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timeline.html
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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta id="view" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, initial-scale=1"/>
<title>Timeline</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="includes/timeline2.css" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="includes/jquery-1.8.3.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="includes/timeline2.js"></script>
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="includes/timeline_ie_7_8.css" />
<script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<div>
<center><p class="VRDI">VRDI presents</p></center>
</div>
<div class="timeline">
<div class="panel_container">
<h1>The history of Gerrymandering</h1>
<center><p id="paragraph1">Gerrymandering is a practice used to establish a political advantage for a particular political party or group by manipulating district boundaries. It has been used many times throughout history by those in power in attempts to keep power. Below is a timeline that shows a history of gerrymandering in the United States.</p></center>
<div class="panel_slider">
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<div class="panel">
<div class="panel_content">
<button id="myBtn">Patrick Henry and Anti-Federalist - 1788</button>
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<div id="modal-content">
<!--<span class="close">×</span>-->
<div style="width:300px; float:left;">Patrick Henry and Anti-Federalists were in control of the Virginia House of Delegates. They attempted to keep James Madison out of the U.S. House of Representatives by drawing the boundaries of Virginia's 5th Congressional District in favor of James Monroe. However, they were unsuccessful, and James Madison was elected.</div>
<img src="images/Patrick_henry.JPG" alt="Patrick_henry" style="width:250px; height:200px; float:right;" >
</div>
<div class="label">1788</div>
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<button id="myBtn0">Article I - 1788</button>
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<p>Article I of the Constitution established that a census shall be taken of the United States every 10 years and representatives for each state will be assigned based on their population. The House of Representatives has 435 seats which shall be distributed proportional to each state based on their population. </p>
</div>
<div class="label">1788</div>
</div>
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<button id="myBtn1">Elbridge Gerry - 1812</button>
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<div style="width:300px; float:left;">Elbridge Gerry was the Governor of Massachusetts in 1812. He signed a bill that redistricted Massachusetts to favor the Democratic-Republican Party. Under the new districting plan, one of Boston’s districts was thought to resemble a mythological salamander. Thus the term “gerrymandering” was coined and printed for the first time in the Boston Gazette.</div>
<img src="images/the_gerry-mander_edit-wr.png.jpeg" alt="Gerrymandering_and_salnander" style="width:250px; height:200px; float:right;" >
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<div class="label">1812</div>
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<button id="myBtn2">14th Amendment - 1868</button>
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<p>The 14th amendment has been cited many times in gerrymandering cases. The 14th amendment guarantees everyone “equal protection of the laws.”</p>
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<div class="label">1868 </div>
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<div class="panel_content">
<button id="myBtn4">Colegrove v. Green - 1946</button>
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<p>Three Illinois voters claimed the state’s congressional districts lacked compactness and equal population, which resulted in unfair apportionment, a violation of the Constitution. The case was dismissed on the grounds that the Constitution placed no requirements on district plans regarding compactness, contiguity or equal population. The court stated the political nature of apportionment precluded judicial intervention, and the solution was to elect legislatures that would apportion properly. </p>
</div>
<div class="label">1946</div>
</div>
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</div>
</div>
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<div class="panel">
<div class="panel_content">
<button id="myBtn5">Baker v. Carr - 1962</button>
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<p>Plaintiffs argued that Tennessee had failed to reapportion its legislative districts in accordance with the state constitution. The Supreme Court found that legislative apportionment was a justiciable [1] issue. The court made it clear that any state who failed to apportion their districts in an equal fashion is in violation of the Equal Protection Clause [2].
[1] Justiciable: Refers to the types of matters a court can make a formal judgement or decision on. [2] Equal Protection Clause: Refers to the idea that the governmental body cannot deny people equal protection of its governing laws. The governing body must treat every individual in the same manner as others in similar circumstances and conditions.</p>
</div>
<div class="label">1962</div>
</div>
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<button id="myBtn6">Wesberry v. Sanders- 1964</button>
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<p>James Wesberry brought a case against Georgia Governor Carl Sanders. Wesberry lived in a district whose population was two to three times larger than other districts in Georgia, which resulted in vote dilution. Vote dilution is a violation of the U.S. Constitution. The court ruled in favor of Wesberry – districts need to be as equal in population as possible in order for everyone's vote to be as equal in weight as possible.</p>
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<div class="label">1964</div>
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<button id="myBtn7">Voting Rights Act - 1965</button>
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<div style="width:300px; float:left;">The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The goal of the Voting Rights Act was to give minority groups an equal opportunity to vote. It banned literacy tests and provided the federal oversight of voter registration in areas where less than half the non-white population was registered to vote. It also banned state redistricting that dilutes the vote of minority groups. It allowed the U.S. attorney general to investigate the use of poll taxes in state and local elections. </div>
<img src="images/90.jpeg" alt="Voting Rights Act" style="width:250px; height:200px; float:right;" >
</div>
<div class="label">1965</div>
</div>
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<button id="myBtn10">Thornburg v. Gingles - 1986</button>
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<p>North Carolina passed a new districting plan for the state’s Senate and House of Representatives. African Americans in North Carolina claimed that the new plan contained 7 new districts in which they would not be able to elect a representative of their choice – a violation of section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. The court found that five of the districts diluted the vote of African American Voters. The court also established three criteria for proving racial vote dilution under the Voting Rights Act. </p>
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<div class="label">1986</div>
</div>
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<button id="myBtn11">Davis v. Bandemer - 1986</button>
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<p>The case was brought by a group of Indiana Democrats, who claimed that the appointment of Indiana State Legislatures diluted the voice of Democratic voters in key districts. This was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. The Supreme Court ruled that Indiana's district plan was not illegally gerrymandered. The court maintained partisan gerrymandering cases are justiciable under the Equal Protection Clause.</p>
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<div class="label">1986</div>
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<button id="myBtn12">Miller v. Johnson - 1995</button>
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<p>The African American population of Georgia made up a total of 27% of its overall population. However, they only had one congressional seat to represent their community values. According to the 1990 census, Georgia’s African American population was entitled to another congressional seat. Georgia's congressional districts had been drawn in a way such that the African American population was only able to elect one African American representative; and this is racial gerrymandering. The court ruled that racial gerrymandering was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. </p>
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<div class="label">1995</div>
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<button id="myBtn13">Vieth v. Jubelirer - 2004</button>
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<p>Pennsylvania Democrats brought this case to court. They claimed that the state legislature, which was controlled by Republicans at the time of redistricting, had drawn a map that constituted an illegal partisan gerrymander. The court issued a split decision with no majority. As a result, no precedent was established regarding partisan gerrymandering cases.</p>
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<div class="label">2004</div>
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<p>In 2010 Republicans formulated a plan called REDMAP (Redistricting Majority Project). REDMAP looked for states that had a possibility of changing from blue to red states and redistricted them. In the 2010 midterm elections, Republicans gained 6 Senate seats and 63 House seats, making them the majority of the House of Representatives and gained control over more state legislators than the Democrats had. The Republicans then started to work on redistricting wherever they could. This led to a 23 seat gain in the House for Republicans in 2012 elections.</p>
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<div class="label">2010</div>
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<p>The issue, in this case, was the constitutionality of Texas legislative districts. The plaintiffs argued that district populations should only take into account the number of registered or eligible voters residing within those districts instead of the total population. They also argued that taking into account the total population in districts with a small population of non-eligible voters dilutes the voting power of other citizens residing within the district. The court ruled that state or localities can use total population when redistricting.</p>
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<div class="label">2016</div>
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<div style="width:300px; float:left;">North Carolina’s 2016 Congressional map had been struck down by the district court, ruling that the plaintiffs had standing to challenge the map and that it was a product of partisan gerrymandering. Rucho, head of the senate redistricting committee, appealed the decision to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled that partisan gerrymandering claims are not judiciable because they present a political question beyond the reach of the federal court. Federal courts are charged with resolving controversies and cases of a judicial nature, questions of a political nature are nonjusticiable.</div>
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<div class="label">2019</div>
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