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Software Engineer Guideline

Fundamentals

Fundamentals are language independent.

  • Data structures
    • Arrays: Contiguous memory storage for elements of the same type.
    • Linked Lists: Nodes connected by pointers, allowing dynamic insertion and deletion.
    • Stacks and Queues: Abstract data types for managing elements (LIFO for stacks, FIFO for queues).
    • Trees (Binary Trees, AVL Trees, etc.): Hierarchical structures with nodes and edges.
    • Graphs: Represent relationships between entities.
    • Hash Tables: Key-value pairs with fast access.
  • Algorithms
    • Sorting Algorithms: Bubble sort, quicksort, merge sort, etc.
    • Searching Algorithms: Binary search, linear search, depth-first search, breadth-first search.
    • Dynamic Programming: Solving complex problems by breaking them into smaller subproblems.
    • Greedy Algorithms: Making locally optimal choices at each step.
    • Graph Algorithms: Dijkstra’s algorithm, Kruskal’s algorithm, etc.
  • Parallelization/concurrency
    • Understand how to write concurrent and parallel programs:
      • Threads and Processes: Differences, synchronization, and communication.
      • Locks and Semaphores: Ensuring thread safety.
      • Parallel Programming Models: OpenMP, CUDA, etc.
  • Object Oriented Paradigms
    • Learn about classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.
    • Understand design principles like SOLID (Single Responsibility, Open-Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, Dependency Inversion).
  • Design patterns
    • Familiarize yourself with common design patterns:
      • Creational Patterns: Singleton, Factory, Builder, etc.
      • Structural Patterns: Adapter, Decorator, Proxy, etc.
      • Behavioral Patterns: Observer, Strategy, Command, etc.
  • Operating systems
    • Basics of OS concepts
      • Processes and Threads: Creation, scheduling, synchronization.
      • Memory Management: Paging, segmentation, virtual memory.
      • File Systems: File I/O, directory structures.
      • Deadlocks and Race Conditions.
    • OS
      • Linux
      • Windows
      • MacOS
  • Scheduling
    • CPU scheduling algorithms (e.g., FCFS, SJF, Round Robin).
    • Real-time scheduling.
  • Authentication/security
    • Understand authentication mechanisms (OAuth, JWT, etc.).
    • Learn about encryption, hashing, and secure communication.
  • REST best practices
    • Design RESTful APIs following best practices (resource naming, HTTP methods, status codes).
    • Understand HATEOAS (Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State).
  • Databases
    • Relational databases (SQL) vs. NoSQL databases (MongoDB, Redis, etc.).
    • Indexing, normalization, ACID properties.
  • Architecture
    • Microservices vs. monolithic architecture.
    • REST vs. gRPC
    • Scalability, load balancing, caching.
  • System designs
    • Understanding how to design scalable, reliable, and efficient systems is crucial. Learn about distributed systems, microservices architecture, load balancing, and caching strategies.
    • Explore concepts like CAP theorem, sharding, and consistency models.
  • Testing and Quality Assurance
    • Familiarize yourself with different testing techniques: unit testing, integration testing, and end-to-end testing.
    • Understand code coverage, test-driven development (TDD), and continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines.
  • Version Control
    • Git is essential for collaboration and version control.
    • Learn about branching strategies, merging, rebasing, and resolving conflicts.
  • Cloud Services and Deployment
    • Explore cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud.
    • Understand how to deploy applications, manage containers (Docker/Kubernetes), and set up serverless functions.
  • Soft Skills
    • Communication, teamwork, and problem-solving skills are equally important.
    • Practice explaining technical concepts clearly and concisely.

Reference

Quora Q&A