diff --git a/src/subroutines.js b/src/subroutines.js
index f1cdf10..9817226 100644
--- a/src/subroutines.js
+++ b/src/subroutines.js
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ function processSubroutines(expression, namedGroups) {
         // `unclosedGroupCount`. If there are any backrefs in the expression, wrap with '()'
         // instead of '(?:)' so that backrefs line up, in case there are backrefs inside the
         // subroutine that refer to their parent capturing group
-        const subroutineValue = `${hasBackrefs ? '(' : '(?:'}${contents})`;
+        const subroutineValue = `(${hasBackrefs ? '' : '?:'}${contents})`;
         openSubroutinesMap.set(subroutineName, {
           contents,
           unclosedGroupCount: countSubgroups(subroutineValue),
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ function countCapturesBeforeGroupName(expression, groupName) {
 */
 function countSubgroups(expression) {
   let num = 0;
-  forEachUnescaped(expression, String.raw`\(`, () => num++, Context.DEFAULT);
+  forEachUnescaped(expression, '\\(', () => num++, Context.DEFAULT);
   return num;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/utils.js b/src/utils.js
index d1da0d5..77a681c 100644
--- a/src/utils.js
+++ b/src/utils.js
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ export function escapeV(str, context) {
 //   followed by the same unescaped symbol outside an interpolation, and since it won't be wrapped,
 //   the second symbol wouldn't be sandboxed from the one following it.
 export function sandboxLoneDoublePunctuatorChar(str) {
-  return str.replace(new RegExp(String.raw`^([${doublePunctuatorChars}])(?!\1)`), (m, _, pos) => {
+  return str.replace(new RegExp(`^([${doublePunctuatorChars}])(?!\\1)`), (m, _, pos) => {
     return `\\${m}${pos + 1 === str.length ? '' : m}`;
   });
 }