proyectaron a un grupo de 18 evaluadores sin experiencia, para que estimaran la severidad con la escala previamente elaborada. Los datos generados por cada evaluador se sometieron a un an{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}lisis de regresi{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n lineal simple. Se gener{\{}{\'{o}}{\}} una escala de seis clases, que abarcaban frutos sin da{\{}{\~{n}}{\}}o hasta frutos con la mayor severidad calculada. El rango de precisi{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n fluctu{\{}{\'{o}}{\}} entre 0,66-0,81 y la exactitud entre 0,78-0,95; sin embargo, la precisi{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n y exactitud mejoraron o al menos se mantuvieron durante la segunda evaluaci{\{}{\'{o}}{\}}n. La escala logar{\{}$\backslash$'$\backslash$i{\}}tmica generada para el patosistema papaya-antracnosis puede emplearse como una herramienta confiable, pues es f{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}cil de usar, resulta aplicable a un amplio rango de condiciones y, adem{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}s, proporciona resultados reproducibles, r{\{}{\'{a}}{\}}pidos y exactos.},
author = {Zavala-Le{\'{o}}n, MJ and Crist{\'{o}}bal-Alejo, J},
journal = {Fitosanidad},
keywords = {antracnosis,en-,enfermedades fungosas,fermedades poscosecha,papaya,s},
number = {2},
pages = {83--86},
title = {{Escala logar{\'{i}}timica diagram{\'{a}}tica de severidad de la antracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) en papaya (Carica papaya)}},
url = {http://www.fitosanidad.cu/index.php/fitosanidad/article/view/244},
volume = {16},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Tumura2013,
author = {Tumura, KG and Pizetta, M and Silva, LL and Furtado, EL},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052013000400004},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
pages = {252--257},
title = {{Avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de clones de seringueira quanto {\`{a}} resist{\^{e}}ncia ao o{\'{i}}dio}},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Librelon2015,
author = {Librelon, SS and Souza, EA and Pereira, R and Pozza, EA and Abreu, AFB},
doi = {10.1007/s13313-015-0360-9},
journal = {Australasian Plant Pathology},
number = {4},
pages = {385--395},
title = {{Diagrammatic scale to evaluate angular leaf spot severity in primary leaves of common bean}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13313-015-0360-9},
volume = {44},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Braido2015,
author = {Braido, R and Gon{\c{c}}alves-Zuliani, AMO and Nocchi, PTR and {Belasque J{\'{u}}nior}, J and Janeiro, V and Bock, CH and Nunes, WMC},
doi = {10.1007/s10658-014-0544-0},
journal = {European Journal of Plant Pathology},
number = {2},
pages = {327--337},
title = {{A standard area diagram set to aid estimation of the severity of Asiatic citrus canker on ripe sweet orange fruit}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10658-014-0544-0},
volume = {141},
year = {2015}
}
@article{MaydeMio2008,
author = {{May de Mio}, LL and Oliveira, RA and Floriani, AMV and Schuber, JM and Poltronieri, AS and Araujo, MA and Tratch, R},
journal = {Scientia Agraria},
number = {3},
pages = {331--337},
title = {{Proposal of Scale Diagrammatic for Quantification of Cercospora of Beet}},
volume = {9},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Albert2008,
abstract = {Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora canescens and Pseudocercospora cruenta is an important disease of cowpea ([Vigna unguiculata) in Brazil. Due to the inexistence of standard methods for the assessment of this disease, a diagrammatic scale was developed with 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 82{\%} of diseased leaf area. The diagrammatic scale was validated by 10 raters using 50 cowpea leaflets with different levels of severity previously measured by the software Assess (R). The accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the estimative of each rater were determined by simple linear regression between actual and estimated severity, with and without the use of the scale. With the scale raters obtained better levels of accuracy and precision, with absolute errors concentrating around 10{\%}. Raters showed high repeatability (94{\%}) and reproducibility ({\textgreater}= 90{\%} in 82.3{\%} of the cases) of the estimates by, using the scale. The proposed diagrammatic key is suitable for the evaluation of Cercospora leaf spot severity in it cowpea.},
author = {Albert, ICL and Noronha, MA and Martins, RB and Michereff, SJ},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782008000700036},
isbn = {0103-8478},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
keywords = {cercospora canescens,phytopatometry,pseudocercospora cruenta,vigna unguiculata},
number = {7},
pages = {2029--2032},
title = {{Diagrammatic scale for assessment of Cercospora leaf spot severity in cowpea}},
volume = {38},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Soares2009,
abstract = {Soybean target spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, is found in practically all the soybean growing regions in Brazil and it can cause economic losses. The objective of this work was to elaborate and validate a diagrammatic scale to evaluate soybean target spot severity. Soybean leaflets with disease symptoms were collected and severity was measured, determining the minimum and maximum limits and the intermediate levels of the scale, according to Weber-Fechner's stimulus-response law. The elaborated scale had seven levels: 1, 2, 5, 9, 19, 33 and 52{\%}. The validation was performed by eight persons without experience with this disease quantification, who estimated the severity of 40 leaflets with different levels of target spot severity, with and without the use of the scale. The use of a diagrammatic scale resulted in higher accuracy and precision of the estimations performed, meaning that this can be considered a quick and easy tool to help evaluate soybean target spot severity.},
author = {Soares, RM and Godoy, CV and Oliveira, MCN},
doi = {10.1590/S1982-56762009000600010},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
keywords = {a,a mancha alvo da,berk,c,corynespora cassiicola,curtis,disease assessment,este pat{\'{o}}geno foi identificado,glycine max,l,m,merr,soja glycine max,t,wei,{\'{e}} causada pelo fungo},
number = {December},
pages = {333--338},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da mancha alvo de soja}},
volume = {34},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Chagas2010,
abstract = {The aim of the present study was to develop a diagrammatic scale to assess gray mold caused by Amphobotrys ricini in castor bean {\{}(Ricinus{\}} communis L.). The experiment included 59 clusters, which were disinfected in solution of sodium hypochlorite to 2{\%} for 30 seconds and distilled water and sterilized. Then, they were packed in moistened foam trays which received 5mm mycelial discs, and were kept in a climatic chamber at 25{\{}$\backslash$textordmasculine{\}} C and 80{\%}. {\{}RH.{\}} The disease evolution was observed daily pictures of the clusters diseased. To determine the severity percentage of the bunches, infected and healthy fruits were counted, estimating thus the percentage of the injured area, and developing a diagrammatic scale with six severity levels. The adoption of the proposed scale, improved the accuracy {\{}(R2{\}} = 0,94) {\{}"{\}}a{\{}"{\}} values were not significantly different from zero (0) and {\{}"{\}}b{\{}"{\}} values were not significantly different from one (1).},
author = {Chagas, HA and Basseto, MA and Rosa, DD and Zanotto, MD and Furtado, EL},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052010000200011},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
keywords = {a mamoneira,accuracy,aut{\'{o}}gama,do,euphorbiaceae e g{\^{e}}nero monot{\'{i}}pico,evaluation,g{\^{e}}nero ricinus,mas pode,ou seja,pertence a fam{\'{i}}lia,precision,ricinus communis l,severity,{\'{e}} a {\'{u}}nica esp{\'{e}}cie,{\'{e}} uma esp{\'{e}}cie preferencialmente},
number = {2},
pages = {164--167},
pmid = {21537632},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de mofo cinzento (Amphobotrys ricini) da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.)}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S0100-54052010000200011{\&}lng=en{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=pt},
volume = {36},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Correia2011,
abstract = {Anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides {\{}(Penz.){\}} Sacc. is an important disease of torch ginger {\{}[Etlingera{\}} elatior {\{}(Jack){\}} Smith] in the Brazilian Northeast. Considering the inexistence of standard methods for assessment of this disease, a diagrammatic scale was developed with 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 82 and 92{\%} of diseased bracts area and tested for accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the estimative of anthracnose severity with and without using the scale. The diagrammatic key was validated by 10 raters, using 45 bracts with different levels of severity. Without the diagrammatic scale most of raters overestimated disease severity. With the scale raters obtained better levels of accuracy and precision, with absolute errors concentrated around 10{\%}. Raters showed great repeatability (95{\%}) and reproducibility ({\{}$\backslash$textthreesuperior{\}}90{\%} in 75.6{\%} of cases) of estimative by using the scale. The proposed diagrammatic scale was suitable for the evaluation of torch ginger anthracnose severity.},
author = {Correia, KC and Martins, RB and C{\^{a}}mara, MPS and Michereff, SJ},
doi = {10.1590/S0103-84782011000100001},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia Rural},
keywords = {colletotrichum gloeosporioides,etlingera elatior},
number = {1},
pages = {1--4},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da antracnose em pinha}},
volume = {41},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Nunes2012,
abstract = {A diagrammatic scale was developed to standardize severity assessments of anthracnose on yellow passion fruit, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The scale was elaborated considering the maximum and minimum limits of disease severity. The percentile values for anthracnose symptoms followed logarithmic increments (1, 3, 8, 21, 44 e 70{\%}). To validate the scale, ten raters (five inexperienced and five experienced) quantified the disease severity, without and using the scale, of 50 fruits with anthracnose symptoms. Assessments with the diagrammatic scale had higher precision and accuracy for majority of raters, besides being more reproducible among raters. The proposed diagrammatic scale was considered adequate to estimate anthracnose severity in yellow passion fruits and could be used in epidemiological and control studies.},
author = {Nunes, CC and Alves, SAM},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052012000300011},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
number = {3},
pages = {239--244},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para quantifica{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade de entomosporiose em folhas de pereira}},
volume = {38},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Price2016,
author = {Price, T and Purvis, M and Pruitt, H},
journal = {Plant Health Progress},
number = {1},
pages = {27--29},
title = {{A quantifiable disease severity rating scale for frogeye leaf spot of soybean}},
volume = {17},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Tovar-Soto2002,
author = {Tovar-Soto, A and Hern{\'{a}}ndez-Mart{\'{i}}nez, M and Crist{\'{o}}bal-Alejo, J and Romero-Hijo, R and Mora-Aguilera, G},
journal = {Revista Mexicana de Fitopatolog{\'{i}}a},
number = {1},
pages = {103--109},
title = {{Escala logar{\'{i}}tmica diagram{\'{a}}tica de severidad de la mancha negra (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) en chirimoyo (Annona cherimola Mill.)}},
volume = {20},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Boff1991,
author = {Boff, P and Zambolim, L and Vale, FXR},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
pages = {280--283},
title = {{Escalas para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de severidade da mancha de estenf{\'{i}}lio (Stemphylium solani) e da pinta preta (Alternaria solani) em tomateiro}},
volume = {16},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Spolti2011,
author = {Spolti, P and Schneider, L and Sanhueza, RMV and Batzer, JC and Gleason, ML and {Del Ponte}, EM},
doi = {10.1007/s10658-010-9636-7},
journal = {European Journal of Plant Pathology},
keywords = {Li{\'{n}}s CCC,Loss assessment,Malus x domestica},
number = {1},
pages = {21--29},
title = {{Improving sooty blotch and flyspeck severity estimation on apple fruit with the aid of standard area diagrams}},
volume = {129},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Duan2015,
abstract = {Abstract A standard area diagram (SAD) set to aid assessment of bacterial spot (caused by Xanthomonas spp.) severity on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves was prepared and evaluated for improving accuracy, precision and reliability of visual estimates. The ...},
author = {Duan, J and Zhao, B and Wang, Y and Yang, W},
doi = {10.1007/s10658-015-0642-7},
journal = {European Journal of Plant Pathology},
number = {4},
pages = {665--675},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{Development and validation of a standard area diagram set to aid estimation of bacterial spot severity on tomato leaves}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-015-0642-7/fulltext.html},
volume = {142},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Michereff2009,
author = {Michereff, SJ and Noronha, MA and Lima, GSA and Albert, ICL and Melo, EA and Gusm{\~{a}}o, LO},
doi = {10.1590/S0102-05362009000100015},
journal = {Horticultura Brasileira},
number = {1},
pages = {76--79},
title = {{Diagrammatic scale to assess downy mildew severity in melon}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S0102-05362009000100015{\&}lng=en{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=en},
volume = {27},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Michereff2000,
abstract = {The accuracy and precision of a novel and reliable diagrammatic key to assess the different severity levels (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32{\%}) of leaf blight (Curvularia eragrostidis [Cochliobolus eragrostidis]) in yams (Dioscorea cayenensis) was evaluated using an electronic image analyser and by several inexperienced, experienced and specialist assessors. The specialist assessors were more accurate and precise than experienced and inexperienced assessors. The largest difference between assessors and the electronic analyser were in the range of 16-32{\%} severity},
author = {Michereff, SJ and Maffia, LA and Noronha, MA},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052008000200018},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
number = {4},
pages = {612--619},
title = {{Escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da severidade da queima das folhas do inhame}},
volume = {25},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Nascimento2005,
author = {Nascimento, ARP and Michereff, SJ and Mariano, RLR and Gomes, AMA},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
number = {1},
pages = {59--64},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para cancro bacteriano da videira}},
volume = {31},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Godoy2006,
author = {Godoy, CV and Koga, LJ and Canteri, MG},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-41582006000100011},
file = {:Users/emerson/Library/Application Support/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Godoy, Koga, Canteri - 2006 - Diagrammatic scale for assessment of soybean rust severity.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
number = {1},
pages = {63--68},
publisher = {Sociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia},
title = {{Diagrammatic scale for assessment of soybean rust severity}},
url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci{\_}arttext{\&}pid=S0100-41582006000100011{\&}lng=en{\&}nrm=iso{\&}tlng=en},
volume = {31},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Lima2011,
author = {Lima, GSA and Assun{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o, IP and Martins, RB and Santos, HV and Michereff, SJ},
journal = {Journal of Plant Pathology},
pages = {691--695},
title = {{Development and validation of a standard area diagram set for assessment of alternaria spot on the cladodes of the prickly pear cactus}},
volume = {93},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Maciel2013,
author = {Maciel, JLN and Danelli, ALD and Boretto, C and Forcelini, CA},
journal = {Summa Phytopathologica},
pages = {162--166},
title = {{Diagrammatic scale for assessment of blast on wheat spikes}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-009-9455-x?no-access=true},
volume = {39},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Halfeld-Vieira2006,
abstract = {To propose customized methods of evaluating the severity of cercospora leaf spot in watermelon {\{}(Citrullus{\}} lanatus) leaves, a diagrammatic scale was developed with necrotic area of 2; 4; 8; 12; 27; 45; 71 and 93{\%}. For validation, the severity of 50 leaves presenting different intensities of the disease was estimated by ten raters. Accuracy and precision were determined by linear regression, relating assessments performed by raters using the scale to actual severity. Repetition of the results provided by raters was verified in a second evaluation, seven days after the first assessment. The scale provided good levels of accuracy and precision of visual estimates. The coefficient determination average was higher than 0.94, and absolute errors were lower than acceptable limits. Overall, the raters exhibited good repetition of estimates. The proposed diagrammatic scale proved to be adequate for severity assessments of cercospora leaf spot in watermelon.},
author = {Halfeld-Vieira, BA and Nechet, KL},
doi = {10.1590/S0100-41582006000100008},
journal = {Tropical Plant Pathology (Fitopatol. Bras)},
number = {95},
pages = {46--50},
title = {{Elabora{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o e valida{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de escala diagram{\'{a}}tica para avalia{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o da mancha-de-Cercospora em melancia}},
volume = {31},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Braido2014,
author = {Braido, R and Gon{\c{c}}alves-Zuliani, AMO and Janeiro, V and Carvalho, SA and {Belasque J{\'{u}}nior}, J and Bock, CH and Nunes, WMC},
doi = {10.1094/PDIS-01-14-0090-RE},
journal = {Plant Disease},
number = {11},
pages = {1543--1550},
title = {{Development and Validation of Standard Area Diagrams as Assessment Aids for Estimating the Severity of Citrus Canker on Unripe Oranges}},
url = {http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-01-14-0090-RE},
volume = {98},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Custodio2011,
author = {Cust{\'{o}}dio, AAP and Pozza, EA and Guimar{\~{a}}es, SSC and Koshikumo, ESM and Hoyos, JMA and Souza, PE},
doi = {10.1002/prot.23220},
isbn = {9781588298904},
journal = {Ci{\^{e}}ncia e Agrotecnologia},
keywords = {c 2011 w iley,drk sh3,i nc,inhibitor 2,intrinsically disordered,nmr,p eriodicals,saxs,sic1,unfolded state},
number = {6},
pages = {1067--1076},
title = {{Comparison and validation of digrammatic scales for brown eye spots in coffee tree leaves}},
volume = {35},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Rios2013,
author = {Rios, JA and Debona, D and Duarte, HSS and Rodrigues, FA},
doi = {10.1007/s10658-013-0191-x},
journal = {European Journal of Plant Pathology},
number = {3},
pages = {603--611},
title = {{Development and validation of a standard area diagram set to assess blast severity on wheat leaves}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10658-013-0191-x},
volume = {136},
year = {2013}
}