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<h1 style="font-family: fantasy;">Children and Tv</h1>
<h3>Anne Marie</h3>
<p>
Over the course of the twentieth century, television has come to play a greater role in our daily lives.
The
variety of programs and channels on offer have increased dramatically while programming for children in
particular has undergone considerable growth. Relatively recent reports indicate that children in the US
between the ages of two and five watch over thirty hours of television per week on average (McDonough,
2009)
and average viewing figures for children over two in the UK would seem to be roughly equal (Barkham,
2009).
Perhaps more worryingly, in the US, children under two spend 1.2 hours a day watching TV.
In recent years, a number of organizations and national governments have examined this issue and
expressed
their concerns on the matter. More specifically, the French government has banned TV aimed at children
under
three (Haeri & Kelly, 2012) while the Australian government has issued guidelines which advise against
exposure to television for children under two (Barkham, 2009). Michelle Obama, the American first lady,
has
recently joined the debate, recommending that children under two should not be allowed to watch any
television and that parents should carefully limit the amount of viewing done by the over-twos (Haeri &
Kelly, 2012). Indeed, it seems that children’s television viewing time should be both reduced and
carefully
monitored, or even eliminated completely in the case of children under two because of the adverse
effects it
has on children’s behavior, educational development and health.
</p>
<h5>TV, young children and aggression</h5>
<p>
Rowell Huesmann et al. (2003) point out that violent television programs are popular with both children and
adults because they are more exciting and engaging. They go on to cite research showing that violent TV
shows are both cheaper to produce and easier to sell to foreign television networks (Rowell Huesmann et al.,
2003). However, this violence can have a lasting negative effect on young children.
As Eastman (2004) points out, children tend to copy behaviors that they see either in real life or on
television. If they are exposed to examples of violent behavior as part of their television viewing, and
particularly, if this violence is not seen to be punished, they are likely to copy this in later life
(Eastman, 2004). He further explains that programs that show violence as humorous, for example cartoons, can
make the problem bigger because it can make violence appear as fun. Bushman and Rowell Huesmann (2006) also
point out that children who are repeatedly exposed to violent television programming, particularly where
this violence is carried out by their TV heroes or role models, are likely to see this as normal and to
become more aggressive as adults.
</p>
<p> When young children are regularly exposed to more extreme violence, contained, for example, in news
programs
or adult films, they become desensitized and start to see this as normal or natural (Eastman, 2004). The
danger here is not just whether they will become violent but even more importantly whether they will
tolerate violence unquestionably. As Murray (2005) argues, children may become more willing to tolerate
violence in their environment and society in later life without protesting or attempting to change the
situation. Clearly then TV violence can have a serious effect on children’s behavior .
There are various ways in which we can reduce or eliminate the possible negative effects of television
violence on young children without completely eliminating television from their lives. One important
step is
to limit the amount of television that young pre-school children are allowed to watch, perhaps switching
on
the TV set for selected programs only (Eastman, 2004). Another way to mitigate the effects of violence
is
for parents to watch along with their offspring (Eastman, 2004). These solutions not only allow adults
to
monitor the levels of violence to which children are exposed, but also provide the opportunity to
educate
children about the unreal nature of television and the concept of acting.
</p>
<h5>Is TV dumbing down our young?</h5>
<p>
With regard to educational development, children’s viewing habits seem to have a negative effect on language
development especially for very young children. For instance, Anderson and Pempeck (2005) point to a number
of studies which seem to indicate that children under two years of age who watch a lot of television have
slower language development and learn fewer words. Surprisingly, this is true even where under-twos have
been viewing programs designed to promote language development, such as Sesame Street and Dora the Explorer
(Anderson and Pempeck, 2005). It may be that these programs are simply too advanced for very young children
to benefit from. Another reason could be that in their first two years of life, children are only capable of
learning from face-to-face interaction with adults (Barkham, 2009). Once again, this shows a need for
television time to be reduced especially for these age groups, or at least for parents to be present and
interact with their children in order to eliminate the adverse effects of television.
</p>
<h5>The role of TV in the obesity epidemic</h5>
<p> There would seem to be a clear link between increased time watching television and obesity in children
(Dietz and Gortmaker, 1985; Swinburn and Shelly, 2008). This link may be due to three factors. First of all,
increased television viewing can lead to increased food intake due to snacking. Interestingly, some studies
have found that other activities involving electronic screens, such as internet surfing and video games, are
not associated with obesity (Swinburn and Shelly, 2008), perhaps because these activities engage the hands
in a way that television does not, making snacking less likely. Secondly, advertisements shown during
children’s programs make the issue of snacking worse. As Dietz and Gortmaker (1984) explain, TV programs
often promote food products, most of the time unhealthy food, and the programs themselves often include
mentions of food. This may well encourage children to snack more while they watch. Finally, another related
problem is the lack of physical activity due to watching television. Indeed, as children spend longer and
longer watching television, they have less time to take part in play or sports activities which might allow
them to burn off calories (Dietz and Gortmaker, 1985).
</p>
<h5>TV – helping the young to a more positive view of the world?</h5>
<p> It is often argued that TV can have a positive effect on how young people see the world around them. Moeller
(1996) discusses research which seems to indicate that television can affect our beliefs, attitudes and
values. In her words, “television cultivates a common outlook or world view among its viewers” (p.4). As a
result of seeing certain events on television, either positive or negative, people, both young and old, may
tend to believe that these events are more “normal” (p.3). A further interesting theory is that certain
high-quality television programs can have a far greater effect on attitudes and beliefs, possibly undoing
some of the damage done by other programs. An example would be The Cosby Show, which shows a family of
middle-class, sophisticated African Americans going about their daily lives and may counteract the negative
images of black Americans which are shown in other television programs (Moeller, 1996).This view appears
convincing at first. However, it should be pointed out that this depends very much on the
type of program children are watching. As mentioned above, programs with violent content may be both more
popular with children and cheaper to produce (Rowell Huesmann et al., 2003) which explains to some extent
why they are increasingly common on television. This means that the high-quality programs are not the rule
but the exception and, as a result, children are usually exposed to programs that can affect their behavior
negatively. Overall, there seems to be a need for adult supervision of what children watch if they are to be
exposed to the type of content which will bring about beneficial effects.</p>
<h5>TV linked to better language and literacy?</h5>
<p>
Many people are of the opinion that TV can have a positive effect on children’s literacy and language
development. Indeed, a number of studies show that when children over the age of two watch well-designed
educational shows such as Sesame Street, there is a positive effect on their language development (Anderson
and Pempeck, 2005).
This argument fails to consider the fact that the majority of TV programs are not designed with language
development in mind. For this reason, adults should monitor to make sure that children over two watch
programs that improve their language and avoid less appropriate content. Moreover, the presence of an adult,
even when the program is educational and potentially beneficial, can increase its effect. For instance,
Moeller (1996) points to a number of studies which show that adult co-viewers can have a considerable effect
on how much children learn from educational programs. She indicates that the interaction between an adult
and a child while watching educational television may be the most important factor in promoting development.
It would seem, then, that the presence and active participation of an adult or carer is key if television
viewing is to have a positive influence on children.
</p>
<h5> Conclusion</h5>
<p>To sum up, television has become an increasingly pervasive presence in our lives. Not only has choice
expanded dramatically for the adult viewer, but also for young children, whose extended periods of time
spent in front of the screen is causing considerable concern. This essay has argued that there is an
urgent
need for this viewing time to be radically reduced and for parents to be aware what their children are
watching. It has been further argued that TV viewing should be eliminated altogether for children under
two
years of age. Although some might claim that there are behavioral, educational and attitudinal benefits
which television might offer, it is clear that unrestricted viewing can have a negative effect. Indeed,
as
previously discussed, over-exposure to television may well have seriously detrimental effects on the
behavior, educational achievement and health of children. All evidence would indicate that television is
here to stay. While it is clear that further research is required to fully assess its potentially
harmful
impact on the very young, there would already appear to be considerable evidence that parents, educators
and
possibly national governments need to closely examine the way our children use television if the
negative
effects are to be eliminated.</p>
<h4> References</h4>
<p>
Anderson, D.R. & Pempek, T.A., (2005). Television and Very Young Children. The American Behavioural
Psychologist, 48(5), 505 – 576. DOI: 10.1177/0002764204271506
Barkham, P. (2009, October 14th). Television – not in front of the children? The Guardian. Retrieved
September 15th, 2013 from http://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/oct/14/tv-children-harmful-effects
</p>
<p>
Bushman, B.J. & Rowell Huesmann, L. (2006). Short-term and Long-term Effects of Violent Media on
Aggression
in Children and Adults. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 160. Retrieved September 15th, 2013 from
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bbushman/BH06.pdf
</p>
<p>
Dietz, W.H. (2001). The obesity epidemic in young children. BMJ 322(7282), 313-314. Retrieved September
15th, 2013, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1119564/
</p>
<p>
Dietz, W.H. & Gortmaker, S.L., (1985). Do We Fatten Our Children at the Television Set? Obesity and
Television Viewing in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 75(5), 809 – 812. Retrieved September 15th,
2013, from http://corcom130-sp10-advertising.wikispaces.umb.edu/file/view/Pediatrics+May+1985.pdf
</p>
<p>
Eastman, W. (2004). Beginnings and Beyond: The Relationship Between Television Violence and
Neurodevelopment
of Young Children. College Quarterly, 7(3). Retrieved September 15th, 2012 from
http://www.senecac.on.ca/quarterly/2004-vol07-num03-summer/eastman.html
</p>
<p>
Haeri, S. & Spencer, K. (2012). Warning to cut TV for young children. BBC NEWS. Retrieved September
15th,
2013 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/9768896.stm
</p>
<p>
Mares, M. & Woodward, E. (2005). Positive Effects of Television on Children’s Social Interactions: A
Meta-Analysis, MEDIA PSYCHOLOGY, 7, 301 – 322. DOI:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0703_4
</p>
<p>
McDonough, P. (2009). TV VIEWING AMONG KIDS AT AN EIGHT-YEAR HIGH. Retrieved September 15th, 2013 from
http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/newswire/2009/tv-viewing-among-kids-at-an-eight-year-high.html
</p>
<p>
Moeller, B. (1996). Learning from Television: A Research Review. Centre for Children & Technology
Reports,
11. Retrieved September 19th, 2013 from http://www.dcmp.org/caai/nadh175.pdf
</p>
<p>
Murray, J.P. (2001). TV Violence and Brainmapping in Children. Psychiatric Times, XVII(10). Retrieved
September 15th, 2013 from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/tv-violence-and-brainmapping-children
</p>
<p>
Rowell Huesmann, L., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C. & Eron, L.D. (2003). Longtitudinal Relations Between
Children’s Exposure to TV Violence and Their Aggressive and Violent Behaviour in Young Adulthood:
1977-1992.
Developmental Psychology 39(2), 201-221. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.201
</p>
<p>
Swinburn, B. & Shelly, A. (2008). Effects of TV time and other sedentary pursuits. International Journal
of
Obesity, 32, 132 – 136. Retrieved September 15th, 2013, from http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30017558
</p>
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This online library as well as bookstore is created to satisfy the reading lust of all people especially
readers in an easy and fun way. Moreover, you can buy books, articles, magazines as well as newspapers of
different types published from all over the world. Our motive is to build a reading community with creative
mind, prudent way of thinking, Positive and learning mindsets.
</p>
<div class="social">
<a href="#"><span class="fab fa-facebook-f"></span></a>
<a href="#"><span class="fab fa-twitter"></span></a>
<a href="#"><span class="fab fa-instagram"></span></a>
<a href="#"><span class="fab fa-youtube"></span></a>
<a href="#"><span class="fab fa-linkedin"></span></a>
<a href="#"><span class="fab fa-pinterest"></span></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="center box">
<h2>Address</h2>
<div class="content">
<div class="place">
<a href="https://goo.gl/maps/6Q4XGAHgLy64LvAj9"><span class="fas fa-map-marker-alt"></span></a>
<span class="text"> United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi</span>
</div>
<div class="phone">
<span class="fas fa-phone-alt"></span>
<span class="text">+971-545-305-388</span>
</div>
<div class="email">
<span class="fas fa-envelope"></span>
<span class="text">[email protected]</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right box">
<h2> Contact us</h2>
<div class="content">
<form action="#">
<div class="email">
<div class="text">Email *</div>
<input type="email" required>
</div>
<div class="msg">
<div class="text"> Message *</div>
<textarea cols="25" rows="2" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="btn">
<button class="Sbtn" type="submit">Send</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
</body>
</html>