[FEATURE] More kinds of arithmetic operations

[tommens]

Describe the new functionality you would like to see
The current calculator only provides support for +, *, / and -. Many other types of mathematical operations are needed. To get inspiration for other types of operations one can also look at what typical scientific calculator machines provide. Which types of operations to provide will depend on the types of numbers supported by the calculator.

• For the real number domain, one needs to implement at least the following functions: logarithm (log and ln) and exponent, n-th root, and n-th power (x^^n), all trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan; their inverses asin, acos, atan; their hyperbolic variants sinh, cosh, tang), the inverse function (1/x), and support for frequently used constants such as e and Pi.
• For the integer number domain, it would be desirable to implement support for modular arithmetics.

Regardless of the considered number domain, it would be useful to implement a pseudorandom generator. For testing purposes, it should be possible to give a random seed to the random generator can be tested deterministically.

• For the real number domain: No value needs to be provided as input, the random generator will always provide a real value between 0 and 1.
• For the integer number domain: Given an integer as input, the random generator will provide a random integer between 0 and the integer provided as input.

Implementation recommendations
One could for example rely on java.lang.Math to implement other basic numeric operations, such as the power function, exponential, logarithm, square root, the trigonometric functions and more.