From 1772ad02e3d8b26110e74fea573989368f129d6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lhy1024 <admin@liudos.us>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:40:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 01/15] core: fix datarace in MergeLabels (#7537)

close tikv/pd#7535

Signed-off-by: lhy1024 <admin@liudos.us>
---
 pkg/core/store.go | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pkg/core/store.go b/pkg/core/store.go
index 1d3362cac0e4..9b660754496e 100644
--- a/pkg/core/store.go
+++ b/pkg/core/store.go
@@ -600,22 +600,36 @@ func DistinctScore(labels []string, stores []*StoreInfo, other *StoreInfo) float
 	return score
 }
 
-// MergeLabels merges the passed in labels with origins, overriding duplicated
-// ones.
+// MergeLabels merges the passed in labels with origins, overriding duplicated ones.
+// Note: To prevent potential data races, it is advisable to refrain from directly modifying the 'origin' variable.
 func MergeLabels(origin []*metapb.StoreLabel, labels []*metapb.StoreLabel) []*metapb.StoreLabel {
-	storeLabels := origin
-L:
+	results := make([]*metapb.StoreLabel, 0, len(origin))
+	for _, label := range origin {
+		results = append(results, &metapb.StoreLabel{
+			Key:   label.Key,
+			Value: label.Value,
+		})
+	}
+
 	for _, newLabel := range labels {
-		for _, label := range storeLabels {
+		found := false
+		for _, label := range results {
 			if strings.EqualFold(label.Key, newLabel.Key) {
+				// Update the value for an existing key.
 				label.Value = newLabel.Value
-				continue L
+				found = true
+				break
 			}
 		}
-		storeLabels = append(storeLabels, newLabel)
+		// Add a new label if the key doesn't exist in the original slice.
+		if !found {
+			results = append(results, newLabel)
+		}
 	}
-	res := storeLabels[:0]
-	for _, l := range storeLabels {
+
+	// Filter out labels with an empty value.
+	res := results[:0]
+	for _, l := range results {
 		if l.Value != "" {
 			res = append(res, l)
 		}

From 46fd313c06b5bfe769c91f2eb2d583ade3247772 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ryan Leung <rleungx@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 17:12:28 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 02/15] mcs: change the get member return value (#7819)

ref tikv/pd#5839

Signed-off-by: Ryan Leung <rleungx@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: ti-chi-bot[bot] <108142056+ti-chi-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 client/http/interface.go               |  6 +++---
 client/http/types.go                   |  9 +++++++++
 pkg/mcs/discovery/discover.go          |  8 ++++----
 pkg/mcs/discovery/registry_entry.go    |  6 +++++-
 pkg/mcs/scheduling/server/server.go    | 12 +++++++++++-
 pkg/mcs/tso/server/server.go           | 12 +++++++++++-
 server/apiv2/handlers/micro_service.go |  6 +++---
 7 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/client/http/interface.go b/client/http/interface.go
index c7bfc37958d6..06beba85a450 100644
--- a/client/http/interface.go
+++ b/client/http/interface.go
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ type Client interface {
 	GetMinResolvedTSByStoresIDs(context.Context, []uint64) (uint64, map[uint64]uint64, error)
 	GetPDVersion(context.Context) (string, error)
 	/* Micro Service interfaces */
-	GetMicroServiceMembers(context.Context, string) ([]string, error)
+	GetMicroServiceMembers(context.Context, string) ([]MicroServiceMember, error)
 	GetMicroServicePrimary(context.Context, string) (string, error)
 	DeleteOperators(context.Context) error
 
@@ -856,8 +856,8 @@ func (c *client) GetMinResolvedTSByStoresIDs(ctx context.Context, storeIDs []uin
 }
 
 // GetMicroServiceMembers gets the members of the microservice.
-func (c *client) GetMicroServiceMembers(ctx context.Context, service string) ([]string, error) {
-	var members []string
+func (c *client) GetMicroServiceMembers(ctx context.Context, service string) ([]MicroServiceMember, error) {
+	var members []MicroServiceMember
 	err := c.request(ctx, newRequestInfo().
 		WithName(getMicroServiceMembersName).
 		WithURI(MicroServiceMembers(service)).
diff --git a/client/http/types.go b/client/http/types.go
index aaf7e1c00275..56ad0427f126 100644
--- a/client/http/types.go
+++ b/client/http/types.go
@@ -592,3 +592,12 @@ type MembersInfo struct {
 	Leader     *pdpb.Member         `json:"leader,omitempty"`
 	EtcdLeader *pdpb.Member         `json:"etcd_leader,omitempty"`
 }
+
+// MicroServiceMember is the member info of a micro service.
+type MicroServiceMember struct {
+	ServiceAddr    string `json:"service-addr"`
+	Version        string `json:"version"`
+	GitHash        string `json:"git-hash"`
+	DeployPath     string `json:"deploy-path"`
+	StartTimestamp int64  `json:"start-timestamp"`
+}
diff --git a/pkg/mcs/discovery/discover.go b/pkg/mcs/discovery/discover.go
index 89c45497a876..1ce5ecda51dd 100644
--- a/pkg/mcs/discovery/discover.go
+++ b/pkg/mcs/discovery/discover.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func Discover(cli *clientv3.Client, clusterID, serviceName string) ([]string, er
 }
 
 // GetMSMembers returns all the members of the specified service name.
-func GetMSMembers(name string, client *clientv3.Client) ([]string, error) {
+func GetMSMembers(name string, client *clientv3.Client) ([]ServiceRegistryEntry, error) {
 	switch name {
 	case utils.TSOServiceName, utils.SchedulingServiceName, utils.ResourceManagerServiceName:
 		clusterID, err := etcdutil.GetClusterID(client, utils.ClusterIDPath)
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func GetMSMembers(name string, client *clientv3.Client) ([]string, error) {
 			return nil, errs.ErrEtcdTxnConflict.FastGenByArgs()
 		}
 
-		var addrs []string
+		var entries []ServiceRegistryEntry
 		for _, resp := range resps.Responses {
 			for _, keyValue := range resp.GetResponseRange().GetKvs() {
 				var entry ServiceRegistryEntry
@@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ func GetMSMembers(name string, client *clientv3.Client) ([]string, error) {
 					log.Error("try to deserialize service registry entry failed", zap.String("key", string(keyValue.Key)), zap.Error(err))
 					continue
 				}
-				addrs = append(addrs, entry.ServiceAddr)
+				entries = append(entries, entry)
 			}
 		}
-		return addrs, nil
+		return entries, nil
 	}
 
 	return nil, errors.Errorf("unknown service name %s", name)
diff --git a/pkg/mcs/discovery/registry_entry.go b/pkg/mcs/discovery/registry_entry.go
index 52751b430c44..bf11ae5c8a40 100644
--- a/pkg/mcs/discovery/registry_entry.go
+++ b/pkg/mcs/discovery/registry_entry.go
@@ -23,7 +23,11 @@ import (
 
 // ServiceRegistryEntry is the registry entry of a service
 type ServiceRegistryEntry struct {
-	ServiceAddr string `json:"service-addr"`
+	ServiceAddr    string `json:"service-addr"`
+	Version        string `json:"version"`
+	GitHash        string `json:"git-hash"`
+	DeployPath     string `json:"deploy-path"`
+	StartTimestamp int64  `json:"start-timestamp"`
 }
 
 // Serialize this service registry entry
diff --git a/pkg/mcs/scheduling/server/server.go b/pkg/mcs/scheduling/server/server.go
index 0ee6003e2f94..738140612b86 100644
--- a/pkg/mcs/scheduling/server/server.go
+++ b/pkg/mcs/scheduling/server/server.go
@@ -413,7 +413,17 @@ func (s *Server) startServer() (err error) {
 	// different service modes provided by the same pd-server binary
 	bs.ServerInfoGauge.WithLabelValues(versioninfo.PDReleaseVersion, versioninfo.PDGitHash).Set(float64(time.Now().Unix()))
 	bs.ServerMaxProcsGauge.Set(float64(runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)))
-	s.serviceID = &discovery.ServiceRegistryEntry{ServiceAddr: s.cfg.AdvertiseListenAddr}
+	deployPath, err := os.Executable()
+	if err != nil {
+		deployPath = ""
+	}
+	s.serviceID = &discovery.ServiceRegistryEntry{
+		ServiceAddr:    s.cfg.AdvertiseListenAddr,
+		Version:        versioninfo.PDReleaseVersion,
+		GitHash:        versioninfo.PDGitHash,
+		DeployPath:     deployPath,
+		StartTimestamp: s.StartTimestamp(),
+	}
 	uniqueName := s.cfg.GetAdvertiseListenAddr()
 	uniqueID := memberutil.GenerateUniqueID(uniqueName)
 	log.Info("joining primary election", zap.String("participant-name", uniqueName), zap.Uint64("participant-id", uniqueID))
diff --git a/pkg/mcs/tso/server/server.go b/pkg/mcs/tso/server/server.go
index 92ffc6603c32..4df43e1ebfcd 100644
--- a/pkg/mcs/tso/server/server.go
+++ b/pkg/mcs/tso/server/server.go
@@ -368,7 +368,17 @@ func (s *Server) startServer() (err error) {
 	s.serverLoopCtx, s.serverLoopCancel = context.WithCancel(s.Context())
 	legacySvcRootPath := endpoint.LegacyRootPath(s.clusterID)
 	tsoSvcRootPath := endpoint.TSOSvcRootPath(s.clusterID)
-	s.serviceID = &discovery.ServiceRegistryEntry{ServiceAddr: s.cfg.AdvertiseListenAddr}
+	deployPath, err := os.Executable()
+	if err != nil {
+		deployPath = ""
+	}
+	s.serviceID = &discovery.ServiceRegistryEntry{
+		ServiceAddr:    s.cfg.AdvertiseListenAddr,
+		Version:        versioninfo.PDReleaseVersion,
+		GitHash:        versioninfo.PDGitHash,
+		DeployPath:     deployPath,
+		StartTimestamp: s.StartTimestamp(),
+	}
 	s.keyspaceGroupManager = tso.NewKeyspaceGroupManager(
 		s.serverLoopCtx, s.serviceID, s.GetClient(), s.GetHTTPClient(), s.cfg.AdvertiseListenAddr,
 		discovery.TSOPath(s.clusterID), legacySvcRootPath, tsoSvcRootPath, s.cfg)
diff --git a/server/apiv2/handlers/micro_service.go b/server/apiv2/handlers/micro_service.go
index 48310d26deab..51668ab9ea80 100644
--- a/server/apiv2/handlers/micro_service.go
+++ b/server/apiv2/handlers/micro_service.go
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func RegisterMicroService(r *gin.RouterGroup) {
 // @Tags     members
 // @Summary  Get all members of the cluster for the specified service.
 // @Produce  json
-// @Success  200  {object}  []string
+// @Success  200  {object}  []discovery.ServiceRegistryEntry
 // @Router   /ms/members/{service} [get]
 func GetMembers(c *gin.Context) {
 	svr := c.MustGet(middlewares.ServerContextKey).(*server.Server)
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ func GetMembers(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	if service := c.Param("service"); len(service) > 0 {
-		addrs, err := discovery.GetMSMembers(service, svr.GetClient())
+		entries, err := discovery.GetMSMembers(service, svr.GetClient())
 		if err != nil {
 			c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, err.Error())
 			return
 		}
-		c.IndentedJSON(http.StatusOK, addrs)
+		c.IndentedJSON(http.StatusOK, entries)
 		return
 	}
 

From d6d9feab3e2a5180acbcc7095723d43e97798686 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: JmPotato <ghzpotato@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 13:15:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 03/15] client: enabling TSO Follower Proxy with TSO service
 should fail  (#7833)

ref tikv/pd#5836

Since the TSO service does not support the TSO Follower Proxy, enabling it in this case should fail.

Signed-off-by: JmPotato <ghzpotato@gmail.com>
---
 client/client.go                         |  3 +++
 client/tso_dispatcher.go                 | 11 +++++++++-
 tests/integrations/client/client_test.go | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/integrations/tso/client_test.go    |  4 ----
 4 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/client/client.go b/client/client.go
index ba7ac7fd075a..802a377cbf12 100644
--- a/client/client.go
+++ b/client/client.go
@@ -702,6 +702,9 @@ func (c *client) UpdateOption(option DynamicOption, value any) error {
 			return err
 		}
 	case EnableTSOFollowerProxy:
+		if c.getServiceMode() != pdpb.ServiceMode_PD_SVC_MODE {
+			return errors.New("[pd] tso follower proxy is only supported in PD service mode")
+		}
 		enable, ok := value.(bool)
 		if !ok {
 			return errors.New("[pd] invalid value type for EnableTSOFollowerProxy option, it should be bool")
diff --git a/client/tso_dispatcher.go b/client/tso_dispatcher.go
index cb4c243a56f3..c5136d7fd097 100644
--- a/client/tso_dispatcher.go
+++ b/client/tso_dispatcher.go
@@ -372,6 +372,9 @@ func (c *tsoClient) handleDispatcher(
 					return
 				case <-c.option.enableTSOFollowerProxyCh:
 					enableTSOFollowerProxy := c.option.getEnableTSOFollowerProxy()
+					log.Info("[tso] tso follower proxy status changed",
+						zap.String("dc-location", dc),
+						zap.Bool("enable", enableTSOFollowerProxy))
 					if enableTSOFollowerProxy && updateTicker.C == nil {
 						// Because the TSO Follower Proxy is enabled,
 						// the periodic check needs to be performed.
@@ -701,7 +704,11 @@ func (c *tsoClient) tryConnectToTSOWithProxy(dispatcherCtx context.Context, dc s
 	}
 	// GC the stale one.
 	connectionCtxs.Range(func(addr, cc any) bool {
-		if _, ok := tsoStreamBuilders[addr.(string)]; !ok {
+		addrStr := addr.(string)
+		if _, ok := tsoStreamBuilders[addrStr]; !ok {
+			log.Info("[tso] remove the stale tso stream",
+				zap.String("dc", dc),
+				zap.String("addr", addrStr))
 			cc.(*tsoConnectionContext).cancel()
 			connectionCtxs.Delete(addr)
 		}
@@ -712,6 +719,8 @@ func (c *tsoClient) tryConnectToTSOWithProxy(dispatcherCtx context.Context, dc s
 		if _, ok = connectionCtxs.Load(addr); ok {
 			continue
 		}
+		log.Info("[tso] try to create tso stream",
+			zap.String("dc", dc), zap.String("addr", addr))
 		cctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(dispatcherCtx)
 		// Do not proxy the leader client.
 		if addr != leaderAddr {
diff --git a/tests/integrations/client/client_test.go b/tests/integrations/client/client_test.go
index cfb896878f25..3e1b0be472ec 100644
--- a/tests/integrations/client/client_test.go
+++ b/tests/integrations/client/client_test.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/client/retry"
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/core"
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/errs"
+	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/mcs/utils"
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/mock/mockid"
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/storage/endpoint"
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/tso"
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/server"
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/server/config"
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/tests"
+	"github.com/tikv/pd/tests/integrations/mcs"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/clientv3"
 	"go.uber.org/goleak"
 )
@@ -319,6 +322,30 @@ func TestTSOFollowerProxy(t *testing.T) {
 	wg.Wait()
 }
 
+func TestTSOFollowerProxyWithTSOService(t *testing.T) {
+	re := require.New(t)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+	cluster, err := tests.NewTestAPICluster(ctx, 1)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	defer cluster.Destroy()
+	err = cluster.RunInitialServers()
+	re.NoError(err)
+	leaderName := cluster.WaitLeader()
+	pdLeaderServer := cluster.GetServer(leaderName)
+	re.NoError(pdLeaderServer.BootstrapCluster())
+	backendEndpoints := pdLeaderServer.GetAddr()
+	tsoCluster, err := tests.NewTestTSOCluster(ctx, 2, backendEndpoints)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	defer tsoCluster.Destroy()
+	cli := mcs.SetupClientWithKeyspaceID(ctx, re, utils.DefaultKeyspaceID, strings.Split(backendEndpoints, ","))
+	re.NotNil(cli)
+	defer cli.Close()
+	// TSO service does not support the follower proxy, so enabling it should fail.
+	err = cli.UpdateOption(pd.EnableTSOFollowerProxy, true)
+	re.Error(err)
+}
+
 // TestUnavailableTimeAfterLeaderIsReady is used to test https://github.com/tikv/pd/issues/5207
 func TestUnavailableTimeAfterLeaderIsReady(t *testing.T) {
 	re := require.New(t)
diff --git a/tests/integrations/tso/client_test.go b/tests/integrations/tso/client_test.go
index c5cc6ec5d6dc..3d7b099f342b 100644
--- a/tests/integrations/tso/client_test.go
+++ b/tests/integrations/tso/client_test.go
@@ -269,10 +269,6 @@ func (suite *tsoClientTestSuite) TestDiscoverTSOServiceWithLegacyPath() {
 // TestGetMinTS tests the correctness of GetMinTS.
 func (suite *tsoClientTestSuite) TestGetMinTS() {
 	re := suite.Require()
-	if !suite.legacy {
-		suite.waitForAllKeyspaceGroupsInServing(re)
-	}
-
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	wg.Add(tsoRequestConcurrencyNumber * len(suite.clients))
 	for i := 0; i < tsoRequestConcurrencyNumber; i++ {

From cd85c24e3b5f132e3179798469fbd641dc8a0b14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: JmPotato <ghzpotato@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Feb 2024 11:28:57 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 04/15] etcdutil: only output the log when picked count > 0
 (#7845)

close tikv/pd#7844

Only output the log when picked count > 0 in `updateEvictedEps`.

Signed-off-by: JmPotato <ghzpotato@gmail.com>
---
 pkg/utils/etcdutil/health_checker.go | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pkg/utils/etcdutil/health_checker.go b/pkg/utils/etcdutil/health_checker.go
index d1a57e97c5f3..51c1808de4a5 100644
--- a/pkg/utils/etcdutil/health_checker.go
+++ b/pkg/utils/etcdutil/health_checker.go
@@ -274,12 +274,14 @@ func (checker *healthChecker) updateEvictedEps(lastEps, pickedEps []string) {
 		pickedSet[ep] = true
 	}
 	// Reset the count to 0 if it's in evictedEps but not in the pickedEps.
-	checker.evictedEps.Range(func(key, _ any) bool {
+	checker.evictedEps.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
 		ep := key.(string)
-		if !pickedSet[ep] {
+		count := value.(int)
+		if count > 0 && !pickedSet[ep] {
 			checker.evictedEps.Store(ep, 0)
 			log.Info("reset evicted etcd endpoint picked count",
 				zap.String("endpoint", ep),
+				zap.Int("previous-count", count),
 				zap.String("source", checker.source))
 		}
 		return true

From 682213753f98cd46dafcf47eeb36b3e1d030ad21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: JmPotato <ghzpotato@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Feb 2024 15:21:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 05/15] *: adopt the latest golangci-lint (#7850)

ref tikv/pd#4399

Adopt the latest golangci-lint version and check.

Signed-off-by: JmPotato <ghzpotato@gmail.com>
---
 .golangci.yml                                        |  7 +++++--
 Makefile                                             |  2 +-
 pkg/core/storelimit/limit_test.go                    | 12 ++++++------
 pkg/utils/typeutil/clone_test.go                     |  4 ++--
 .../mcs/resourcemanager/resource_manager_test.go     |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.golangci.yml b/.golangci.yml
index e8acff6fa553..0e5028634aee 100644
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -42,10 +42,13 @@ linters-settings:
       - require-error
       - suite-dont-use-pkg
       - suite-extra-assert-call
+    disable:
+      - float-compare
+      - go-require
   gofmt:
     # https://golangci-lint.run/usage/linters/#gofmt
     # disable for faster check
     simplify: false
     rewrite-rules:
-      - pattern: 'interface{}'
-        replacement: 'any'
+      - pattern: "interface{}"
+        replacement: "any"
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 5d22d522d45a..0d02189f508b 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ SHELL := env PATH='$(PATH)' GOBIN='$(GO_TOOLS_BIN_PATH)' $(shell which bash)
 
 install-tools:
 	@mkdir -p $(GO_TOOLS_BIN_PATH)
-	@which golangci-lint >/dev/null 2>&1 || curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/golangci/golangci-lint/master/install.sh | sh -s -- -b $(GO_TOOLS_BIN_PATH) v1.55.2
+	@which golangci-lint >/dev/null 2>&1 || curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/golangci/golangci-lint/master/install.sh | sh -s -- -b $(GO_TOOLS_BIN_PATH) v1.56.2
 	@grep '_' tools.go | sed 's/"//g' | awk '{print $$2}' | xargs go install
 
 .PHONY: install-tools
diff --git a/pkg/core/storelimit/limit_test.go b/pkg/core/storelimit/limit_test.go
index 946729f8ce25..758653303114 100644
--- a/pkg/core/storelimit/limit_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/storelimit/limit_test.go
@@ -101,18 +101,18 @@ func TestWindow(t *testing.T) {
 	token := capacity + 10
 	re.True(s.take(token))
 	re.False(s.take(token))
-	re.EqualValues(s.ack(token), 0)
+	re.EqualValues(0, s.ack(token))
 	re.True(s.take(token))
-	re.EqualValues(s.ack(token), 0)
+	re.EqualValues(0, s.ack(token))
 	re.Equal(s.ack(token), token)
-	re.EqualValues(s.getUsed(), 0)
+	re.EqualValues(0, s.getUsed())
 
 	// case2: the capacity of the window must greater than the minSnapSize.
 	s.reset(minSnapSize - 1)
-	re.EqualValues(s.capacity, minSnapSize)
+	re.EqualValues(minSnapSize, s.capacity)
 	re.True(s.take(minSnapSize))
-	re.EqualValues(s.ack(minSnapSize*2), minSnapSize)
-	re.EqualValues(s.getUsed(), 0)
+	re.EqualValues(minSnapSize, s.ack(minSnapSize*2))
+	re.EqualValues(0, s.getUsed())
 }
 
 func TestFeedback(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/pkg/utils/typeutil/clone_test.go b/pkg/utils/typeutil/clone_test.go
index f7a7ef5d57af..58da51d0d0db 100644
--- a/pkg/utils/typeutil/clone_test.go
+++ b/pkg/utils/typeutil/clone_test.go
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ func TestDeepClone(t *testing.T) {
 	re := assert.New(t)
 	src := &fate{ID: 1}
 	dst := DeepClone(src, fateFactory)
-	re.EqualValues(dst.ID, 1)
+	re.EqualValues(1, dst.ID)
 	dst.ID = 2
-	re.EqualValues(src.ID, 1)
+	re.EqualValues(1, src.ID)
 
 	// case2: the source is nil
 	var src2 *fate
diff --git a/tests/integrations/mcs/resourcemanager/resource_manager_test.go b/tests/integrations/mcs/resourcemanager/resource_manager_test.go
index 8d8243ed7d74..ad1c4f44126d 100644
--- a/tests/integrations/mcs/resourcemanager/resource_manager_test.go
+++ b/tests/integrations/mcs/resourcemanager/resource_manager_test.go
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ func (suite *resourceManagerClientTestSuite) TestResourcePenalty() {
 	_, penalty, _, _, err = c.OnRequestWait(suite.ctx, resourceGroupName, req2)
 	re.NoError(err)
 	re.Equal(60.0, penalty.WriteBytes)
-	re.InEpsilon(penalty.TotalCpuTimeMs, 10.0/1000.0/1000.0, 1e-6)
+	re.InEpsilon(10.0/1000.0/1000.0, penalty.TotalCpuTimeMs, 1e-6)
 	_, err = c.OnResponse(resourceGroupName, req2, resp2)
 	re.NoError(err)
 

From d21c6265abc2417cbd31966d4e708986cee361f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ryan Leung <rleungx@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Feb 2024 12:40:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 06/15] pkg: add hot write tests (#7851)

ref tikv/pd#7848

Signed-off-by: Ryan Leung <rleungx@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: ti-chi-bot[bot] <108142056+ti-chi-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 pkg/schedule/schedulers/hot_region_test.go | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+)

diff --git a/pkg/schedule/schedulers/hot_region_test.go b/pkg/schedule/schedulers/hot_region_test.go
index ede4bbec034b..4b627b9a6105 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/schedulers/hot_region_test.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/schedulers/hot_region_test.go
@@ -203,6 +203,7 @@ func TestHotWriteRegionScheduleByteRateOnly(t *testing.T) {
 	statisticsInterval = 0
 	checkHotWriteRegionScheduleByteRateOnly(re, false /* disable placement rules */)
 	checkHotWriteRegionScheduleByteRateOnly(re, true /* enable placement rules */)
+	checkHotWriteRegionPlacement(re, true)
 }
 
 func TestSplitIfRegionTooHot(t *testing.T) {
@@ -393,6 +394,60 @@ func TestSplitBucketsByLoad(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func checkHotWriteRegionPlacement(re *require.Assertions, enablePlacementRules bool) {
+	cancel, _, tc, oc := prepareSchedulersTest()
+	defer cancel()
+	tc.SetEnableUseJointConsensus(true)
+	tc.SetClusterVersion(versioninfo.MinSupportedVersion(versioninfo.ConfChangeV2))
+	tc.SetEnablePlacementRules(enablePlacementRules)
+	labels := []string{"zone", "host"}
+	tc.SetMaxReplicasWithLabel(enablePlacementRules, 3, labels...)
+	hb, err := CreateScheduler(utils.Write.String(), oc, storage.NewStorageWithMemoryBackend(), nil)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	tc.SetHotRegionCacheHitsThreshold(0)
+
+	tc.AddLabelsStore(1, 2, map[string]string{"zone": "z1", "host": "h1"})
+	tc.AddLabelsStore(2, 2, map[string]string{"zone": "z1", "host": "h2"})
+	tc.AddLabelsStore(3, 2, map[string]string{"zone": "z2", "host": "h3"})
+	tc.AddLabelsStore(4, 2, map[string]string{"zone": "z2", "host": "h4"})
+	tc.AddLabelsStore(5, 2, map[string]string{"zone": "z2", "host": "h5"})
+	tc.AddLabelsStore(6, 2, map[string]string{"zone": "z2", "host": "h6"})
+	tc.RuleManager.SetRule(&placement.Rule{
+		GroupID: "pd", ID: "leader", Role: placement.Leader, Count: 1, LabelConstraints: []placement.LabelConstraint{{Key: "zone", Op: "in", Values: []string{"z1"}}},
+	})
+	tc.RuleManager.SetRule(&placement.Rule{
+		GroupID: "pd", ID: "voter", Role: placement.Follower, Count: 2, LabelConstraints: []placement.LabelConstraint{{Key: "zone", Op: "in", Values: []string{"z2"}}},
+	})
+	tc.RuleManager.DeleteRule("pd", "default")
+
+	tc.UpdateStorageWrittenBytes(1, 10*units.MiB*utils.StoreHeartBeatReportInterval)
+	tc.UpdateStorageWrittenBytes(2, 0)
+	tc.UpdateStorageWrittenBytes(3, 6*units.MiB*utils.StoreHeartBeatReportInterval)
+	tc.UpdateStorageWrittenBytes(4, 3*units.MiB*utils.StoreHeartBeatReportInterval)
+	tc.UpdateStorageWrittenBytes(5, 3*units.MiB*utils.StoreHeartBeatReportInterval)
+	tc.UpdateStorageWrittenBytes(6, 6*units.MiB*utils.StoreHeartBeatReportInterval)
+
+	// Region 1, 2 and 3 are hot regions.
+	addRegionInfo(tc, utils.Write, []testRegionInfo{
+		{1, []uint64{1, 3, 5}, 512 * units.KiB, 0, 0},
+		{2, []uint64{1, 4, 6}, 512 * units.KiB, 0, 0},
+		{3, []uint64{1, 3, 6}, 512 * units.KiB, 0, 0},
+	})
+	ops, _ := hb.Schedule(tc, false)
+	re.NotEmpty(ops)
+	re.NotContains(ops[0].Step(1).String(), "transfer leader")
+	clearPendingInfluence(hb.(*hotScheduler))
+
+	tc.RuleManager.SetRule(&placement.Rule{
+		GroupID: "pd", ID: "voter", Role: placement.Voter, Count: 2, LabelConstraints: []placement.LabelConstraint{{Key: "zone", Op: "in", Values: []string{"z2"}}},
+	})
+	tc.RuleManager.DeleteRule("pd", "follower")
+	ops, _ = hb.Schedule(tc, false)
+	re.NotEmpty(ops)
+	// TODO: fix the test
+	// re.NotContains(ops[0].Step(1).String(), "transfer leader")
+}
+
 func checkHotWriteRegionScheduleByteRateOnly(re *require.Assertions, enablePlacementRules bool) {
 	cancel, opt, tc, oc := prepareSchedulersTest()
 	defer cancel()

From e199866f59e22e3759a8e9459ef33d57f784890d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hu# <jinhao.hu@pingcap.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Feb 2024 17:08:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 07/15] meta_storage: support delete interface (#7096)

ref tikv/pd#5851

This PR adds the basic delete function
Here is the proto definition: https://github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pull/1226

Signed-off-by: husharp <jinhao.hu@pingcap.com>
---
 go.mod                                     |  2 +-
 go.sum                                     |  4 +-
 pkg/mcs/metastorage/server/grpc_service.go | 53 ++++++++++++++++++----
 tests/integrations/go.mod                  |  2 +-
 tests/integrations/go.sum                  |  4 +-
 tools/go.mod                               |  2 +-
 tools/go.sum                               |  4 +-
 7 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index e438228a7283..6e7c411802f7 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/pingcap/errcode v0.3.0
 	github.com/pingcap/errors v0.11.5-0.20211224045212-9687c2b0f87c
 	github.com/pingcap/failpoint v0.0.0-20210918120811-547c13e3eb00
-	github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20231222062942-c0c73f41d0b2
+	github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20240222024302-881fcbf5bc41
 	github.com/pingcap/log v1.1.1-0.20221110025148-ca232912c9f3
 	github.com/pingcap/sysutil v1.0.1-0.20230407040306-fb007c5aff21
 	github.com/pingcap/tidb-dashboard v0.0.0-20240111062855-41f7c8011953
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 0e308d173a0e..9debe93e2520 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -433,8 +433,8 @@ github.com/pingcap/errors v0.11.5-0.20211224045212-9687c2b0f87c/go.mod h1:X2r9ue
 github.com/pingcap/failpoint v0.0.0-20210918120811-547c13e3eb00 h1:C3N3itkduZXDZFh4N3vQ5HEtld3S+Y+StULhWVvumU0=
 github.com/pingcap/failpoint v0.0.0-20210918120811-547c13e3eb00/go.mod h1:4qGtCB0QK0wBzKtFEGDhxXnSnbQApw1gc9siScUl8ew=
 github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20191211054548-3c6b38ea5107/go.mod h1:WWLmULLO7l8IOcQG+t+ItJ3fEcrL5FxF0Wu+HrMy26w=
-github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20231222062942-c0c73f41d0b2 h1:364A6VCS+l0oHBKZKotX9LzmfEtIO/NTccTIQcPp3Ug=
-github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20231222062942-c0c73f41d0b2/go.mod h1:rXxWk2UnwfUhLXha1jxRWPADw9eMZGWEWCg92Tgmb/8=
+github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20240222024302-881fcbf5bc41 h1:7tDr4J6gGQ3OqBq+lZQkI9wlJIIXFitHjNK8ymU/SEo=
+github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20240222024302-881fcbf5bc41/go.mod h1:rXxWk2UnwfUhLXha1jxRWPADw9eMZGWEWCg92Tgmb/8=
 github.com/pingcap/log v0.0.0-20210625125904-98ed8e2eb1c7/go.mod h1:8AanEdAHATuRurdGxZXBz0At+9avep+ub7U1AGYLIMM=
 github.com/pingcap/log v1.1.1-0.20221110025148-ca232912c9f3 h1:HR/ylkkLmGdSSDaD8IDP+SZrdhV1Kibl9KrHxJ9eciw=
 github.com/pingcap/log v1.1.1-0.20221110025148-ca232912c9f3/go.mod h1:DWQW5jICDR7UJh4HtxXSM20Churx4CQL0fwL/SoOSA4=
diff --git a/pkg/mcs/metastorage/server/grpc_service.go b/pkg/mcs/metastorage/server/grpc_service.go
index 3da079e6109a..f5de50765e85 100644
--- a/pkg/mcs/metastorage/server/grpc_service.go
+++ b/pkg/mcs/metastorage/server/grpc_service.go
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/meta_storagepb"
+	"github.com/pingcap/log"
 	bs "github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/basicserver"
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/mcs/registry"
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/utils/apiutil"
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/clientv3"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
@@ -88,12 +90,13 @@ func (s *Service) Watch(req *meta_storagepb.WatchRequest, server meta_storagepb.
 	}
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(server.Context())
 	defer cancel()
-	options := []clientv3.OpOption{}
+	var options []clientv3.OpOption
 	key := string(req.GetKey())
 	var startRevision int64
 	if endKey := req.GetRangeEnd(); endKey != nil {
 		options = append(options, clientv3.WithRange(string(endKey)))
 	}
+	log.Info("watch request", zap.String("key", key), zap.String("range-end", string(req.GetRangeEnd())), zap.Int64("start-revision", req.GetStartRevision()))
 	if startRevision = req.GetStartRevision(); startRevision != 0 {
 		options = append(options, clientv3.WithRev(startRevision))
 	}
@@ -126,8 +129,8 @@ func (s *Service) Watch(req *meta_storagepb.WatchRequest, server meta_storagepb.
 				return res.Err()
 			}
 
-			events := make([]*meta_storagepb.Event, 0, len(res.Events))
-			for _, e := range res.Events {
+			events := make([]*meta_storagepb.Event, len(res.Events))
+			for i, e := range res.Events {
 				event := &meta_storagepb.Event{Kv: &meta_storagepb.KeyValue{
 					Key:            e.Kv.Key,
 					Value:          e.Kv.Value,
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@ func (s *Service) Watch(req *meta_storagepb.WatchRequest, server meta_storagepb.
 				if e.PrevKv != nil {
 					event.PrevKv = &meta_storagepb.KeyValue{Key: e.PrevKv.Key, Value: e.PrevKv.Value}
 				}
-				events = append(events, event)
+				events[i] = event
 			}
 			if len(events) > 0 {
 				if err := server.Send(&meta_storagepb.WatchResponse{
@@ -159,7 +162,7 @@ func (s *Service) Get(ctx context.Context, req *meta_storagepb.GetRequest) (*met
 	}
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	defer cancel()
-	options := []clientv3.OpOption{}
+	var options []clientv3.OpOption
 	key := string(req.GetKey())
 	if endKey := req.GetRangeEnd(); endKey != nil {
 		options = append(options, clientv3.WithRange(string(endKey)))
@@ -184,8 +187,9 @@ func (s *Service) Get(ctx context.Context, req *meta_storagepb.GetRequest) (*met
 		Count:  res.Count,
 		More:   res.More,
 	}
-	for _, kv := range res.Kvs {
-		resp.Kvs = append(resp.Kvs, &meta_storagepb.KeyValue{Key: kv.Key, Value: kv.Value})
+	resp.Kvs = make([]*meta_storagepb.KeyValue, len(res.Kvs))
+	for i, kv := range res.Kvs {
+		resp.Kvs[i] = &meta_storagepb.KeyValue{Key: kv.Key, Value: kv.Value}
 	}
 
 	return resp, nil
@@ -198,7 +202,7 @@ func (s *Service) Put(ctx context.Context, req *meta_storagepb.PutRequest) (*met
 	}
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	defer cancel()
-	options := []clientv3.OpOption{}
+	var options []clientv3.OpOption
 	key := string(req.GetKey())
 	value := string(req.GetValue())
 	if lease := clientv3.LeaseID(req.GetLease()); lease != 0 {
@@ -227,6 +231,39 @@ func (s *Service) Put(ctx context.Context, req *meta_storagepb.PutRequest) (*met
 	return resp, nil
 }
 
+// Delete deletes the key-value pair from meta storage.
+func (s *Service) Delete(ctx context.Context, req *meta_storagepb.DeleteRequest) (*meta_storagepb.DeleteResponse, error) {
+	if err := s.checkServing(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+	var options []clientv3.OpOption
+	key := string(req.GetKey())
+	if prevKv := req.GetPrevKv(); prevKv {
+		options = append(options, clientv3.WithPrevKV())
+	}
+
+	cli := s.manager.GetClient()
+	res, err := cli.Delete(ctx, key, options...)
+	var revision int64
+	if res != nil {
+		revision = res.Header.GetRevision()
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return &meta_storagepb.DeleteResponse{Header: s.wrapErrorAndRevision(revision, meta_storagepb.ErrorType_UNKNOWN, err.Error())}, nil
+	}
+
+	resp := &meta_storagepb.DeleteResponse{
+		Header: &meta_storagepb.ResponseHeader{ClusterId: s.manager.ClusterID(), Revision: revision},
+	}
+	resp.PrevKvs = make([]*meta_storagepb.KeyValue, len(res.PrevKvs))
+	for i, kv := range res.PrevKvs {
+		resp.PrevKvs[i] = &meta_storagepb.KeyValue{Key: kv.Key, Value: kv.Value}
+	}
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
 func (s *Service) wrapErrorAndRevision(revision int64, errorType meta_storagepb.ErrorType, message string) *meta_storagepb.ResponseHeader {
 	return s.errorHeader(revision, &meta_storagepb.Error{
 		Type:    errorType,
diff --git a/tests/integrations/go.mod b/tests/integrations/go.mod
index 31d43cb86f63..f1da9295e8ff 100644
--- a/tests/integrations/go.mod
+++ b/tests/integrations/go.mod
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.7.0
 	github.com/pingcap/errors v0.11.5-0.20211224045212-9687c2b0f87c
 	github.com/pingcap/failpoint v0.0.0-20220801062533-2eaa32854a6c
-	github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20231226064240-4f28b82c7860
+	github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20240222024302-881fcbf5bc41
 	github.com/pingcap/log v1.1.1-0.20221110025148-ca232912c9f3
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.18.0
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.5.0
diff --git a/tests/integrations/go.sum b/tests/integrations/go.sum
index 556932a24480..dbcffd14b42c 100644
--- a/tests/integrations/go.sum
+++ b/tests/integrations/go.sum
@@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ github.com/pingcap/errors v0.11.5-0.20211224045212-9687c2b0f87c/go.mod h1:X2r9ue
 github.com/pingcap/failpoint v0.0.0-20220801062533-2eaa32854a6c h1:CgbKAHto5CQgWM9fSBIvaxsJHuGP0uM74HXtv3MyyGQ=
 github.com/pingcap/failpoint v0.0.0-20220801062533-2eaa32854a6c/go.mod h1:4qGtCB0QK0wBzKtFEGDhxXnSnbQApw1gc9siScUl8ew=
 github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20191211054548-3c6b38ea5107/go.mod h1:WWLmULLO7l8IOcQG+t+ItJ3fEcrL5FxF0Wu+HrMy26w=
-github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20231226064240-4f28b82c7860 h1:yv9mYJJCKv2mKcW2nEYUgfRkfeyapRWB3GktKEE4sv8=
-github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20231226064240-4f28b82c7860/go.mod h1:rXxWk2UnwfUhLXha1jxRWPADw9eMZGWEWCg92Tgmb/8=
+github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20240222024302-881fcbf5bc41 h1:7tDr4J6gGQ3OqBq+lZQkI9wlJIIXFitHjNK8ymU/SEo=
+github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20240222024302-881fcbf5bc41/go.mod h1:rXxWk2UnwfUhLXha1jxRWPADw9eMZGWEWCg92Tgmb/8=
 github.com/pingcap/log v0.0.0-20210625125904-98ed8e2eb1c7/go.mod h1:8AanEdAHATuRurdGxZXBz0At+9avep+ub7U1AGYLIMM=
 github.com/pingcap/log v1.1.1-0.20221110025148-ca232912c9f3 h1:HR/ylkkLmGdSSDaD8IDP+SZrdhV1Kibl9KrHxJ9eciw=
 github.com/pingcap/log v1.1.1-0.20221110025148-ca232912c9f3/go.mod h1:DWQW5jICDR7UJh4HtxXSM20Churx4CQL0fwL/SoOSA4=
diff --git a/tools/go.mod b/tools/go.mod
index 767ada3c8ccf..3e63141a89b0 100644
--- a/tools/go.mod
+++ b/tools/go.mod
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/mattn/go-shellwords v1.0.12
 	github.com/pingcap/errors v0.11.5-0.20211224045212-9687c2b0f87c
 	github.com/pingcap/failpoint v0.0.0-20210918120811-547c13e3eb00
-	github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20231222062942-c0c73f41d0b2
+	github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20240222024302-881fcbf5bc41
 	github.com/pingcap/log v1.1.1-0.20221110025148-ca232912c9f3
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.18.0
diff --git a/tools/go.sum b/tools/go.sum
index 54acc216ec07..8711bc3f8aa0 100644
--- a/tools/go.sum
+++ b/tools/go.sum
@@ -411,8 +411,8 @@ github.com/pingcap/errors v0.11.5-0.20211224045212-9687c2b0f87c/go.mod h1:X2r9ue
 github.com/pingcap/failpoint v0.0.0-20210918120811-547c13e3eb00 h1:C3N3itkduZXDZFh4N3vQ5HEtld3S+Y+StULhWVvumU0=
 github.com/pingcap/failpoint v0.0.0-20210918120811-547c13e3eb00/go.mod h1:4qGtCB0QK0wBzKtFEGDhxXnSnbQApw1gc9siScUl8ew=
 github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20191211054548-3c6b38ea5107/go.mod h1:WWLmULLO7l8IOcQG+t+ItJ3fEcrL5FxF0Wu+HrMy26w=
-github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20231222062942-c0c73f41d0b2 h1:364A6VCS+l0oHBKZKotX9LzmfEtIO/NTccTIQcPp3Ug=
-github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20231222062942-c0c73f41d0b2/go.mod h1:rXxWk2UnwfUhLXha1jxRWPADw9eMZGWEWCg92Tgmb/8=
+github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20240222024302-881fcbf5bc41 h1:7tDr4J6gGQ3OqBq+lZQkI9wlJIIXFitHjNK8ymU/SEo=
+github.com/pingcap/kvproto v0.0.0-20240222024302-881fcbf5bc41/go.mod h1:rXxWk2UnwfUhLXha1jxRWPADw9eMZGWEWCg92Tgmb/8=
 github.com/pingcap/log v0.0.0-20210625125904-98ed8e2eb1c7/go.mod h1:8AanEdAHATuRurdGxZXBz0At+9avep+ub7U1AGYLIMM=
 github.com/pingcap/log v1.1.1-0.20221110025148-ca232912c9f3 h1:HR/ylkkLmGdSSDaD8IDP+SZrdhV1Kibl9KrHxJ9eciw=
 github.com/pingcap/log v1.1.1-0.20221110025148-ca232912c9f3/go.mod h1:DWQW5jICDR7UJh4HtxXSM20Churx4CQL0fwL/SoOSA4=

From b207e514ece1e3c28955250bb18c9858ddb4e587 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jianjun Liao <36503113+Leavrth@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Feb 2024 14:24:30 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 08/15] scheduler: avoid to updateCounts frequently (#7836)

close tikv/pd#7837

Use O(1) method to update `counts`.

Signed-off-by: Leavrth <jianjun.liao@outlook.com>

Co-authored-by: Hu# <jinhao.hu@pingcap.com>
---
 pkg/schedule/operator/operator_controller.go | 18 ++++--------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pkg/schedule/operator/operator_controller.go b/pkg/schedule/operator/operator_controller.go
index baef0c6d5643..07cafb9c566e 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/operator/operator_controller.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/operator/operator_controller.go
@@ -486,6 +486,7 @@ func (oc *Controller) addOperatorLocked(op *Operator) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 	oc.operators[regionID] = op
+	oc.counts[op.SchedulerKind()]++
 	operatorCounter.WithLabelValues(op.Desc(), "start").Inc()
 	operatorSizeHist.WithLabelValues(op.Desc()).Observe(float64(op.ApproximateSize))
 	opInfluence := NewTotalOpInfluence([]*Operator{op}, oc.cluster)
@@ -505,7 +506,6 @@ func (oc *Controller) addOperatorLocked(op *Operator) bool {
 			storeLimitCostCounter.WithLabelValues(strconv.FormatUint(storeID, 10), n).Add(float64(stepCost) / float64(storelimit.RegionInfluence[v]))
 		}
 	}
-	oc.updateCounts(oc.operators)
 
 	var step OpStep
 	if region := oc.cluster.GetRegion(op.RegionID()); region != nil {
@@ -560,6 +560,7 @@ func (oc *Controller) removeOperatorsLocked() []*Operator {
 	var removed []*Operator
 	for regionID, op := range oc.operators {
 		delete(oc.operators, regionID)
+		oc.counts[op.SchedulerKind()]--
 		operatorCounter.WithLabelValues(op.Desc(), "remove").Inc()
 		oc.ack(op)
 		if op.Kind()&OpMerge != 0 {
@@ -567,7 +568,6 @@ func (oc *Controller) removeOperatorsLocked() []*Operator {
 		}
 		removed = append(removed, op)
 	}
-	oc.updateCounts(oc.operators)
 	return removed
 }
 
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ func (oc *Controller) removeOperatorLocked(op *Operator) bool {
 	regionID := op.RegionID()
 	if cur := oc.operators[regionID]; cur == op {
 		delete(oc.operators, regionID)
-		oc.updateCounts(oc.operators)
+		oc.counts[op.SchedulerKind()]--
 		operatorCounter.WithLabelValues(op.Desc(), "remove").Inc()
 		oc.ack(op)
 		if op.Kind()&OpMerge != 0 {
@@ -783,16 +783,6 @@ func (oc *Controller) GetHistory(start time.Time) []OpHistory {
 	return history
 }
 
-// updateCounts updates resource counts using current pending operators.
-func (oc *Controller) updateCounts(operators map[uint64]*Operator) {
-	for k := range oc.counts {
-		delete(oc.counts, k)
-	}
-	for _, op := range operators {
-		oc.counts[op.SchedulerKind()]++
-	}
-}
-
 // OperatorCount gets the count of operators filtered by kind.
 // kind only has one OpKind.
 func (oc *Controller) OperatorCount(kind OpKind) uint64 {
@@ -862,7 +852,7 @@ func (oc *Controller) SetOperator(op *Operator) {
 	oc.Lock()
 	defer oc.Unlock()
 	oc.operators[op.RegionID()] = op
-	oc.updateCounts(oc.operators)
+	oc.counts[op.SchedulerKind()]++
 }
 
 // OpWithStatus records the operator and its status.

From 92a31c12238e20ca276df7860e4894b7c8c0ff37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ryan Leung <rleungx@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Feb 2024 14:57:30 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 09/15] *: make max backoff shorter (#7823)

close tikv/pd#7821

Signed-off-by: Ryan Leung <rleungx@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: ti-chi-bot[bot] <108142056+ti-chi-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 client/grpcutil/grpcutil.go    | 14 +++++++++++++-
 pkg/utils/grpcutil/grpcutil.go | 14 +++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/client/grpcutil/grpcutil.go b/client/grpcutil/grpcutil.go
index b6be2594b4df..742ee872b072 100644
--- a/client/grpcutil/grpcutil.go
+++ b/client/grpcutil/grpcutil.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/client/errs"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/backoff"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"
 )
@@ -62,7 +63,18 @@ func GetClientConn(ctx context.Context, addr string, tlsCfg *tls.Config, do ...g
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.ErrURLParse.Wrap(err).GenWithStackByCause()
 	}
-	cc, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, u.Host, append(do, opt)...)
+	// Here we use a shorter MaxDelay to make the connection recover faster.
+	// The default MaxDelay is 120s, which is too long for us.
+	backoffOpts := grpc.WithConnectParams(grpc.ConnectParams{
+		Backoff: backoff.Config{
+			BaseDelay:  time.Second,
+			Multiplier: 1.6,
+			Jitter:     0.2,
+			MaxDelay:   3 * time.Second,
+		},
+	})
+	do = append(do, opt, backoffOpts)
+	cc, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, u.Host, do...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.ErrGRPCDial.Wrap(err).GenWithStackByCause()
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/utils/grpcutil/grpcutil.go b/pkg/utils/grpcutil/grpcutil.go
index e54ddfe17119..d108a6f5d444 100644
--- a/pkg/utils/grpcutil/grpcutil.go
+++ b/pkg/utils/grpcutil/grpcutil.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/transport"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/backoff"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"
@@ -147,7 +148,18 @@ func GetClientConn(ctx context.Context, addr string, tlsCfg *tls.Config, do ...g
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.ErrURLParse.Wrap(err).GenWithStackByCause()
 	}
-	cc, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, u.Host, append(do, opt)...)
+	// Here we use a shorter MaxDelay to make the connection recover faster.
+	// The default MaxDelay is 120s, which is too long for us.
+	backoffOpts := grpc.WithConnectParams(grpc.ConnectParams{
+		Backoff: backoff.Config{
+			BaseDelay:  time.Second,
+			Multiplier: 1.6,
+			Jitter:     0.2,
+			MaxDelay:   3 * time.Second,
+		},
+	})
+	do = append(do, opt, backoffOpts)
+	cc, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, u.Host, do...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.ErrGRPCDial.Wrap(err).GenWithStackByCause()
 	}

From 2e3e4c06eb5e1bffb99f0e7ca0fcbadddcd0e235 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ryan Leung <rleungx@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Feb 2024 16:56:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 10/15] mcs: add config api for tso service (#7858)

ref tikv/pd#5839

Signed-off-by: Ryan Leung <rleungx@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: ti-chi-bot[bot] <108142056+ti-chi-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 pkg/mcs/tso/server/apis/v1/api.go      | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 tests/integrations/mcs/tso/api_test.go | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pkg/mcs/tso/server/apis/v1/api.go b/pkg/mcs/tso/server/apis/v1/api.go
index 04418283007c..44f4b353d58e 100644
--- a/pkg/mcs/tso/server/apis/v1/api.go
+++ b/pkg/mcs/tso/server/apis/v1/api.go
@@ -95,7 +95,8 @@ func NewService(srv *tsoserver.Service) *Service {
 	}
 	s.RegisterAdminRouter()
 	s.RegisterKeyspaceGroupRouter()
-	s.RegisterHealth()
+	s.RegisterHealthRouter()
+	s.RegisterConfigRouter()
 	return s
 }
 
@@ -112,12 +113,18 @@ func (s *Service) RegisterKeyspaceGroupRouter() {
 	router.GET("/members", GetKeyspaceGroupMembers)
 }
 
-// RegisterHealth registers the router of the health handler.
-func (s *Service) RegisterHealth() {
+// RegisterHealthRouter registers the router of the health handler.
+func (s *Service) RegisterHealthRouter() {
 	router := s.root.Group("health")
 	router.GET("", GetHealth)
 }
 
+// RegisterConfigRouter registers the router of the config handler.
+func (s *Service) RegisterConfigRouter() {
+	router := s.root.Group("config")
+	router.GET("", getConfig)
+}
+
 func changeLogLevel(c *gin.Context) {
 	svr := c.MustGet(multiservicesapi.ServiceContextKey).(*tsoserver.Service)
 	var level string
@@ -248,3 +255,13 @@ func GetKeyspaceGroupMembers(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 	c.IndentedJSON(http.StatusOK, members)
 }
+
+// @Tags     config
+// @Summary  Get full config.
+// @Produce  json
+// @Success  200  {object}  config.Config
+// @Router   /config [get]
+func getConfig(c *gin.Context) {
+	svr := c.MustGet(multiservicesapi.ServiceContextKey).(*tsoserver.Service)
+	c.IndentedJSON(http.StatusOK, svr.GetConfig())
+}
diff --git a/tests/integrations/mcs/tso/api_test.go b/tests/integrations/mcs/tso/api_test.go
index 0a026aff916a..327254184620 100644
--- a/tests/integrations/mcs/tso/api_test.go
+++ b/tests/integrations/mcs/tso/api_test.go
@@ -266,3 +266,22 @@ func (suite *tsoAPITestSuite) TestStatus() {
 	re.Equal(versioninfo.PDGitHash, s.GitHash)
 	re.Equal(versioninfo.PDReleaseVersion, s.Version)
 }
+
+func (suite *tsoAPITestSuite) TestConfig() {
+	re := suite.Require()
+
+	primary := suite.tsoCluster.WaitForDefaultPrimaryServing(re)
+	resp, err := http.Get(primary.GetConfig().GetAdvertiseListenAddr() + "/tso/api/v1/config")
+	re.NoError(err)
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	re.Equal(http.StatusOK, resp.StatusCode)
+	respBytes, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	var cfg tso.Config
+	re.NoError(json.Unmarshal(respBytes, &cfg))
+	re.Equal(cfg.GetListenAddr(), primary.GetConfig().GetListenAddr())
+	re.Equal(cfg.GetTSOSaveInterval(), primary.GetConfig().GetTSOSaveInterval())
+	re.Equal(cfg.IsLocalTSOEnabled(), primary.GetConfig().IsLocalTSOEnabled())
+	re.Equal(cfg.GetTSOUpdatePhysicalInterval(), primary.GetConfig().GetTSOUpdatePhysicalInterval())
+	re.Equal(cfg.GetMaxResetTSGap(), primary.GetConfig().GetMaxResetTSGap())
+}

From 42d0a3f73f83eefacdfdf8a68774633755f7cc8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yongbo Jiang <cabinfeveroier@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Mar 2024 15:26:02 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 11/15] errors: fix wrong usage of `ErrClientGetTSO` (#7865)

ref tikv/pd#7496

Signed-off-by: Cabinfever_B <cabinfeveroier@gmail.com>
---
 client/tso_dispatcher.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/client/tso_dispatcher.go b/client/tso_dispatcher.go
index c5136d7fd097..ccae54d44500 100644
--- a/client/tso_dispatcher.go
+++ b/client/tso_dispatcher.go
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ tsoBatchLoop:
 			} else {
 				log.Error("[tso] fetch pending tso requests error",
 					zap.String("dc-location", dc),
-					errs.ZapError(errs.ErrClientGetTSO, err))
+					zap.Error(errs.ErrClientGetTSO.FastGenByArgs(err.Error())))
 			}
 			return
 		}
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ tsoBatchLoop:
 			log.Error("[tso] getTS error after processing requests",
 				zap.String("dc-location", dc),
 				zap.String("stream-addr", streamAddr),
-				errs.ZapError(errs.ErrClientGetTSO, err))
+				zap.Error(errs.ErrClientGetTSO.FastGenByArgs(err.Error())))
 			// Set `stream` to nil and remove this stream from the `connectionCtxs` due to error.
 			connectionCtxs.Delete(streamAddr)
 			cancel()

From 6cb89172ce7388f022c5a756e02085d7271b1c97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yongbo Jiang <cabinfeveroier@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Mar 2024 15:48:32 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 12/15] client: tsoRequest should return when in dispatching
 but context done (#7862)

close tikv/pd#7864

Signed-off-by: Cabinfever_B <cabinfeveroier@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: Hu# <jinhao.hu@pingcap.com>
Co-authored-by: ti-chi-bot[bot] <108142056+ti-chi-bot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 client/client.go                         |  4 +--
 client/tso_dispatcher.go                 | 16 +++++++--
 tests/integrations/client/client_test.go | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/client/client.go b/client/client.go
index 802a377cbf12..0683aafe7a11 100644
--- a/client/client.go
+++ b/client/client.go
@@ -791,10 +791,10 @@ func (c *client) GetLocalTSAsync(ctx context.Context, dcLocation string) TSFutur
 		return req
 	}
 
-	if err := tsoClient.dispatchRequest(dcLocation, req); err != nil {
+	if err := tsoClient.dispatchRequest(ctx, dcLocation, req); err != nil {
 		// Wait for a while and try again
 		time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
-		if err = tsoClient.dispatchRequest(dcLocation, req); err != nil {
+		if err = tsoClient.dispatchRequest(ctx, dcLocation, req); err != nil {
 			req.done <- err
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/client/tso_dispatcher.go b/client/tso_dispatcher.go
index ccae54d44500..3930c9b1f333 100644
--- a/client/tso_dispatcher.go
+++ b/client/tso_dispatcher.go
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func (c *tsoClient) scheduleUpdateTSOConnectionCtxs() {
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *tsoClient) dispatchRequest(dcLocation string, request *tsoRequest) error {
+func (c *tsoClient) dispatchRequest(ctx context.Context, dcLocation string, request *tsoRequest) error {
 	dispatcher, ok := c.tsoDispatcher.Load(dcLocation)
 	if !ok {
 		err := errs.ErrClientGetTSO.FastGenByArgs(fmt.Sprintf("unknown dc-location %s to the client", dcLocation))
@@ -83,7 +83,11 @@ func (c *tsoClient) dispatchRequest(dcLocation string, request *tsoRequest) erro
 	}
 
 	defer trace.StartRegion(request.requestCtx, "tsoReqEnqueue").End()
-	dispatcher.(*tsoDispatcher).tsoBatchController.tsoRequestCh <- request
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	case dispatcher.(*tsoDispatcher).tsoBatchController.tsoRequestCh <- request:
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -311,6 +315,14 @@ func (c *tsoClient) createTSODispatcher(dcLocation string) {
 			make(chan *tsoRequest, defaultMaxTSOBatchSize*2),
 			defaultMaxTSOBatchSize),
 	}
+	failpoint.Inject("shortDispatcherChannel", func() {
+		dispatcher = &tsoDispatcher{
+			dispatcherCancel: dispatcherCancel,
+			tsoBatchController: newTSOBatchController(
+				make(chan *tsoRequest, 1),
+				defaultMaxTSOBatchSize),
+		}
+	})
 
 	if _, ok := c.tsoDispatcher.LoadOrStore(dcLocation, dispatcher); !ok {
 		// Successfully stored the value. Start the following goroutine.
diff --git a/tests/integrations/client/client_test.go b/tests/integrations/client/client_test.go
index 3e1b0be472ec..b66b15d8243d 100644
--- a/tests/integrations/client/client_test.go
+++ b/tests/integrations/client/client_test.go
@@ -858,6 +858,51 @@ func (suite *followerForwardAndHandleTestSuite) TestGetRegionFromFollower() {
 	re.NoError(failpoint.Disable("github.com/tikv/pd/client/fastCheckAvailable"))
 }
 
+func (suite *followerForwardAndHandleTestSuite) TestGetTSFuture() {
+	re := suite.Require()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(suite.ctx)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	re.NoError(failpoint.Enable("github.com/tikv/pd/client/shortDispatcherChannel", "return(true)"))
+
+	cli := setupCli(re, ctx, suite.endpoints)
+
+	ctxs := make([]context.Context, 20)
+	cancels := make([]context.CancelFunc, 20)
+	for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
+		ctxs[i], cancels[i] = context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+	wg1 := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	wg2 := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	wg3 := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	wg1.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		<-time.After(time.Second)
+		for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
+			cancels[i]()
+		}
+		wg1.Done()
+	}()
+	wg2.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		cli.Close()
+		wg2.Done()
+	}()
+	wg3.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
+			cli.GetTSAsync(ctxs[i])
+		}
+		wg3.Done()
+	}()
+	wg1.Wait()
+	wg2.Wait()
+	wg3.Wait()
+	re.Less(time.Since(start), time.Second*2)
+	re.NoError(failpoint.Disable("github.com/tikv/pd/client/shortDispatcherChannel"))
+}
+
 func checkTS(re *require.Assertions, cli pd.Client, lastTS uint64) uint64 {
 	for i := 0; i < tsoRequestRound; i++ {
 		physical, logical, err := cli.GetTS(context.TODO())

From 5f5fdb25f4ebd147803c380658209baa1fc338de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hu# <jinhao.hu@pingcap.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Mar 2024 20:15:31 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 13/15] *: fix typos (#7866)

ref tikv/pd#4399

Signed-off-by: husharp <jinhao.hu@pingcap.com>
---
 client/client.go                              |  2 +-
 client/pd_service_discovery.go                |  2 +-
 pkg/btree/btree_generic.go                    |  2 +-
 pkg/cache/fifo.go                             |  2 +-
 pkg/cgroup/cgroup_cpu_test.go                 |  2 +-
 pkg/core/rangetree/range_tree_test.go         |  4 ++--
 pkg/core/region.go                            | 24 +++++++++----------
 pkg/encryption/crypter.go                     |  2 +-
 pkg/encryption/key_manager_test.go            |  4 ++--
 pkg/encryption/kms.go                         |  2 +-
 pkg/encryption/region_crypter.go              |  2 +-
 pkg/movingaverage/weight_allocator.go         |  6 ++---
 pkg/progress/progress.go                      | 22 ++++++++---------
 pkg/progress/progress_test.go                 |  2 +-
 pkg/replication/replication_mode_test.go      |  2 +-
 pkg/response/store.go                         |  8 +++----
 pkg/schedule/checker/rule_checker_test.go     | 10 ++++----
 pkg/schedule/filter/filters_test.go           |  2 +-
 pkg/schedule/labeler/labeler_test.go          | 16 ++++++-------
 pkg/schedule/placement/fit.go                 |  4 ++--
 pkg/schedule/placement/fit_region_test.go     | 16 ++++++-------
 pkg/schedule/placement/fit_test.go            |  4 ++--
 pkg/schedule/plan/status.go                   |  4 ++--
 pkg/schedule/schedulers/evict_leader.go       |  2 +-
 pkg/schedule/schedulers/evict_slow_trend.go   |  2 +-
 pkg/schedule/schedulers/hot_region_v2.go      |  2 +-
 pkg/statistics/store_test.go                  |  2 +-
 pkg/storage/hot_region_storage_test.go        |  4 ++--
 .../unsafe_recovery_controller_test.go        |  2 +-
 pkg/utils/requestutil/context.go              |  2 +-
 server/api/region.go                          |  2 +-
 server/grpc_service.go                        |  2 +-
 tests/cluster.go                              |  4 ++--
 .../resourcemanager/resource_manager_test.go  |  2 +-
 .../region_syncer/region_syncer_test.go       |  6 ++---
 tests/server/tso/allocator_test.go            |  8 +++----
 tools/pd-api-bench/cases/cases.go             | 18 +++++++-------
 tools/pd-api-bench/cases/controller.go        | 12 +++++-----
 tools/pd-ctl/pdctl/command/config_command.go  |  2 +-
 tools/pd-recover/main.go                      |  2 +-
 40 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-)

diff --git a/client/client.go b/client/client.go
index 0683aafe7a11..5231d9f3497d 100644
--- a/client/client.go
+++ b/client/client.go
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ func newClientWithKeyspaceName(
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Create a PD service discovery with null keyspace id, then query the real id wth the keyspace name,
+	// Create a PD service discovery with null keyspace id, then query the real id with the keyspace name,
 	// finally update the keyspace id to the PD service discovery for the following interactions.
 	c.pdSvcDiscovery = newPDServiceDiscovery(
 		clientCtx, clientCancel, &c.wg, c.setServiceMode, updateKeyspaceIDCb, nullKeyspaceID, c.svrUrls, c.tlsCfg, c.option)
diff --git a/client/pd_service_discovery.go b/client/pd_service_discovery.go
index bc446440215a..2c08f3ae833e 100644
--- a/client/pd_service_discovery.go
+++ b/client/pd_service_discovery.go
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ func (c *pdServiceDiscovery) GetServiceClient() ServiceClient {
 	return leaderClient
 }
 
-// GetAllServiceClients implments ServiceDiscovery
+// GetAllServiceClients implements ServiceDiscovery
 func (c *pdServiceDiscovery) GetAllServiceClients() []ServiceClient {
 	all := c.all.Load()
 	if all == nil {
diff --git a/pkg/btree/btree_generic.go b/pkg/btree/btree_generic.go
index 630cb25abcd2..f918a8ac6862 100644
--- a/pkg/btree/btree_generic.go
+++ b/pkg/btree/btree_generic.go
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ type copyOnWriteContext[T Item[T]] struct {
 // The internal tree structure of b is marked read-only and shared between t and
 // t2.  Writes to both t and t2 use copy-on-write logic, creating new nodes
 // whenever one of b's original nodes would have been modified.  Read operations
-// should have no performance degredation.  Write operations for both t and t2
+// should have no performance degradation.  Write operations for both t and t2
 // will initially experience minor slow-downs caused by additional allocs and
 // copies due to the aforementioned copy-on-write logic, but should converge to
 // the original performance characteristics of the original tree.
diff --git a/pkg/cache/fifo.go b/pkg/cache/fifo.go
index 03bc6631eab7..d544cdaec1cc 100644
--- a/pkg/cache/fifo.go
+++ b/pkg/cache/fifo.go
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func (c *FIFO) FromElems(key uint64) []*Item {
 	return elems
 }
 
-// FromLastSameElems returns continuous items that have the same comparable attribute with the the lastest one.
+// FromLastSameElems returns continuous items that have the same comparable attribute with the last one.
 func (c *FIFO) FromLastSameElems(checkFunc func(any) (bool, string)) []*Item {
 	c.RLock()
 	defer c.RUnlock()
diff --git a/pkg/cgroup/cgroup_cpu_test.go b/pkg/cgroup/cgroup_cpu_test.go
index f0b9239ecab3..c373f8032105 100644
--- a/pkg/cgroup/cgroup_cpu_test.go
+++ b/pkg/cgroup/cgroup_cpu_test.go
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func checkKernelVersionNewerThan(re *require.Assertions, t *testing.T, major, mi
 	re.Len(kernelVersion, 1, fmt.Sprintf("release str is %s", releaseStr))
 	kernelVersionPartRE := regexp.MustCompile(`[0-9]+`)
 	kernelVersionParts := kernelVersionPartRE.FindAllString(kernelVersion[0], -1)
-	re.Len(kernelVersionParts, 3, fmt.Sprintf("kernel verion str is %s", kernelVersion[0]))
+	re.Len(kernelVersionParts, 3, fmt.Sprintf("kernel version str is %s", kernelVersion[0]))
 	t.Logf("parsed kernel version parts: major %s, minor %s, patch %s",
 		kernelVersionParts[0], kernelVersionParts[1], kernelVersionParts[2])
 	mustConvInt := func(s string) int {
diff --git a/pkg/core/rangetree/range_tree_test.go b/pkg/core/rangetree/range_tree_test.go
index 29845cf0bca1..0664a7bdbefe 100644
--- a/pkg/core/rangetree/range_tree_test.go
+++ b/pkg/core/rangetree/range_tree_test.go
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ func bucketDebrisFactory(startKey, endKey []byte, item RangeItem) []RangeItem {
 	if bytes.Compare(left, right) >= 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	// the left has oen intersection like |010 - 100| and |020 - 100|.
+	// the left has one intersection like |010 - 100| and |020 - 100|.
 	if !bytes.Equal(item.GetStartKey(), left) {
 		res = append(res, newSimpleBucketItem(item.GetStartKey(), left))
 	}
-	// the right has oen intersection like |010 - 100| and |010 - 099|.
+	// the right has one intersection like |010 - 100| and |010 - 099|.
 	if !bytes.Equal(right, item.GetEndKey()) {
 		res = append(res, newSimpleBucketItem(right, item.GetEndKey()))
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/core/region.go b/pkg/core/region.go
index 0595e75f1989..ee03b5143ce4 100644
--- a/pkg/core/region.go
+++ b/pkg/core/region.go
@@ -1708,16 +1708,16 @@ func (r *RegionsInfo) GetAverageRegionSize() int64 {
 // ValidRegion is used to decide if the region is valid.
 func (r *RegionsInfo) ValidRegion(region *metapb.Region) error {
 	startKey := region.GetStartKey()
-	currnetRegion := r.GetRegionByKey(startKey)
-	if currnetRegion == nil {
+	currentRegion := r.GetRegionByKey(startKey)
+	if currentRegion == nil {
 		return errors.Errorf("region not found, request region: %v", logutil.RedactStringer(RegionToHexMeta(region)))
 	}
 	// If the request epoch is less than current region epoch, then returns an error.
 	regionEpoch := region.GetRegionEpoch()
-	currnetEpoch := currnetRegion.GetMeta().GetRegionEpoch()
-	if regionEpoch.GetVersion() < currnetEpoch.GetVersion() ||
-		regionEpoch.GetConfVer() < currnetEpoch.GetConfVer() {
-		return errors.Errorf("invalid region epoch, request: %v, current: %v", regionEpoch, currnetEpoch)
+	currentEpoch := currentRegion.GetMeta().GetRegionEpoch()
+	if regionEpoch.GetVersion() < currentEpoch.GetVersion() ||
+		regionEpoch.GetConfVer() < currentEpoch.GetConfVer() {
+		return errors.Errorf("invalid region epoch, request: %v, current: %v", regionEpoch, currentEpoch)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -1806,19 +1806,19 @@ func EncodeToString(src []byte) []byte {
 	return dst
 }
 
-// HexRegionKey converts region key to hex format. Used for formating region in
+// HexRegionKey converts region key to hex format. Used for formatting region in
 // logs.
 func HexRegionKey(key []byte) []byte {
 	return ToUpperASCIIInplace(EncodeToString(key))
 }
 
-// HexRegionKeyStr converts region key to hex format. Used for formating region in
+// HexRegionKeyStr converts region key to hex format. Used for formatting region in
 // logs.
 func HexRegionKeyStr(key []byte) string {
 	return String(HexRegionKey(key))
 }
 
-// RegionToHexMeta converts a region meta's keys to hex format. Used for formating
+// RegionToHexMeta converts a region meta's keys to hex format. Used for formatting
 // region in logs.
 func RegionToHexMeta(meta *metapb.Region) HexRegionMeta {
 	if meta == nil {
@@ -1827,7 +1827,7 @@ func RegionToHexMeta(meta *metapb.Region) HexRegionMeta {
 	return HexRegionMeta{meta}
 }
 
-// HexRegionMeta is a region meta in the hex format. Used for formating region in logs.
+// HexRegionMeta is a region meta in the hex format. Used for formatting region in logs.
 type HexRegionMeta struct {
 	*metapb.Region
 }
@@ -1839,7 +1839,7 @@ func (h HexRegionMeta) String() string {
 	return strings.TrimSpace(proto.CompactTextString(meta))
 }
 
-// RegionsToHexMeta converts regions' meta keys to hex format. Used for formating
+// RegionsToHexMeta converts regions' meta keys to hex format. Used for formatting
 // region in logs.
 func RegionsToHexMeta(regions []*metapb.Region) HexRegionsMeta {
 	hexRegionMetas := make([]*metapb.Region, len(regions))
@@ -1847,7 +1847,7 @@ func RegionsToHexMeta(regions []*metapb.Region) HexRegionsMeta {
 	return hexRegionMetas
 }
 
-// HexRegionsMeta is a slice of regions' meta in the hex format. Used for formating
+// HexRegionsMeta is a slice of regions' meta in the hex format. Used for formatting
 // region in logs.
 type HexRegionsMeta []*metapb.Region
 
diff --git a/pkg/encryption/crypter.go b/pkg/encryption/crypter.go
index 16de0500f925..b1f8631ae26d 100644
--- a/pkg/encryption/crypter.go
+++ b/pkg/encryption/crypter.go
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func newIV(ivLength int) ([]byte, error) {
 	}
 	if n != ivLength {
 		return nil, errs.ErrEncryptionGenerateIV.GenWithStack(
-			"iv length exepcted %d vs actual %d", ivLength, n)
+			"iv length expected %d vs actual %d", ivLength, n)
 	}
 	return iv, nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/encryption/key_manager_test.go b/pkg/encryption/key_manager_test.go
index 96bdb3c0eb55..74f8b9a3b470 100644
--- a/pkg/encryption/key_manager_test.go
+++ b/pkg/encryption/key_manager_test.go
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ func TestSetLeadershipWithEncryptionMethodChanged(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	err := saveKeys(leadership, masterKeyMeta, keys, defaultKeyManagerHelper())
 	re.NoError(err)
-	// Config with different encrption method.
+	// Config with different encryption method.
 	config := &Config{
 		DataEncryptionMethod: "aes256-ctr",
 		MasterKey: MasterKeyConfig{
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ func TestSetLeadershipWithCurrentKeyExposed(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	err := saveKeys(leadership, masterKeyMeta, keys, defaultKeyManagerHelper())
 	re.NoError(err)
-	// Config with different encrption method.
+	// Config with different encryption method.
 	config := &Config{
 		DataEncryptionMethod: "aes128-ctr",
 		MasterKey: MasterKeyConfig{
diff --git a/pkg/encryption/kms.go b/pkg/encryption/kms.go
index 3e70b2deeb52..7c52b4280c20 100644
--- a/pkg/encryption/kms.go
+++ b/pkg/encryption/kms.go
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func newMasterKeyFromKMS(
 		}
 		if len(output.Plaintext) != masterKeyLength {
 			return nil, errs.ErrEncryptionKMS.GenWithStack(
-				"unexpected data key length generated from AWS KMS, expectd %d vs actual %d",
+				"unexpected data key length generated from AWS KMS, expected %d vs actual %d",
 				masterKeyLength, len(output.Plaintext))
 		}
 		masterKey = &MasterKey{
diff --git a/pkg/encryption/region_crypter.go b/pkg/encryption/region_crypter.go
index 346e8a08da0e..458c5b67d7ba 100644
--- a/pkg/encryption/region_crypter.go
+++ b/pkg/encryption/region_crypter.go
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func processRegionKeys(region *metapb.Region, key *encryptionpb.DataKey, iv []by
 }
 
 // EncryptRegion encrypt the region start key and end key, using the current key return from the
-// key manager. The return is an encypted copy of the region, with Encryption meta updated.
+// key manager. The return is an encrypted copy of the region, with Encryption meta updated.
 func EncryptRegion(region *metapb.Region, keyManager KeyManager) (*metapb.Region, error) {
 	if region == nil {
 		return nil, errs.ErrEncryptionEncryptRegion.GenWithStack("trying to encrypt nil region")
diff --git a/pkg/movingaverage/weight_allocator.go b/pkg/movingaverage/weight_allocator.go
index 06be4616a855..f63ce377e08a 100644
--- a/pkg/movingaverage/weight_allocator.go
+++ b/pkg/movingaverage/weight_allocator.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func NewWeightAllocator(length, segNum int) *WeightAllocator {
 	segLength := length / segNum
 	// segMod is used for split seg when is length not divisible by segNum.
 	segMod := length % segNum
-	segIndexs := make([]int, 0, segNum)
+	segIndexes := make([]int, 0, segNum)
 	weights := make([]float64, 0, length)
 	unitCount := 0
 	for i := 0; i < segNum; i++ {
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ func NewWeightAllocator(length, segNum int) *WeightAllocator {
 			next++
 		}
 		unitCount += (segNum - i) * next
-		segIndexs = append(segIndexs, next)
+		segIndexes = append(segIndexes, next)
 	}
 	unitWeight := 1.0 / float64(unitCount)
 	for i := 0; i < segNum; i++ {
-		for j := 0; j < segIndexs[i]; j++ {
+		for j := 0; j < segIndexes[i]; j++ {
 			weights = append(weights, unitWeight*float64(segNum-i))
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/progress/progress.go b/pkg/progress/progress.go
index 345e4928c413..9354d21b0e94 100644
--- a/pkg/progress/progress.go
+++ b/pkg/progress/progress.go
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ const speedStatisticalWindow = 10 * time.Minute
 // Manager is used to maintain the progresses we care about.
 type Manager struct {
 	syncutil.RWMutex
-	progesses map[string]*progressIndicator
+	progresses map[string]*progressIndicator
 }
 
 // NewManager creates a new Manager.
 func NewManager() *Manager {
 	return &Manager{
-		progesses: make(map[string]*progressIndicator),
+		progresses: make(map[string]*progressIndicator),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Reset() {
 	m.Lock()
 	defer m.Unlock()
 
-	m.progesses = make(map[string]*progressIndicator)
+	m.progresses = make(map[string]*progressIndicator)
 }
 
 // AddProgress adds a progress into manager if it doesn't exist.
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ func (m *Manager) AddProgress(progress string, current, total float64, updateInt
 
 	history := list.New()
 	history.PushBack(current)
-	if _, exist = m.progesses[progress]; !exist {
-		m.progesses[progress] = &progressIndicator{
+	if _, exist = m.progresses[progress]; !exist {
+		m.progresses[progress] = &progressIndicator{
 			total:             total,
 			remaining:         total,
 			history:           history,
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func (m *Manager) UpdateProgress(progress string, current, remaining float64, is
 	m.Lock()
 	defer m.Unlock()
 
-	if p, exist := m.progesses[progress]; exist {
+	if p, exist := m.progresses[progress]; exist {
 		p.remaining = remaining
 		if p.total < remaining {
 			p.total = remaining
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func (m *Manager) UpdateProgressTotal(progress string, total float64) {
 	m.Lock()
 	defer m.Unlock()
 
-	if p, exist := m.progesses[progress]; exist {
+	if p, exist := m.progresses[progress]; exist {
 		p.total = total
 	}
 }
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ func (m *Manager) RemoveProgress(progress string) (exist bool) {
 	m.Lock()
 	defer m.Unlock()
 
-	if _, exist = m.progesses[progress]; exist {
-		delete(m.progesses, progress)
+	if _, exist = m.progresses[progress]; exist {
+		delete(m.progresses, progress)
 		return
 	}
 	return
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ func (m *Manager) GetProgresses(filter func(p string) bool) []string {
 	defer m.RUnlock()
 
 	processes := []string{}
-	for p := range m.progesses {
+	for p := range m.progresses {
 		if filter(p) {
 			processes = append(processes, p)
 		}
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Status(progress string) (process, leftSeconds, currentSpeed fl
 	m.RLock()
 	defer m.RUnlock()
 
-	if p, exist := m.progesses[progress]; exist {
+	if p, exist := m.progresses[progress]; exist {
 		process = 1 - p.remaining/p.total
 		if process < 0 {
 			process = 0
diff --git a/pkg/progress/progress_test.go b/pkg/progress/progress_test.go
index e6799fb0ff89..8f8b0ebcb565 100644
--- a/pkg/progress/progress_test.go
+++ b/pkg/progress/progress_test.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func TestProgress(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
 		m.UpdateProgress(n, 30, 30, false)
 	}
-	re.Equal(61, m.progesses[n].history.Len())
+	re.Equal(61, m.progresses[n].history.Len())
 	p, ls, cs, err = m.Status(n)
 	re.NoError(err)
 	re.Equal(0.7, p)
diff --git a/pkg/replication/replication_mode_test.go b/pkg/replication/replication_mode_test.go
index 5cf9f1a14504..038807d7d94e 100644
--- a/pkg/replication/replication_mode_test.go
+++ b/pkg/replication/replication_mode_test.go
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ func TestStateSwitch(t *testing.T) {
 	rep.tickUpdateState()
 	re.Equal(drStateSync, rep.drGetState())
 
-	// once zone2 down, swith to async state.
+	// once zone2 down, switch to async state.
 	setStoreState(cluster, "up", "up", "up", "up", "down", "down")
 	rep.tickUpdateState()
 	re.Equal(drStateAsyncWait, rep.drGetState())
diff --git a/pkg/response/store.go b/pkg/response/store.go
index 6aebd65b8cfe..1efe11bfb39c 100644
--- a/pkg/response/store.go
+++ b/pkg/response/store.go
@@ -34,18 +34,18 @@ type MetaStore struct {
 type SlowTrend struct {
 	// CauseValue is the slow trend detecting raw input, it changes by the performance and pressure along time of the store.
 	// The value itself is not important, what matter is:
-	//   - The comparition result from store to store.
+	//   - The comparison result from store to store.
 	//   - The change magnitude along time (represented by CauseRate).
-	// Currently it's one of store's internal latency (duration of waiting in the task queue of raftstore.store).
+	// Currently, it's one of store's internal latency (duration of waiting in the task queue of raftstore.store).
 	CauseValue float64 `json:"cause_value"`
-	// CauseRate is for mesuring the change magnitude of CauseValue of the store,
+	// CauseRate is for measuring the change magnitude of CauseValue of the store,
 	//   - CauseRate > 0 means the store is become slower currently
 	//   - CauseRate < 0 means the store is become faster currently
 	//   - CauseRate == 0 means the store's performance and pressure does not have significant changes
 	CauseRate float64 `json:"cause_rate"`
 	// ResultValue is the current gRPC QPS of the store.
 	ResultValue float64 `json:"result_value"`
-	// ResultRate is for mesuring the change magnitude of ResultValue of the store.
+	// ResultRate is for measuring the change magnitude of ResultValue of the store.
 	ResultRate float64 `json:"result_rate"`
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/schedule/checker/rule_checker_test.go b/pkg/schedule/checker/rule_checker_test.go
index 2668ac8cc431..ccd6abdc098d 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/checker/rule_checker_test.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/checker/rule_checker_test.go
@@ -1018,20 +1018,20 @@ func (suite *ruleCheckerTestSuite) TestFixOrphanPeerWithDisconnectedStoreAndRule
 					op = suite.rc.Check(suite.cluster.GetRegion(1))
 					re.NotNil(op)
 					re.Contains(op.Desc(), "orphan")
-					var removedPeerStroeID uint64
+					var removedPeerStoreID uint64
 					newLeaderStoreID := r1.GetLeader().GetStoreId()
 					for i := 0; i < op.Len(); i++ {
 						if s, ok := op.Step(i).(operator.RemovePeer); ok {
-							removedPeerStroeID = s.FromStore
+							removedPeerStoreID = s.FromStore
 						}
 						if s, ok := op.Step(i).(operator.TransferLeader); ok {
 							newLeaderStoreID = s.ToStore
 						}
 					}
-					re.NotZero(removedPeerStroeID)
+					re.NotZero(removedPeerStoreID)
 					r1 = r1.Clone(
 						core.WithLeader(r1.GetStorePeer(newLeaderStoreID)),
-						core.WithRemoveStorePeer(removedPeerStroeID))
+						core.WithRemoveStorePeer(removedPeerStoreID))
 					suite.cluster.PutRegion(r1)
 					r1 = suite.cluster.GetRegion(1)
 					re.Len(r1.GetPeers(), 6-j)
@@ -1571,7 +1571,7 @@ func (suite *ruleCheckerTestSuite) TestFixOfflinePeer() {
 	re.Nil(suite.rc.Check(region))
 }
 
-func (suite *ruleCheckerTestSuite) TestFixOfflinePeerWithAvaliableWitness() {
+func (suite *ruleCheckerTestSuite) TestFixOfflinePeerWithAvailableWitness() {
 	re := suite.Require()
 	suite.cluster.AddLabelsStore(1, 1, map[string]string{"zone": "z1"})
 	suite.cluster.AddLabelsStore(2, 1, map[string]string{"zone": "z1"})
diff --git a/pkg/schedule/filter/filters_test.go b/pkg/schedule/filter/filters_test.go
index f030dff81a41..f061a472d658 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/filter/filters_test.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/filter/filters_test.go
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ func TestStoreStateFilterReason(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// No reason catched
+	// No reason caught
 	store = store.Clone(core.SetLastHeartbeatTS(time.Now()))
 	testCases := []testCase{
 		{2, "store-state-ok-filter", "store-state-ok-filter"},
diff --git a/pkg/schedule/labeler/labeler_test.go b/pkg/schedule/labeler/labeler_test.go
index 87773ce892d1..910a5558eb3a 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/labeler/labeler_test.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/labeler/labeler_test.go
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ func TestLabelerRuleTTL(t *testing.T) {
 	start, _ := hex.DecodeString("1234")
 	end, _ := hex.DecodeString("5678")
 	region := core.NewTestRegionInfo(1, 1, start, end)
-	// the region has no lable rule at the beginning.
+	// the region has no label rule at the beginning.
 	re.Empty(labeler.GetRegionLabels(region))
 
 	// set rules for the region.
@@ -386,11 +386,11 @@ func TestLabelerRuleTTL(t *testing.T) {
 	re.Len(labels, 2)
 
 	re.NoError(failpoint.Disable("github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/schedule/labeler/regionLabelExpireSub1Minute"))
-	// rule2 should be exist since `GetRegionLabels` won't clear it physically.
-	checkRuleInMemoryAndStoage(re, labeler, "rule2", true)
+	// rule2 should be existed since `GetRegionLabels` won't clear it physically.
+	checkRuleInMemoryAndStorage(re, labeler, "rule2", true)
 	re.Nil(labeler.GetLabelRule("rule2"))
 	// rule2 should be physically clear.
-	checkRuleInMemoryAndStoage(re, labeler, "rule2", false)
+	checkRuleInMemoryAndStorage(re, labeler, "rule2", false)
 
 	re.Equal("", labeler.GetRegionLabel(region, "k2"))
 
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ func TestLabelerRuleTTL(t *testing.T) {
 	re.NotNil(labeler.GetLabelRule("rule1"))
 }
 
-func checkRuleInMemoryAndStoage(re *require.Assertions, labeler *RegionLabeler, ruleID string, exist bool) {
+func checkRuleInMemoryAndStorage(re *require.Assertions, labeler *RegionLabeler, ruleID string, exist bool) {
 	re.Equal(exist, labeler.labelRules[ruleID] != nil)
 	existInStorage := false
 	labeler.storage.LoadRegionRules(func(k, v string) {
@@ -419,10 +419,10 @@ func TestGC(t *testing.T) {
 	start, _ := hex.DecodeString("1234")
 	end, _ := hex.DecodeString("5678")
 	region := core.NewTestRegionInfo(1, 1, start, end)
-	// the region has no lable rule at the beginning.
+	// the region has no label rule at the beginning.
 	re.Empty(labeler.GetRegionLabels(region))
 
-	labels := []RegionLabel{}
+	labels := make([]RegionLabel, 0, len(ttls))
 	for id, ttl := range ttls {
 		labels = append(labels, RegionLabel{Key: fmt.Sprintf("k%d", id), Value: fmt.Sprintf("v%d", id), TTL: ttl})
 		rule := &LabelRule{
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ func TestGC(t *testing.T) {
 
 	re.Len(labeler.labelRules, len(ttls))
 
-	// check all rules unitl some rule expired.
+	// check all rules until some rule expired.
 	for {
 		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 5)
 		labels := labeler.GetRegionLabels(region)
diff --git a/pkg/schedule/placement/fit.go b/pkg/schedule/placement/fit.go
index d907bcd011a4..30530462664b 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/placement/fit.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/placement/fit.go
@@ -314,8 +314,8 @@ func pickPeersFromBinaryInt(candidates []*fitPeer, binaryNumber uint) []*fitPeer
 	return selected
 }
 
-func unSelectPeers(seleted []*fitPeer) {
-	for _, p := range seleted {
+func unSelectPeers(selected []*fitPeer) {
+	for _, p := range selected {
 		p.selected = false
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/schedule/placement/fit_region_test.go b/pkg/schedule/placement/fit_region_test.go
index 5bc62d9cc121..2006801e71a5 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/placement/fit_region_test.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/placement/fit_region_test.go
@@ -299,26 +299,26 @@ func BenchmarkFitRegionWithMoreRulesAndStoreLabels(b *testing.B) {
 		values := []string{}
 		for id := 1; id < 100; id++ {
 			values = append(values, fmt.Sprintf("value_%08d", id))
-			labelContaint := LabelConstraint{
+			labelConstraint := LabelConstraint{
 				Key:    fmt.Sprintf("key_%08d", id),
 				Op:     NotIn,
 				Values: values,
 			}
-			rule.LabelConstraints = append(rule.LabelConstraints, labelContaint)
+			rule.LabelConstraints = append(rule.LabelConstraints, labelConstraint)
 		}
-		// add an exclusive containt.
+		// add an exclusive constraint.
 		values = append(values, "exclusive")
-		labelContaint := LabelConstraint{
+		labelConstraint := LabelConstraint{
 			Key:    "exclusive",
 			Op:     In,
 			Values: values,
 		}
-		rule.LabelConstraints = append(rule.LabelConstraints, labelContaint)
+		rule.LabelConstraints = append(rule.LabelConstraints, labelConstraint)
 		rules = append(rules, rule)
 	}
-	// create stores, with each stores has 101 normal labels(1 exclusive label).
+	// create stores, with each store has 101 normal labels(1 exclusive label).
 	lists := make([]*core.StoreInfo, 0)
-	labels := []*metapb.StoreLabel{}
+	labels := make([]*metapb.StoreLabel, 0, 101)
 	for labID := 0; labID < 100; labID++ {
 		label := &metapb.StoreLabel{Key: fmt.Sprintf("store_%08d", labID), Value: fmt.Sprintf("value_%08d", labID)}
 		labels = append(labels, label)
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ func BenchmarkFitRegionWithMoreRulesAndStoreLabels(b *testing.B) {
 
 func BenchmarkFitRegionWithLocationLabels(b *testing.B) {
 	region := mockRegion(5, 5)
-	rules := []*Rule{}
+	var rules []*Rule
 	rule := &Rule{
 		GroupID:          DefaultGroupID,
 		ID:               "followers",
diff --git a/pkg/schedule/placement/fit_test.go b/pkg/schedule/placement/fit_test.go
index f3c1fe530587..aa5c66059f7d 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/placement/fit_test.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/placement/fit_test.go
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func TestReplace(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		region := makeRegion(tc.region)
-		var rules []*Rule
+		rules := make([]*Rule, 0, len(tc.rules))
 		for _, r := range tc.rules {
 			rules = append(rules, makeRule(r))
 		}
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ func TestFitRegion(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, testCase := range testCases {
 		region := makeRegion(testCase.region)
-		var rules []*Rule
+		rules := make([]*Rule, 0, len(testCase.rules))
 		for _, r := range testCase.rules {
 			rules = append(rules, makeRule(r))
 		}
diff --git a/pkg/schedule/plan/status.go b/pkg/schedule/plan/status.go
index 4242b6314939..636b9ceaaca3 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/plan/status.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/plan/status.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ const (
 const (
 	// StatusStoreRejectLeader represents the store is restricted by the special configuration. e.g. reject label setting, evict leader/slow store scheduler.
 	StatusStoreRejectLeader = iota + 300
-	// StatusNotMatchIsolation represents the isolation cannot satisfy the requirement.
+	// StatusStoreNotMatchIsolation represents the isolation cannot satisfy the requirement.
 	StatusStoreNotMatchIsolation
 )
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ func (s *Status) String() string {
 	return StatusText(s.StatusCode)
 }
 
-// IsNormal returns true if the status is noraml.
+// IsNormal returns true if the status is normal.
 func (s *Status) IsNormal() bool {
 	return int(s.StatusCode)/10 == 10
 }
diff --git a/pkg/schedule/schedulers/evict_leader.go b/pkg/schedule/schedulers/evict_leader.go
index 3db8b44c925a..5cd59583767b 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/schedulers/evict_leader.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/schedulers/evict_leader.go
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const (
 	EvictLeaderName = "evict-leader-scheduler"
 	// EvictLeaderType is evict leader scheduler type.
 	EvictLeaderType = "evict-leader"
-	// EvictLeaderBatchSize is the number of operators to to transfer
+	// EvictLeaderBatchSize is the number of operators to transfer
 	// leaders by one scheduling
 	EvictLeaderBatchSize = 3
 	lastStoreDeleteInfo  = "The last store has been deleted"
diff --git a/pkg/schedule/schedulers/evict_slow_trend.go b/pkg/schedule/schedulers/evict_slow_trend.go
index b75ff27bd9a2..d919c1c0f0ab 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/schedulers/evict_slow_trend.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/schedulers/evict_slow_trend.go
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ func checkStoreSlowerThanOthers(cluster sche.SchedulerCluster, target *core.Stor
 		}
 		slowTrend := store.GetSlowTrend()
 		// Use `SlowTrend.ResultValue` at first, but not good, `CauseValue` is better
-		// Greater `CuaseValue` means slower
+		// Greater `CauseValue` means slower
 		if slowTrend != nil && (targetSlowTrend.CauseValue-slowTrend.CauseValue) > alterEpsilon && slowTrend.CauseValue > alterEpsilon {
 			slowerThanStoresNum += 1
 		}
diff --git a/pkg/schedule/schedulers/hot_region_v2.go b/pkg/schedule/schedulers/hot_region_v2.go
index 04ba0fc978f9..40cb35cd16b3 100644
--- a/pkg/schedule/schedulers/hot_region_v2.go
+++ b/pkg/schedule/schedulers/hot_region_v2.go
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func (bs *balanceSolver) filterUniformStoreV2() (string, bool) {
 	if !bs.enableExpectation() {
 		return "", false
 	}
-	// Because region is available for src and dst, so stddev is the same for both, only need to calcurate one.
+	// Because region is available for src and dst, so stddev is the same for both, only need to calculate one.
 	isUniformFirstPriority, isUniformSecondPriority := bs.isUniformFirstPriority(bs.cur.srcStore), bs.isUniformSecondPriority(bs.cur.srcStore)
 	if isUniformFirstPriority && isUniformSecondPriority {
 		// If both dims are enough uniform, any schedule is unnecessary.
diff --git a/pkg/statistics/store_test.go b/pkg/statistics/store_test.go
index a0e7140a8823..ccf85caaa721 100644
--- a/pkg/statistics/store_test.go
+++ b/pkg/statistics/store_test.go
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/core"
 )
 
-func TestFilterUnhealtyStore(t *testing.T) {
+func TestFilterUnhealthyStore(t *testing.T) {
 	re := require.New(t)
 	stats := NewStoresStats()
 	cluster := core.NewBasicCluster()
diff --git a/pkg/storage/hot_region_storage_test.go b/pkg/storage/hot_region_storage_test.go
index 629c638c1ff1..1486fb8271d2 100644
--- a/pkg/storage/hot_region_storage_test.go
+++ b/pkg/storage/hot_region_storage_test.go
@@ -172,14 +172,14 @@ func TestHotRegionWrite(t *testing.T) {
 func TestHotRegionDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	re := require.New(t)
 	defaultRemainDay := 7
-	defaultDelteData := 30
+	defaultDeleteData := 30
 	deleteDate := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, 0)
 	packHotRegionInfo := &MockPackHotRegionInfo{}
 	store, clean, err := newTestHotRegionStorage(10*time.Minute, uint64(defaultRemainDay), packHotRegionInfo)
 	re.NoError(err)
 	defer clean()
 	historyHotRegions := make([]HistoryHotRegion, 0)
-	for i := 0; i < defaultDelteData; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < defaultDeleteData; i++ {
 		historyHotRegion := HistoryHotRegion{
 			UpdateTime:    deleteDate.UnixNano() / int64(time.Millisecond),
 			RegionID:      1,
diff --git a/pkg/unsaferecovery/unsafe_recovery_controller_test.go b/pkg/unsaferecovery/unsafe_recovery_controller_test.go
index 956b9b8729c9..6f1fab621648 100644
--- a/pkg/unsaferecovery/unsafe_recovery_controller_test.go
+++ b/pkg/unsaferecovery/unsafe_recovery_controller_test.go
@@ -1755,7 +1755,7 @@ func TestRunning(t *testing.T) {
 	re.True(recoveryController.IsRunning())
 }
 
-func TestEpochComparsion(t *testing.T) {
+func TestEpochComparison(t *testing.T) {
 	re := require.New(t)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	defer cancel()
diff --git a/pkg/utils/requestutil/context.go b/pkg/utils/requestutil/context.go
index 1fdbac08a975..c49b94399d0e 100644
--- a/pkg/utils/requestutil/context.go
+++ b/pkg/utils/requestutil/context.go
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func WithEndTime(parent context.Context, endTime int64) context.Context {
 	return context.WithValue(parent, endTimeKey, endTime)
 }
 
-// EndTimeFrom returns the value of the excution info key on the ctx
+// EndTimeFrom returns the value of the execution info key on the ctx
 func EndTimeFrom(ctx context.Context) (int64, bool) {
 	info, ok := ctx.Value(endTimeKey).(int64)
 	return info, ok
diff --git a/server/api/region.go b/server/api/region.go
index 28249629db51..5e3e271c4ee0 100644
--- a/server/api/region.go
+++ b/server/api/region.go
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ func calHist(bound int, list *[]int64) *[]*histItem {
 }
 
 // @Tags     region
-// @Summary  List all range holes whitout any region info.
+// @Summary  List all range holes without any region info.
 // @Produce  json
 // @Success  200  {object}  [][]string
 // @Router   /regions/range-holes [get]
diff --git a/server/grpc_service.go b/server/grpc_service.go
index 08272da5cf16..095e45775dc2 100644
--- a/server/grpc_service.go
+++ b/server/grpc_service.go
@@ -2568,7 +2568,7 @@ func (s *GrpcServer) SplitRegions(ctx context.Context, request *pdpb.SplitRegion
 
 // SplitAndScatterRegions split regions by the given split keys, and scatter regions.
 // Only regions which split successfully will be scattered.
-// scatterFinishedPercentage indicates the percentage of successfully splited regions that are scattered.
+// scatterFinishedPercentage indicates the percentage of successfully split regions that are scattered.
 func (s *GrpcServer) SplitAndScatterRegions(ctx context.Context, request *pdpb.SplitAndScatterRegionsRequest) (*pdpb.SplitAndScatterRegionsResponse, error) {
 	if s.GetServiceMiddlewarePersistOptions().IsGRPCRateLimitEnabled() {
 		fName := currentFunction()
diff --git a/tests/cluster.go b/tests/cluster.go
index 3b798f8738ac..198b49ce7284 100644
--- a/tests/cluster.go
+++ b/tests/cluster.go
@@ -852,8 +852,8 @@ func (c *TestCluster) CheckClusterDCLocation() {
 	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
 	for _, server := range c.GetServers() {
 		wg.Add(1)
-		go func(ser *TestServer) {
-			ser.GetTSOAllocatorManager().ClusterDCLocationChecker()
+		go func(s *TestServer) {
+			s.GetTSOAllocatorManager().ClusterDCLocationChecker()
 			wg.Done()
 		}(server)
 	}
diff --git a/tests/integrations/mcs/resourcemanager/resource_manager_test.go b/tests/integrations/mcs/resourcemanager/resource_manager_test.go
index ad1c4f44126d..074988d9abad 100644
--- a/tests/integrations/mcs/resourcemanager/resource_manager_test.go
+++ b/tests/integrations/mcs/resourcemanager/resource_manager_test.go
@@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@ func (suite *resourceManagerClientTestSuite) TestResourceGroupRUConsumption() {
 	re.NoError(err)
 	re.Equal(g.RUStats, testConsumption)
 
-	// update resoruce group, ru stats not change
+	// update resource group, ru stats not change
 	g.RUSettings.RU.Settings.FillRate = 12345
 	_, err = cli.ModifyResourceGroup(suite.ctx, g)
 	re.NoError(err)
diff --git a/tests/server/region_syncer/region_syncer_test.go b/tests/server/region_syncer/region_syncer_test.go
index a91bbaf6b403..cb93c988e11e 100644
--- a/tests/server/region_syncer/region_syncer_test.go
+++ b/tests/server/region_syncer/region_syncer_test.go
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func TestRegionSyncer(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// merge case
 	// region2 -> region1 -> region0
-	// merge A to B will increases version to max(versionA, versionB)+1, but does not increase conver
+	// merge A to B will increases version to max(versionA, versionB)+1, but does not increase conversion
 	// region0 version is max(1, max(1, 1)+1)+1=3
 	regions[0] = regions[0].Clone(core.WithEndKey(regions[2].GetEndKey()), core.WithIncVersion(), core.WithIncVersion())
 	err = rc.HandleRegionHeartbeat(regions[0])
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func TestRegionSyncer(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// merge case
 	// region3 -> region4
-	// merge A to B will increases version to max(versionA, versionB)+1, but does not increase conver
+	// merge A to B will increases version to max(versionA, versionB)+1, but does not increase conversion
 	// region4 version is max(1, 1)+1=2
 	regions[4] = regions[3].Clone(core.WithEndKey(regions[4].GetEndKey()), core.WithIncVersion())
 	err = rc.HandleRegionHeartbeat(regions[4])
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func TestRegionSyncer(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// merge case
 	// region0 -> region4
-	// merge A to B will increases version to max(versionA, versionB)+1, but does not increase conver
+	// merge A to B will increases version to max(versionA, versionB)+1, but does not increase conversion
 	// region4 version is max(3, 2)+1=4
 	regions[4] = regions[0].Clone(core.WithEndKey(regions[4].GetEndKey()), core.WithIncVersion())
 	err = rc.HandleRegionHeartbeat(regions[4])
diff --git a/tests/server/tso/allocator_test.go b/tests/server/tso/allocator_test.go
index 41f544729c29..3bc4d56ac581 100644
--- a/tests/server/tso/allocator_test.go
+++ b/tests/server/tso/allocator_test.go
@@ -162,10 +162,10 @@ func TestPriorityAndDifferentLocalTSO(t *testing.T) {
 	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
 	wg.Add(len(dcLocationConfig))
 	for serverName, dcLocation := range dcLocationConfig {
-		go func(serName, dc string) {
+		go func(name, dc string) {
 			defer wg.Done()
 			testutil.Eventually(re, func() bool {
-				return cluster.WaitAllocatorLeader(dc) == serName
+				return cluster.WaitAllocatorLeader(dc) == name
 			}, testutil.WithWaitFor(90*time.Second), testutil.WithTickInterval(time.Second))
 		}(serverName, dcLocation)
 	}
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ func waitAllocatorPriorityCheck(cluster *tests.TestCluster) {
 	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
 	for _, server := range cluster.GetServers() {
 		wg.Add(1)
-		go func(ser *tests.TestServer) {
-			ser.GetTSOAllocatorManager().PriorityChecker()
+		go func(s *tests.TestServer) {
+			s.GetTSOAllocatorManager().PriorityChecker()
 			wg.Done()
 		}(server)
 	}
diff --git a/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/cases.go b/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/cases.go
index 4a39e54d43c9..473a11d749ad 100644
--- a/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/cases.go
+++ b/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/cases.go
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ type ETCDCase interface {
 	Unary(context.Context, *clientv3.Client) error
 }
 
-// ETCDCraeteFn is function type to create ETCDCase.
-type ETCDCraeteFn func() ETCDCase
+// ETCDCreateFn is function type to create ETCDCase.
+type ETCDCreateFn func() ETCDCase
 
 // ETCDCaseFnMap is the map for all ETCD case creation function.
-var ETCDCaseFnMap = map[string]ETCDCraeteFn{
+var ETCDCaseFnMap = map[string]ETCDCreateFn{
 	"Get":    newGetKV(),
 	"Put":    newPutKV(),
 	"Delete": newDeleteKV(),
@@ -139,11 +139,11 @@ type GRPCCase interface {
 	Unary(context.Context, pd.Client) error
 }
 
-// GRPCCraeteFn is function type to create GRPCCase.
-type GRPCCraeteFn func() GRPCCase
+// GRPCCreateFn is function type to create GRPCCase.
+type GRPCCreateFn func() GRPCCase
 
 // GRPCCaseFnMap is the map for all gRPC case creation function.
-var GRPCCaseFnMap = map[string]GRPCCraeteFn{
+var GRPCCaseFnMap = map[string]GRPCCreateFn{
 	"GetRegion":                newGetRegion(),
 	"GetRegionEnableFollower":  newGetRegionEnableFollower(),
 	"GetStore":                 newGetStore(),
@@ -160,11 +160,11 @@ type HTTPCase interface {
 	Do(context.Context, pdHttp.Client) error
 }
 
-// HTTPCraeteFn is function type to create HTTPCase.
-type HTTPCraeteFn func() HTTPCase
+// HTTPCreateFn is function type to create HTTPCase.
+type HTTPCreateFn func() HTTPCase
 
 // HTTPCaseFnMap is the map for all HTTP case creation function.
-var HTTPCaseFnMap = map[string]HTTPCraeteFn{
+var HTTPCaseFnMap = map[string]HTTPCreateFn{
 	"GetRegionStatus":  newRegionStats(),
 	"GetMinResolvedTS": newMinResolvedTS(),
 }
diff --git a/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/controller.go b/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/controller.go
index db42c469843c..d6900924cf9e 100644
--- a/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/controller.go
+++ b/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/controller.go
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ type httpController struct {
 	wg     sync.WaitGroup
 }
 
-func newHTTPController(ctx context.Context, clis []pdHttp.Client, fn HTTPCraeteFn) *httpController {
+func newHTTPController(ctx context.Context, clis []pdHttp.Client, fn HTTPCreateFn) *httpController {
 	c := &httpController{
 		pctx:     ctx,
 		clients:  clis,
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ func (c *httpController) run() {
 					for i := int64(0); i < burst; i++ {
 						err := c.Do(c.ctx, hCli)
 						if err != nil {
-							log.Error("meet erorr when doing HTTP request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
+							log.Error("meet error when doing HTTP request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
 						}
 					}
 				case <-c.ctx.Done():
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ type gRPCController struct {
 	wg sync.WaitGroup
 }
 
-func newGRPCController(ctx context.Context, clis []pd.Client, fn GRPCCraeteFn) *gRPCController {
+func newGRPCController(ctx context.Context, clis []pd.Client, fn GRPCCreateFn) *gRPCController {
 	c := &gRPCController{
 		pctx:     ctx,
 		clients:  clis,
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ func (c *gRPCController) run() {
 					for i := int64(0); i < burst; i++ {
 						err := c.Unary(c.ctx, cli)
 						if err != nil {
-							log.Error("meet erorr when doing gRPC request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
+							log.Error("meet error when doing gRPC request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
 						}
 					}
 				case <-c.ctx.Done():
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ type etcdController struct {
 	wg sync.WaitGroup
 }
 
-func newEtcdController(ctx context.Context, clis []*clientv3.Client, fn ETCDCraeteFn) *etcdController {
+func newEtcdController(ctx context.Context, clis []*clientv3.Client, fn ETCDCreateFn) *etcdController {
 	c := &etcdController{
 		pctx:     ctx,
 		clients:  clis,
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ func (c *etcdController) run() {
 					for i := int64(0); i < burst; i++ {
 						err := c.Unary(c.ctx, cli)
 						if err != nil {
-							log.Error("meet erorr when doing etcd request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
+							log.Error("meet error when doing etcd request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
 						}
 					}
 				case <-c.ctx.Done():
diff --git a/tools/pd-ctl/pdctl/command/config_command.go b/tools/pd-ctl/pdctl/command/config_command.go
index 0e6fa7e93407..c70c33e26c32 100644
--- a/tools/pd-ctl/pdctl/command/config_command.go
+++ b/tools/pd-ctl/pdctl/command/config_command.go
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ func setReplicationModeCommandFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	} else if len(args) == 3 {
 		t := reflectutil.FindFieldByJSONTag(reflect.TypeOf(config.ReplicationModeConfig{}), []string{args[0], args[1]})
 		if t != nil && t.Kind() == reflect.Int {
-			// convert to number for numberic fields.
+			// convert to number for numeric fields.
 			arg2, err := strconv.ParseInt(args[2], 10, 64)
 			if err != nil {
 				cmd.Printf("value %v cannot covert to number: %v", args[2], err)
diff --git a/tools/pd-recover/main.go b/tools/pd-recover/main.go
index 375a9398a4ff..9b5d08013db6 100644
--- a/tools/pd-recover/main.go
+++ b/tools/pd-recover/main.go
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func main() {
 	fs.BoolVar(&v, "V", false, "print version information")
 	fs.BoolVar(&fromOldMember, "from-old-member", false, "recover from a member of an existing cluster")
 	fs.StringVar(&endpoints, "endpoints", "http://127.0.0.1:2379", "endpoints urls")
-	fs.Uint64Var(&allocID, "alloc-id", 0, "please make sure alloced ID is safe")
+	fs.Uint64Var(&allocID, "alloc-id", 0, "please make sure allocated ID is safe")
 	fs.Uint64Var(&clusterID, "cluster-id", 0, "please make cluster ID match with tikv")
 	fs.StringVar(&caPath, "cacert", "", "path of file that contains list of trusted SSL CAs")
 	fs.StringVar(&certPath, "cert", "", "path of file that contains list of trusted SSL CAs")

From 1833ce27098b2238bc4b9a2c3d7f5368e159c4a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: JmPotato <ghzpotato@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Mar 2024 15:15:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 14/15] storage: decouple the region storage from LevelDB
 backend (#7859)

ref tikv/pd#3453

In the previous implementation, LevelDB and `RegionStorage` were strongly coupled.
This PR decouples region storage from it to further optimize code abstraction, so we can
get a more reusable `LevelDBBackend` and a more specialized `RegionStorage` implementation.

Signed-off-by: JmPotato <ghzpotato@gmail.com>
---
 pkg/storage/leveldb_backend.go                | 102 ++++++---------
 pkg/storage/leveldb_backend_test.go           | 121 ++++++++++++++++++
 pkg/storage/region_storage.go                 |  79 ++++++++++++
 pkg/storage/region_storage_test.go            |  95 ++++++++++++++
 pkg/storage/storage.go                        |  22 ++--
 pkg/storage/storage_test.go                   |  65 +++++++++-
 pkg/syncer/client_test.go                     |   4 +-
 pkg/syncer/server.go                          |  13 +-
 server/server.go                              |   9 +-
 .../region_syncer/region_syncer_test.go       |   4 +-
 10 files changed, 423 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 pkg/storage/leveldb_backend_test.go
 create mode 100644 pkg/storage/region_storage.go
 create mode 100644 pkg/storage/region_storage_test.go

diff --git a/pkg/storage/leveldb_backend.go b/pkg/storage/leveldb_backend.go
index d25044e9c205..8fb1db196c12 100644
--- a/pkg/storage/leveldb_backend.go
+++ b/pkg/storage/leveldb_backend.go
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
 	"github.com/pingcap/failpoint"
-	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/metapb"
 	"github.com/pingcap/log"
 	"github.com/syndtr/goleveldb/leveldb"
 	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/encryption"
@@ -32,25 +30,27 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	// DefaultFlushRegionRate is the ttl to sync the regions to region storage.
-	defaultFlushRegionRate = 3 * time.Second
-	// DefaultBatchSize is the batch size to save the regions to region storage.
+	// defaultFlushRate is the default interval to flush the data into the local storage.
+	defaultFlushRate = 3 * time.Second
+	// defaultBatchSize is the default batch size to save the data to the local storage.
 	defaultBatchSize = 100
+	// defaultDirtyFlushTick
+	defaultDirtyFlushTick = time.Second
 )
 
 // levelDBBackend is a storage backend that stores data in LevelDB,
-// which is mainly used by the PD region storage.
+// which is mainly used to store the PD Region meta information.
 type levelDBBackend struct {
 	*endpoint.StorageEndpoint
-	ekm                 *encryption.Manager
-	mu                  syncutil.RWMutex
-	batchRegions        map[string]*metapb.Region
-	batchSize           int
-	cacheSize           int
-	flushRate           time.Duration
-	flushTime           time.Time
-	regionStorageCtx    context.Context
-	regionStorageCancel context.CancelFunc
+	ekm       *encryption.Manager
+	mu        syncutil.RWMutex
+	batch     map[string][]byte
+	batchSize int
+	cacheSize int
+	flushRate time.Duration
+	flushTime time.Time
+	ctx       context.Context
+	cancel    context.CancelFunc
 }
 
 // newLevelDBBackend is used to create a new LevelDB backend.
@@ -63,23 +63,19 @@ func newLevelDBBackend(
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	regionStorageCtx, regionStorageCancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	lb := &levelDBBackend{
-		StorageEndpoint:     endpoint.NewStorageEndpoint(levelDB, ekm),
-		ekm:                 ekm,
-		batchSize:           defaultBatchSize,
-		flushRate:           defaultFlushRegionRate,
-		batchRegions:        make(map[string]*metapb.Region, defaultBatchSize),
-		flushTime:           time.Now().Add(defaultFlushRegionRate),
-		regionStorageCtx:    regionStorageCtx,
-		regionStorageCancel: regionStorageCancel,
+		StorageEndpoint: endpoint.NewStorageEndpoint(levelDB, ekm),
+		ekm:             ekm,
+		batchSize:       defaultBatchSize,
+		flushRate:       defaultFlushRate,
+		batch:           make(map[string][]byte, defaultBatchSize),
+		flushTime:       time.Now().Add(defaultFlushRate),
 	}
+	lb.ctx, lb.cancel = context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	go lb.backgroundFlush()
 	return lb, nil
 }
 
-var dirtyFlushTick = time.Second
-
 func (lb *levelDBBackend) backgroundFlush() {
 	defer logutil.LogPanic()
 
@@ -87,14 +83,14 @@ func (lb *levelDBBackend) backgroundFlush() {
 		isFlush bool
 		err     error
 	)
-	ticker := time.NewTicker(dirtyFlushTick)
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(defaultDirtyFlushTick)
 	defer ticker.Stop()
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-ticker.C:
 			lb.mu.RLock()
 			isFlush = lb.flushTime.Before(time.Now())
-			failpoint.Inject("regionStorageFastFlush", func() {
+			failpoint.Inject("levelDBStorageFastFlush", func() {
 				isFlush = true
 			})
 			lb.mu.RUnlock()
@@ -102,42 +98,32 @@ func (lb *levelDBBackend) backgroundFlush() {
 				continue
 			}
 			if err = lb.Flush(); err != nil {
-				log.Error("flush regions meet error", errs.ZapError(err))
+				log.Error("flush data meet error", errs.ZapError(err))
 			}
-		case <-lb.regionStorageCtx.Done():
+		case <-lb.ctx.Done():
 			return
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (lb *levelDBBackend) SaveRegion(region *metapb.Region) error {
-	region, err := encryption.EncryptRegion(region, lb.ekm)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+// SaveIntoBatch saves the key-value pair into the batch cache, and it will
+// only be saved to the underlying storage when the `Flush` method is
+// called or the cache is full.
+func (lb *levelDBBackend) SaveIntoBatch(key string, value []byte) error {
 	lb.mu.Lock()
 	defer lb.mu.Unlock()
 	if lb.cacheSize < lb.batchSize-1 {
-		lb.batchRegions[endpoint.RegionPath(region.GetId())] = region
+		lb.batch[key] = value
 		lb.cacheSize++
 
 		lb.flushTime = time.Now().Add(lb.flushRate)
 		return nil
 	}
-	lb.batchRegions[endpoint.RegionPath(region.GetId())] = region
-	err = lb.flushLocked()
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (lb *levelDBBackend) DeleteRegion(region *metapb.Region) error {
-	return lb.Remove(endpoint.RegionPath(region.GetId()))
+	lb.batch[key] = value
+	return lb.flushLocked()
 }
 
-// Flush saves the cache region to the underlying storage.
+// Flush saves the batch cache to the underlying storage.
 func (lb *levelDBBackend) Flush() error {
 	lb.mu.Lock()
 	defer lb.mu.Unlock()
@@ -145,38 +131,32 @@ func (lb *levelDBBackend) Flush() error {
 }
 
 func (lb *levelDBBackend) flushLocked() error {
-	if err := lb.saveRegions(lb.batchRegions); err != nil {
+	if err := lb.saveBatchLocked(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	lb.cacheSize = 0
-	lb.batchRegions = make(map[string]*metapb.Region, lb.batchSize)
+	lb.batch = make(map[string][]byte, lb.batchSize)
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (lb *levelDBBackend) saveRegions(regions map[string]*metapb.Region) error {
+func (lb *levelDBBackend) saveBatchLocked() error {
 	batch := new(leveldb.Batch)
-
-	for key, r := range regions {
-		value, err := proto.Marshal(r)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errs.ErrProtoMarshal.Wrap(err).GenWithStackByCause()
-		}
+	for key, value := range lb.batch {
 		batch.Put([]byte(key), value)
 	}
-
 	if err := lb.Base.(*kv.LevelDBKV).Write(batch, nil); err != nil {
 		return errs.ErrLevelDBWrite.Wrap(err).GenWithStackByCause()
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Close closes the LevelDB kv. It will call Flush() once before closing.
+// Close will gracefully close the LevelDB backend and flush the data to the underlying storage before closing.
 func (lb *levelDBBackend) Close() error {
 	err := lb.Flush()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("meet error before close the region storage", errs.ZapError(err))
+		log.Error("meet error before closing the leveldb storage", errs.ZapError(err))
 	}
-	lb.regionStorageCancel()
+	lb.cancel()
 	err = lb.Base.(*kv.LevelDBKV).Close()
 	if err != nil {
 		return errs.ErrLevelDBClose.Wrap(err).GenWithStackByArgs()
diff --git a/pkg/storage/leveldb_backend_test.go b/pkg/storage/leveldb_backend_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f727dd69ee36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/storage/leveldb_backend_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+// Copyright 2024 TiKV Project Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//	   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestLevelDBBackend(t *testing.T) {
+	re := require.New(t)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+	backend, err := newLevelDBBackend(ctx, t.TempDir(), nil)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.NotNil(backend)
+	key, value := "k1", "v1"
+	// Save without flush.
+	err = backend.SaveIntoBatch(key, []byte(value))
+	re.NoError(err)
+	val, err := backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Empty(val)
+	// Flush and load.
+	err = backend.Flush()
+	re.NoError(err)
+	val, err = backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Equal(value, val)
+	// Delete and load.
+	err = backend.Remove(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	val, err = backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Empty(val)
+	// Save twice without flush.
+	err = backend.SaveIntoBatch(key, []byte(value))
+	re.NoError(err)
+	val, err = backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Empty(val)
+	value = "v2"
+	err = backend.SaveIntoBatch(key, []byte(value))
+	re.NoError(err)
+	val, err = backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Empty(val)
+	// Delete before flush.
+	err = backend.Remove(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	val, err = backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Empty(val)
+	// Flush and load.
+	err = backend.Flush()
+	re.NoError(err)
+	val, err = backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Equal(value, val)
+	// Delete and load.
+	err = backend.Remove(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	val, err = backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Empty(val)
+	// Test the background flush.
+	backend.flushRate = defaultDirtyFlushTick
+	err = backend.SaveIntoBatch(key, []byte(value))
+	re.NoError(err)
+	val, err = backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Empty(val)
+	time.Sleep(defaultDirtyFlushTick * 2)
+	val, err = backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Equal(value, val)
+	err = backend.Remove(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	val, err = backend.Load(key)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Empty(val)
+	backend.flushRate = defaultFlushRate
+	// Test the flush when the cache is full.
+	backend.flushRate = time.Minute
+	for i := 0; i < backend.batchSize; i++ {
+		key, value = fmt.Sprintf("k%d", i), fmt.Sprintf("v%d", i)
+		err = backend.SaveIntoBatch(key, []byte(value))
+		re.NoError(err)
+		if i < backend.batchSize-1 {
+			// The cache is not full yet.
+			val, err = backend.Load(key)
+			re.NoError(err)
+			re.Empty(val)
+		} else {
+			// The cache is full, and the flush is triggered.
+			val, err = backend.Load(key)
+			re.NoError(err)
+			re.Equal(value, val)
+		}
+	}
+	backend.flushRate = defaultFlushRate
+	// Close the backend.
+	err = backend.Close()
+	re.NoError(err)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/storage/region_storage.go b/pkg/storage/region_storage.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..11bc6a7cc214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/storage/region_storage.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2024 TiKV Project Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//	   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
+	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/metapb"
+	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/core"
+	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/encryption"
+	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/errs"
+	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/storage/endpoint"
+	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/storage/kv"
+)
+
+// RegionStorage is a storage for the PD region meta information based on LevelDB,
+// which will override the default implementation of the `endpoint.RegionStorage`.
+type RegionStorage struct {
+	kv.Base
+	backend *levelDBBackend
+}
+
+var _ endpoint.RegionStorage = (*RegionStorage)(nil)
+
+func newRegionStorage(backend *levelDBBackend) *RegionStorage {
+	return &RegionStorage{Base: backend.Base, backend: backend}
+}
+
+// LoadRegion implements the `endpoint.RegionStorage` interface.
+func (s *RegionStorage) LoadRegion(regionID uint64, region *metapb.Region) (bool, error) {
+	return s.backend.LoadRegion(regionID, region)
+}
+
+// LoadRegions implements the `endpoint.RegionStorage` interface.
+func (s *RegionStorage) LoadRegions(ctx context.Context, f func(region *core.RegionInfo) []*core.RegionInfo) error {
+	return s.backend.LoadRegions(ctx, f)
+}
+
+// SaveRegion implements the `endpoint.RegionStorage` interface.
+// Instead of saving the region directly, it will encrypt the region and then save it in batch.
+func (s *RegionStorage) SaveRegion(region *metapb.Region) error {
+	encryptedRegion, err := encryption.EncryptRegion(region, s.backend.ekm)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	value, err := proto.Marshal(encryptedRegion)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errs.ErrProtoMarshal.Wrap(err).GenWithStackByCause()
+	}
+	return s.backend.SaveIntoBatch(endpoint.RegionPath(region.GetId()), value)
+}
+
+// DeleteRegion implements the `endpoint.RegionStorage` interface.
+func (s *RegionStorage) DeleteRegion(region *metapb.Region) error {
+	return s.backend.Remove((endpoint.RegionPath(region.GetId())))
+}
+
+// Flush implements the `endpoint.RegionStorage` interface.
+func (s *RegionStorage) Flush() error {
+	return s.backend.Flush()
+}
+
+// Close implements the `endpoint.RegionStorage` interface.
+func (s *RegionStorage) Close() error {
+	return s.backend.Close()
+}
diff --git a/pkg/storage/region_storage_test.go b/pkg/storage/region_storage_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f6670f8c82ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/storage/region_storage_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Copyright 2024 TiKV Project Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//	   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package storage
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/pingcap/kvproto/pkg/metapb"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/core"
+	"github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/storage/endpoint"
+)
+
+func TestRegionStorage(t *testing.T) {
+	re := require.New(t)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+	var (
+		regionStorage endpoint.RegionStorage
+		err           error
+	)
+	regionStorage, err = NewRegionStorageWithLevelDBBackend(ctx, t.TempDir(), nil)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.NotNil(regionStorage)
+	// Load regions from the storage.
+	regions := make([]*core.RegionInfo, 0)
+	appendRegionFunc := func(region *core.RegionInfo) []*core.RegionInfo {
+		regions = append(regions, region)
+		return nil
+	}
+	err = regionStorage.LoadRegions(ctx, appendRegionFunc)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Empty(regions)
+	// Save regions to the storage.
+	region1 := newTestRegionMeta(1)
+	err = regionStorage.SaveRegion(region1)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	region2 := newTestRegionMeta(2)
+	err = regionStorage.SaveRegion(region2)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	regions = make([]*core.RegionInfo, 0)
+	err = regionStorage.LoadRegions(ctx, appendRegionFunc)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Empty(regions)
+	// Flush and load.
+	err = regionStorage.Flush()
+	re.NoError(err)
+	regions = make([]*core.RegionInfo, 0)
+	err = regionStorage.LoadRegions(ctx, appendRegionFunc)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Len(regions, 2)
+	re.Equal(region1, regions[0].GetMeta())
+	re.Equal(region2, regions[1].GetMeta())
+	newRegion := &metapb.Region{}
+	ok, err := regionStorage.LoadRegion(3, newRegion)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.False(ok)
+	ok, err = regionStorage.LoadRegion(1, newRegion)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.True(ok)
+	re.Equal(region1, newRegion)
+	ok, err = regionStorage.LoadRegion(2, newRegion)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.True(ok)
+	re.Equal(region2, newRegion)
+	// Delete and load.
+	err = regionStorage.DeleteRegion(region1)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	regions = make([]*core.RegionInfo, 0)
+	err = regionStorage.LoadRegions(ctx, appendRegionFunc)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.Len(regions, 1)
+	re.Equal(region2, regions[0].GetMeta())
+	ok, err = regionStorage.LoadRegion(2, newRegion)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	re.True(ok)
+	re.Equal(region2, newRegion)
+	re.Equal(regions[0].GetMeta(), newRegion)
+	// Close the storage.
+	err = regionStorage.Close()
+	re.NoError(err)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/storage/storage.go b/pkg/storage/storage.go
index aba01dfa8063..5e006133d22b 100644
--- a/pkg/storage/storage.go
+++ b/pkg/storage/storage.go
@@ -57,13 +57,18 @@ func NewStorageWithEtcdBackend(client *clientv3.Client, rootPath string) Storage
 	return newEtcdBackend(client, rootPath)
 }
 
-// NewStorageWithLevelDBBackend creates a new storage with LevelDB backend.
-func NewStorageWithLevelDBBackend(
+// NewRegionStorageWithLevelDBBackend will create a specialized storage to
+// store region meta information based on a LevelDB backend.
+func NewRegionStorageWithLevelDBBackend(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	filePath string,
 	ekm *encryption.Manager,
-) (Storage, error) {
-	return newLevelDBBackend(ctx, filePath, ekm)
+) (*RegionStorage, error) {
+	levelDBBackend, err := newLevelDBBackend(ctx, filePath, ekm)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return newRegionStorage(levelDBBackend), nil
 }
 
 // TODO: support other KV storage backends like BadgerDB in the future.
@@ -88,15 +93,14 @@ func NewCoreStorage(defaultStorage Storage, regionStorage endpoint.RegionStorage
 	}
 }
 
-// TryGetLocalRegionStorage gets the local region storage. Returns nil if not present.
-func TryGetLocalRegionStorage(s Storage) endpoint.RegionStorage {
+// RetrieveRegionStorage retrieve the region storage from the given storage.
+// If it's a `coreStorage`, it will return the regionStorage inside, otherwise it will return the original storage.
+func RetrieveRegionStorage(s Storage) endpoint.RegionStorage {
 	switch ps := s.(type) {
 	case *coreStorage:
 		return ps.regionStorage
-	case *levelDBBackend, *memoryStorage:
-		return ps
 	default:
-		return nil
+		return ps
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/storage/storage_test.go b/pkg/storage/storage_test.go
index dbb5a03b264f..4525ec6091c0 100644
--- a/pkg/storage/storage_test.go
+++ b/pkg/storage/storage_test.go
@@ -209,6 +209,57 @@ func TestLoadMinServiceGCSafePoint(t *testing.T) {
 	re.Equal(uint64(2), ssp.SafePoint)
 }
 
+func TestTryGetLocalRegionStorage(t *testing.T) {
+	re := require.New(t)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+	// Memory backend integrated into core storage.
+	defaultStorage := NewStorageWithMemoryBackend()
+	var regionStorage endpoint.RegionStorage = NewStorageWithMemoryBackend()
+	coreStorage := NewCoreStorage(defaultStorage, regionStorage)
+	storage := RetrieveRegionStorage(coreStorage)
+	re.NotNil(storage)
+	re.Equal(regionStorage, storage)
+	// RegionStorage with LevelDB backend integrated into core storage.
+	defaultStorage = NewStorageWithMemoryBackend()
+	regionStorage, err := NewRegionStorageWithLevelDBBackend(ctx, t.TempDir(), nil)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	coreStorage = NewCoreStorage(defaultStorage, regionStorage)
+	storage = RetrieveRegionStorage(coreStorage)
+	re.NotNil(storage)
+	re.Equal(regionStorage, storage)
+	// Raw LevelDB backend integrated into core storage.
+	defaultStorage = NewStorageWithMemoryBackend()
+	regionStorage, err = newLevelDBBackend(ctx, t.TempDir(), nil)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	coreStorage = NewCoreStorage(defaultStorage, regionStorage)
+	storage = RetrieveRegionStorage(coreStorage)
+	re.NotNil(storage)
+	re.Equal(regionStorage, storage)
+	defaultStorage = NewStorageWithMemoryBackend()
+	regionStorage, err = newLevelDBBackend(ctx, t.TempDir(), nil)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	coreStorage = NewCoreStorage(defaultStorage, regionStorage)
+	storage = RetrieveRegionStorage(coreStorage)
+	re.NotNil(storage)
+	re.Equal(regionStorage, storage)
+	// Without core storage.
+	defaultStorage = NewStorageWithMemoryBackend()
+	storage = RetrieveRegionStorage(defaultStorage)
+	re.NotNil(storage)
+	re.Equal(defaultStorage, storage)
+	defaultStorage, err = newLevelDBBackend(ctx, t.TempDir(), nil)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	storage = RetrieveRegionStorage(defaultStorage)
+	re.NotNil(storage)
+	re.Equal(defaultStorage, storage)
+	defaultStorage, err = newLevelDBBackend(ctx, t.TempDir(), nil)
+	re.NoError(err)
+	storage = RetrieveRegionStorage(defaultStorage)
+	re.NotNil(storage)
+	re.Equal(defaultStorage, storage)
+}
+
 func TestLoadRegions(t *testing.T) {
 	re := require.New(t)
 	storage := NewStorageWithMemoryBackend()
@@ -367,7 +418,7 @@ func randomMerge(regions []*metapb.Region, n int, ratio int) {
 	}
 }
 
-func saveRegions(lb *levelDBBackend, n int, ratio int) error {
+func saveRegions(storage endpoint.RegionStorage, n int, ratio int) error {
 	keys := generateKeys(n)
 	regions := make([]*metapb.Region, 0, n)
 	for i := uint64(0); i < uint64(n); i++ {
@@ -398,36 +449,36 @@ func saveRegions(lb *levelDBBackend, n int, ratio int) error {
 	}
 
 	for _, region := range regions {
-		err := lb.SaveRegion(region)
+		err := storage.SaveRegion(region)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	return lb.Flush()
+	return storage.Flush()
 }
 
 func benchmarkLoadRegions(b *testing.B, n int, ratio int) {
 	re := require.New(b)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	dir := b.TempDir()
-	lb, err := newLevelDBBackend(ctx, dir, nil)
+	regionStorage, err := NewRegionStorageWithLevelDBBackend(ctx, dir, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		b.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	cluster := core.NewBasicCluster()
-	err = saveRegions(lb, n, ratio)
+	err = saveRegions(regionStorage, n, ratio)
 	if err != nil {
 		b.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		err = lb.Close()
+		err = regionStorage.Close()
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	}()
 
 	b.ResetTimer()
-	err = lb.LoadRegions(context.Background(), cluster.CheckAndPutRegion)
+	err = regionStorage.LoadRegions(ctx, cluster.CheckAndPutRegion)
 	re.NoError(err)
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/syncer/client_test.go b/pkg/syncer/client_test.go
index ba389b5de6dc..6770fae44acf 100644
--- a/pkg/syncer/client_test.go
+++ b/pkg/syncer/client_test.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import (
 func TestLoadRegion(t *testing.T) {
 	re := require.New(t)
 	tempDir := t.TempDir()
-	rs, err := storage.NewStorageWithLevelDBBackend(context.Background(), tempDir, nil)
+	rs, err := storage.NewRegionStorageWithLevelDBBackend(context.Background(), tempDir, nil)
 	re.NoError(err)
 
 	server := &mockServer{
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func TestLoadRegion(t *testing.T) {
 func TestErrorCode(t *testing.T) {
 	re := require.New(t)
 	tempDir := t.TempDir()
-	rs, err := storage.NewStorageWithLevelDBBackend(context.Background(), tempDir, nil)
+	rs, err := storage.NewRegionStorageWithLevelDBBackend(context.Background(), tempDir, nil)
 	re.NoError(err)
 	server := &mockServer{
 		ctx:     context.Background(),
diff --git a/pkg/syncer/server.go b/pkg/syncer/server.go
index 4fb38614de0c..ccc32b133039 100644
--- a/pkg/syncer/server.go
+++ b/pkg/syncer/server.go
@@ -88,19 +88,16 @@ type RegionSyncer struct {
 	streamingRunning atomic.Bool
 }
 
-// NewRegionSyncer returns a region syncer.
-// The final consistency is ensured by the heartbeat.
-// Strong consistency is not guaranteed.
-// Usually open the region syncer in huge cluster and the server
-// no longer etcd but go-leveldb.
+// NewRegionSyncer returns a region syncer that ensures final consistency through the heartbeat,
+// but it does not guarantee strong consistency. Using the same storage backend of the region storage.
 func NewRegionSyncer(s Server) *RegionSyncer {
-	localRegionStorage := storage.TryGetLocalRegionStorage(s.GetStorage())
-	if localRegionStorage == nil {
+	regionStorage := storage.RetrieveRegionStorage(s.GetStorage())
+	if regionStorage == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 	syncer := &RegionSyncer{
 		server:    s,
-		history:   newHistoryBuffer(defaultHistoryBufferSize, localRegionStorage.(kv.Base)),
+		history:   newHistoryBuffer(defaultHistoryBufferSize, regionStorage.(kv.Base)),
 		limit:     ratelimit.NewRateLimiter(defaultBucketRate, defaultBucketCapacity),
 		tlsConfig: s.GetTLSConfig(),
 	}
diff --git a/server/server.go b/server/server.go
index ab69c2a3ad74..4c1632f634af 100644
--- a/server/server.go
+++ b/server/server.go
@@ -449,11 +449,16 @@ func (s *Server) startServer(ctx context.Context) error {
 		Label:     idAllocLabel,
 		Member:    s.member.MemberValue(),
 	})
-	regionStorage, err := storage.NewStorageWithLevelDBBackend(ctx, filepath.Join(s.cfg.DataDir, "region-meta"), s.encryptionKeyManager)
+	// Initialize an etcd storage as the default storage.
+	defaultStorage := storage.NewStorageWithEtcdBackend(s.client, s.rootPath)
+	// Initialize a specialized LevelDB storage to store the region-related meta info independently.
+	regionStorage, err := storage.NewRegionStorageWithLevelDBBackend(
+		ctx,
+		filepath.Join(s.cfg.DataDir, "region-meta"),
+		s.encryptionKeyManager)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defaultStorage := storage.NewStorageWithEtcdBackend(s.client, s.rootPath)
 	s.storage = storage.NewCoreStorage(defaultStorage, regionStorage)
 	s.tsoDispatcher = tsoutil.NewTSODispatcher(tsoProxyHandleDuration, tsoProxyBatchSize)
 	s.tsoProtoFactory = &tsoutil.TSOProtoFactory{}
diff --git a/tests/server/region_syncer/region_syncer_test.go b/tests/server/region_syncer/region_syncer_test.go
index cb93c988e11e..1470173e0ed7 100644
--- a/tests/server/region_syncer/region_syncer_test.go
+++ b/tests/server/region_syncer/region_syncer_test.go
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 func TestRegionSyncer(t *testing.T) {
 	re := require.New(t)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	re.NoError(failpoint.Enable("github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/storage/regionStorageFastFlush", `return(true)`))
+	re.NoError(failpoint.Enable("github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/storage/levelDBStorageFastFlush", `return(true)`))
 	re.NoError(failpoint.Enable("github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/syncer/noFastExitSync", `return(true)`))
 	re.NoError(failpoint.Enable("github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/syncer/disableClientStreaming", `return(true)`))
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func TestRegionSyncer(t *testing.T) {
 		re.Equal(region.GetBuckets(), r.GetBuckets())
 	}
 	re.NoError(failpoint.Disable("github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/syncer/noFastExitSync"))
-	re.NoError(failpoint.Disable("github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/storage/regionStorageFastFlush"))
+	re.NoError(failpoint.Disable("github.com/tikv/pd/pkg/storage/levelDBStorageFastFlush"))
 }
 
 func TestFullSyncWithAddMember(t *testing.T) {

From 2851db23d841f4d7de2bd3742ffcc89c10927e9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yongbo Jiang <cabinfeveroier@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Mar 2024 16:47:03 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 15/15] tools: support more concurrency for API bench (#7867)

ref tikv/pd#7703

Signed-off-by: Cabinfever_B <cabinfeveroier@gmail.com>
---
 tools/pd-api-bench/cases/controller.go | 90 +++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/controller.go b/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/controller.go
index d6900924cf9e..00d9261cba8d 100644
--- a/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/controller.go
+++ b/tools/pd-api-bench/cases/controller.go
@@ -220,21 +220,25 @@ func (c *httpController) run() {
 		c.wg.Add(1)
 		go func(hCli pdHttp.Client) {
 			defer c.wg.Done()
-			var ticker = time.NewTicker(tt)
-			defer ticker.Stop()
-			for {
-				select {
-				case <-ticker.C:
-					for i := int64(0); i < burst; i++ {
-						err := c.Do(c.ctx, hCli)
-						if err != nil {
-							log.Error("meet error when doing HTTP request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
+			c.wg.Add(int(burst))
+			for i := int64(0); i < burst; i++ {
+				go func() {
+					defer c.wg.Done()
+					var ticker = time.NewTicker(tt)
+					defer ticker.Stop()
+					for {
+						select {
+						case <-ticker.C:
+							err := c.Do(c.ctx, hCli)
+							if err != nil {
+								log.Error("meet erorr when doing HTTP request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
+							}
+						case <-c.ctx.Done():
+							log.Info("Got signal to exit running HTTP case")
+							return
 						}
 					}
-				case <-c.ctx.Done():
-					log.Info("Got signal to exit running HTTP case")
-					return
-				}
+				}()
 			}
 		}(hCli)
 	}
@@ -285,21 +289,25 @@ func (c *gRPCController) run() {
 		c.wg.Add(1)
 		go func(cli pd.Client) {
 			defer c.wg.Done()
-			var ticker = time.NewTicker(tt)
-			defer ticker.Stop()
-			for {
-				select {
-				case <-ticker.C:
-					for i := int64(0); i < burst; i++ {
-						err := c.Unary(c.ctx, cli)
-						if err != nil {
-							log.Error("meet error when doing gRPC request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
+			c.wg.Add(int(burst))
+			for i := int64(0); i < burst; i++ {
+				go func() {
+					defer c.wg.Done()
+					var ticker = time.NewTicker(tt)
+					defer ticker.Stop()
+					for {
+						select {
+						case <-ticker.C:
+							err := c.Unary(c.ctx, cli)
+							if err != nil {
+								log.Error("meet erorr when doing gRPC request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
+							}
+						case <-c.ctx.Done():
+							log.Info("Got signal to exit running gRPC case")
+							return
 						}
 					}
-				case <-c.ctx.Done():
-					log.Info("Got signal to exit running gRPC case")
-					return
-				}
+				}()
 			}
 		}(cli)
 	}
@@ -355,21 +363,25 @@ func (c *etcdController) run() {
 		c.wg.Add(1)
 		go func(cli *clientv3.Client) {
 			defer c.wg.Done()
-			var ticker = time.NewTicker(tt)
-			defer ticker.Stop()
-			for {
-				select {
-				case <-ticker.C:
-					for i := int64(0); i < burst; i++ {
-						err := c.Unary(c.ctx, cli)
-						if err != nil {
-							log.Error("meet error when doing etcd request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
+			c.wg.Add(int(burst))
+			for i := int64(0); i < burst; i++ {
+				go func() {
+					defer c.wg.Done()
+					var ticker = time.NewTicker(tt)
+					defer ticker.Stop()
+					for {
+						select {
+						case <-ticker.C:
+							err := c.Unary(c.ctx, cli)
+							if err != nil {
+								log.Error("meet erorr when doing etcd request", zap.String("case", c.Name()), zap.Error(err))
+							}
+						case <-c.ctx.Done():
+							log.Info("Got signal to exit running etcd case")
+							return
 						}
 					}
-				case <-c.ctx.Done():
-					log.Info("Got signal to exit running etcd case")
-					return
-				}
+				}()
 			}
 		}(cli)
 	}