Reproducibility with R.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ff9d3eb6",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Make your code reproducible\n",
    "#### (Prepared by Sarah Siddiqui, University of Rochester River Campus Libraries)\n",
    "### These tips are based on R but can be applied to other programming languages as well"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "32eeef41",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tip # 1\n",
    "##### Use meaningful variable names and include dependencies - packages and libraries\n",
    "##### Including comments is *always* recommended!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "608883fd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#install.packages(\"ggplot2\")\n",
    "#Add the packages installed as a comment, since it is done only once but helpful for other users"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "e7a2fea7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'ggplot2':\n",
      "  method         from \n",
      "  [.quosures     rlang\n",
      "  c.quosures     rlang\n",
      "  print.quosures rlang\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "library(ggplot2) "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "6fb06d19",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Loading required package: lattice\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "library(caret) # why are you importing this? Where are you using this??"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "c2814810",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "R version 3.6.1 (2019-07-05)\n",
       "Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)\n",
       "Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 18362)\n",
       "\n",
       "Matrix products: default\n",
       "\n",
       "locale:\n",
       "[1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.1252 \n",
       "[2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252   \n",
       "[3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252\n",
       "[4] LC_NUMERIC=C                          \n",
       "[5] LC_TIME=English_United States.1252    \n",
       "\n",
       "attached base packages:\n",
       "[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     \n",
       "\n",
       "other attached packages:\n",
       "[1] caret_6.0-83    lattice_0.20-38 ggplot2_3.1.1  \n",
       "\n",
       "loaded via a namespace (and not attached):\n",
       " [1] pbdZMQ_0.3-3       tidyselect_0.2.5   repr_0.19.2        purrr_0.3.2       \n",
       " [5] reshape2_1.4.3     splines_3.6.1      colorspace_1.4-1   generics_0.0.2    \n",
       " [9] stats4_3.6.1       htmltools_0.3.6    base64enc_0.1-3    survival_2.44-1.1 \n",
       "[13] prodlim_2018.04.18 rlang_0.3.4        ModelMetrics_1.2.2 pillar_1.3.1      \n",
       "[17] glue_1.3.1         withr_2.1.2        uuid_0.1-2         foreach_1.4.4     \n",
       "[21] plyr_1.8.4         lava_1.6.5         stringr_1.4.0      timeDate_3043.102 \n",
       "[25] munsell_0.5.0      gtable_0.3.0       recipes_0.1.5      codetools_0.2-16  \n",
       "[29] evaluate_0.13      class_7.3-15       IRdisplay_0.7.0    Rcpp_1.0.1        \n",
       "[33] scales_1.0.0       IRkernel_0.8.15    ipred_0.9-8        jsonlite_1.6      \n",
       "[37] digest_0.6.18      stringi_1.4.3      dplyr_0.8.0.1      grid_3.6.1        \n",
       "[41] tools_3.6.1        magrittr_1.5       lazyeval_0.2.2     tibble_2.1.1      \n",
       "[45] crayon_1.3.4       pkgconfig_2.0.2    MASS_7.3-51.3      Matrix_1.2-17     \n",
       "[49] data.table_1.12.2  lubridate_1.7.4    gower_0.2.0        assertthat_0.2.1  \n",
       "[53] iterators_1.0.10   R6_2.4.0           rpart_4.1-15       nnet_7.3-12       \n",
       "[57] nlme_3.1-139       compiler_3.6.1    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sessionInfo() #save this information as some libraries may not work with all versions of R"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "5300fefe",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA0gAAANICAMAAADKOT/pAAAAOVBMVEUAAAAzMzNNTU1oaGh8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\nkIwJjJCMCcz/8NnF2qgVrkIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data(cars)\n",
    "x<- cars$speed\n",
    "y<- cars$ dist\n",
    "ggplot(cars, aes(x=x, y=y))+geom_point(color=\"red\") + labs(title=\"Guess what this plot represents?\")\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "391b63ae",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA0gAAANICAMAAADKOT/pAAAAOVBMVEUAAAAzMzNNTU1oaGh8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\n/g92FtoGU7DmGQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ggplot(cars, aes(x=speed, y=dist))+geom_point(color=\"purple\")+labs(x=\"Top Speed\", y=\"Stopping Distance\", title=\"Plot of Cars data in R\")+theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "19b4e04e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tip # 2\n",
    "##### Use relative file paths, not absolute"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "033f46c9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message in file(file, \"rt\"):\n",
      "\"cannot open file 'C:\\Users\\AllegraT\\Desktop\\Reproducibility\\output.csv': No such file or directory\""
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "ERROR",
     "evalue": "Error in file(file, \"rt\"): cannot open the connection\n",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "Error in file(file, \"rt\"): cannot open the connection\nTraceback:\n",
      "1. read.csv(\"C:\\\\Users\\\\AllegraT\\\\Desktop\\\\Reproducibility\\\\output.csv\")",
      "2. read.table(file = file, header = header, sep = sep, quote = quote, \n .     dec = dec, fill = fill, comment.char = comment.char, ...)",
      "3. file(file, \"rt\")"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataerr<-read.csv(\"C:\\\\Users\\\\AllegraT\\\\Desktop\\\\Reproducibility\\\\output.csv\") # This will not work for everyone!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "b1446dee",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df<- read.csv(\"../Reproducibility/output.csv\") #will work as the Reproducbility folder can be shared"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "8159740d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tip # 3\n",
    "##### Processing data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "575fecbc",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "###### Save any parameters used for modifying data, for example we're modifying a column in the iris dataset"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "77b6458a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>Sepal.Length</th><th scope=col>Sepal.Width</th><th scope=col>Petal.Length</th><th scope=col>Petal.Width</th><th scope=col>Species</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>5.1   </td><td>3.5   </td><td>1.4   </td><td>0.2   </td><td>setosa</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>4.9   </td><td>3.0   </td><td>1.4   </td><td>0.2   </td><td>setosa</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>4.7   </td><td>3.2   </td><td>1.3   </td><td>0.2   </td><td>setosa</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>4.6   </td><td>3.1   </td><td>1.5   </td><td>0.2   </td><td>setosa</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>5.0   </td><td>3.6   </td><td>1.4   </td><td>0.2   </td><td>setosa</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>5.4   </td><td>3.9   </td><td>1.7   </td><td>0.4   </td><td>setosa</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       " Sepal.Length & Sepal.Width & Petal.Length & Petal.Width & Species\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 5.1    & 3.5    & 1.4    & 0.2    & setosa\\\\\n",
       "\t 4.9    & 3.0    & 1.4    & 0.2    & setosa\\\\\n",
       "\t 4.7    & 3.2    & 1.3    & 0.2    & setosa\\\\\n",
       "\t 4.6    & 3.1    & 1.5    & 0.2    & setosa\\\\\n",
       "\t 5.0    & 3.6    & 1.4    & 0.2    & setosa\\\\\n",
       "\t 5.4    & 3.9    & 1.7    & 0.4    & setosa\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| Sepal.Length | Sepal.Width | Petal.Length | Petal.Width | Species |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 5.1    | 3.5    | 1.4    | 0.2    | setosa |\n",
       "| 4.9    | 3.0    | 1.4    | 0.2    | setosa |\n",
       "| 4.7    | 3.2    | 1.3    | 0.2    | setosa |\n",
       "| 4.6    | 3.1    | 1.5    | 0.2    | setosa |\n",
       "| 5.0    | 3.6    | 1.4    | 0.2    | setosa |\n",
       "| 5.4    | 3.9    | 1.7    | 0.4    | setosa |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species\n",
       "1 5.1          3.5         1.4          0.2         setosa \n",
       "2 4.9          3.0         1.4          0.2         setosa \n",
       "3 4.7          3.2         1.3          0.2         setosa \n",
       "4 4.6          3.1         1.5          0.2         setosa \n",
       "5 5.0          3.6         1.4          0.2         setosa \n",
       "6 5.4          3.9         1.7          0.4         setosa "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data(iris)\n",
    "head(iris)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "059ee409",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "normalize <- function(x) {   \n",
    "return ((x - min(x)) / (max(x) - min(x)))\n",
    "}\n",
    "# Note: we'll talk about functions in a bit!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "746fcfb5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "iris$Sepal.Length.norm <-normalize(iris$Sepal.Length)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "49e84a61",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>0.222222222222222</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.166666666666667</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.111111111111111</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.0833333333333333</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.194444444444444</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.305555555555556</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 0.222222222222222\n",
       "\\item 0.166666666666667\n",
       "\\item 0.111111111111111\n",
       "\\item 0.0833333333333333\n",
       "\\item 0.194444444444444\n",
       "\\item 0.305555555555556\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 0.222222222222222\n",
       "2. 0.166666666666667\n",
       "3. 0.111111111111111\n",
       "4. 0.0833333333333333\n",
       "5. 0.194444444444444\n",
       "6. 0.305555555555556\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 0.22222222 0.16666667 0.11111111 0.08333333 0.19444444 0.30555556"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "head(iris$Sepal.Length.norm)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "30c64228",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##### It's also useful to export the modified data to a separate file for later. Here we are splitting the mtcars data into train and test sets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "4c651af1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data(\"mtcars\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "aacbd352",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>mpg</th><th scope=col>cyl</th><th scope=col>disp</th><th scope=col>hp</th><th scope=col>drat</th><th scope=col>wt</th><th scope=col>qsec</th><th scope=col>vs</th><th scope=col>am</th><th scope=col>gear</th><th scope=col>carb</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4</th><td>21.0 </td><td>6    </td><td>160  </td><td>110  </td><td>3.90 </td><td>2.620</td><td>16.46</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4 Wag</th><td>21.0 </td><td>6    </td><td>160  </td><td>110  </td><td>3.90 </td><td>2.875</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Datsun 710</th><td>22.8 </td><td>4    </td><td>108  </td><td> 93  </td><td>3.85 </td><td>2.320</td><td>18.61</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet 4 Drive</th><td>21.4 </td><td>6    </td><td>258  </td><td>110  </td><td>3.08 </td><td>3.215</td><td>19.44</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet Sportabout</th><td>18.7 </td><td>8    </td><td>360  </td><td>175  </td><td>3.15 </td><td>3.440</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Valiant</th><td>18.1 </td><td>6    </td><td>225  </td><td>105  </td><td>2.76 </td><td>3.460</td><td>20.22</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       "  & mpg & cyl & disp & hp & drat & wt & qsec & vs & am & gear & carb\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 & 21.0  & 6     & 160   & 110   & 3.90  & 2.620 & 16.46 & 0     & 1     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 Wag & 21.0  & 6     & 160   & 110   & 3.90  & 2.875 & 17.02 & 0     & 1     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tDatsun 710 & 22.8  & 4     & 108   &  93   & 3.85  & 2.320 & 18.61 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet 4 Drive & 21.4  & 6     & 258   & 110   & 3.08  & 3.215 & 19.44 & 1     & 0     & 3     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet Sportabout & 18.7  & 8     & 360   & 175   & 3.15  & 3.440 & 17.02 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tValiant & 18.1  & 6     & 225   & 105   & 2.76  & 3.460 & 20.22 & 1     & 0     & 3     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | mpg | cyl | disp | hp | drat | wt | qsec | vs | am | gear | carb |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Mazda RX4 | 21.0  | 6     | 160   | 110   | 3.90  | 2.620 | 16.46 | 0     | 1     | 4     | 4     |\n",
       "| Mazda RX4 Wag | 21.0  | 6     | 160   | 110   | 3.90  | 2.875 | 17.02 | 0     | 1     | 4     | 4     |\n",
       "| Datsun 710 | 22.8  | 4     | 108   |  93   | 3.85  | 2.320 | 18.61 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     |\n",
       "| Hornet 4 Drive | 21.4  | 6     | 258   | 110   | 3.08  | 3.215 | 19.44 | 1     | 0     | 3     | 1     |\n",
       "| Hornet Sportabout | 18.7  | 8     | 360   | 175   | 3.15  | 3.440 | 17.02 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 2     |\n",
       "| Valiant | 18.1  | 6     | 225   | 105   | 2.76  | 3.460 | 20.22 | 1     | 0     | 3     | 1     |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                  mpg  cyl disp hp  drat wt    qsec  vs am gear carb\n",
       "Mazda RX4         21.0 6   160  110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0  1  4    4   \n",
       "Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0 6   160  110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0  1  4    4   \n",
       "Datsun 710        22.8 4   108   93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1  1  4    1   \n",
       "Hornet 4 Drive    21.4 6   258  110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1  0  3    1   \n",
       "Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8   360  175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0  0  3    2   \n",
       "Valiant           18.1 6   225  105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1  0  3    1   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "head(mtcars)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "id": "f1dfd866",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "32"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "32"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "32"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 32"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "nrow(mtcars)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "id": "dc266d30",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "n = nrow(mtcars)\n",
    "trainIndex = sample(1:n, size = round(0.8*n), replace=FALSE)\n",
    "train = mtcars[trainIndex , 1:7]\n",
    "test = mtcars[-trainIndex , 1:7]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "id": "58792399",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "26"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "26"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "26"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 26"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "6"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "6"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "6"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 6"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "nrow(train)\n",
    "nrow(test)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0304f947",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##### Going back to file and variable names, choose meaningful and concise names!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "id": "07625fa6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "write.csv(train, \"../Reproducibility/mtcarstrain.csv\")\n", 
    "write.csv(test, \"../Reproducibility/mtcarstest.csv\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "333d0b12",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tip # 4\n",
    "##### Use functions instead of repeating code to avoid duplication and minimize possibilities of error"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "64fe0c43",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Calculate the hypotenuse\n",
    "hypotenuse<-function(a,b){\n",
    "    print(sqrt(a^2+b^2))\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "e0990c52",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] 6.324555\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "side1 = 3\n",
    "side2 = 4\n",
    "hyp = hypotenuse(side1,side2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "fb16cbf8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] 7.28011\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sidea = 7\n",
    "sideb = 2\n",
    "hyp_a = hypotenuse(sidea,sideb)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "292dbbe5",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tip # 5\n",
    "###### Using random numbers? Set a seed so you always get the same output"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "id": "2d61d60b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>-2.10086994907059</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.941812581121006</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.0922375085206626</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.126153553785817</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-1.98776088770326</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.590511515009577</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.98194995535356</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.874417042612833</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.101440196999433</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.10798296300557</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item -2.10086994907059\n",
       "\\item 0.941812581121006\n",
       "\\item 0.0922375085206626\n",
       "\\item -0.126153553785817\n",
       "\\item -1.98776088770326\n",
       "\\item 0.590511515009577\n",
       "\\item -0.98194995535356\n",
       "\\item -0.874417042612833\n",
       "\\item -0.101440196999433\n",
       "\\item 1.10798296300557\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. -2.10086994907059\n",
       "2. 0.941812581121006\n",
       "3. 0.0922375085206626\n",
       "4. -0.126153553785817\n",
       "5. -1.98776088770326\n",
       "6. 0.590511515009577\n",
       "7. -0.98194995535356\n",
       "8. -0.874417042612833\n",
       "9. -0.101440196999433\n",
       "10. 1.10798296300557\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] -2.10086995  0.94181258  0.09223751 -0.12615355 -1.98776089  0.59051152\n",
       " [7] -0.98194996 -0.87441704 -0.10144020  1.10798296"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rnorm(10) # The numbers change every time you run the cell"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "f872c916",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>0.21396250218488</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.479658134570875</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.0878287049737438</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.443858507494784</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.362837920519174</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.122674029524872</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.863845188144844</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0.489624266692369</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-0.364116912546662</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-1.29424200668192</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 0.21396250218488\n",
       "\\item 0.479658134570875\n",
       "\\item 0.0878287049737438\n",
       "\\item 0.443858507494784\n",
       "\\item -0.362837920519174\n",
       "\\item 0.122674029524872\n",
       "\\item -0.863845188144844\n",
       "\\item 0.489624266692369\n",
       "\\item -0.364116912546662\n",
       "\\item -1.29424200668192\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 0.21396250218488\n",
       "2. 0.479658134570875\n",
       "3. 0.0878287049737438\n",
       "4. 0.443858507494784\n",
       "5. -0.362837920519174\n",
       "6. 0.122674029524872\n",
       "7. -0.863845188144844\n",
       "8. 0.489624266692369\n",
       "9. -0.364116912546662\n",
       "10. -1.29424200668192\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  0.2139625  0.4796581  0.0878287  0.4438585 -0.3628379  0.1226740\n",
       " [7] -0.8638452  0.4896243 -0.3641169 -1.2942420"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "set.seed(99)\n",
    "rnorm(10)\n",
    "#Same output with seed"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "2384328e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ef2c6c9e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "R",
   "language": "R",
   "name": "ir"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": "r",
   "file_extension": ".r",
   "mimetype": "text/x-r-source",
   "name": "R",
   "pygments_lexer": "r",
   "version": "3.6.1"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 5
}