diff --git a/crates/rspack_core/src/concatenated_module.rs b/crates/rspack_core/src/concatenated_module.rs
index 3f754c118a3..b4f2e4eb9b6 100644
--- a/crates/rspack_core/src/concatenated_module.rs
+++ b/crates/rspack_core/src/concatenated_module.rs
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ impl Module for ConcatenatedModule {
     let mut result = ConcatSource::default();
     let mut should_add_harmony_flag = false;
 
-    // Add harmony compatibility flag (must be first because of possible circular dependencies)
+    // Add ESM compatibility flag (must be first because of possible circular dependencies)
     if compilation
       .get_module_graph()
       .get_exports_info(&self.id())
diff --git a/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/dependency/esm/harmony_export_imported_specifier_dependency.rs b/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/dependency/esm/harmony_export_imported_specifier_dependency.rs
index 4706a166b34..2a2d93bf5b0 100644
--- a/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/dependency/esm/harmony_export_imported_specifier_dependency.rs
+++ b/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/dependency/esm/harmony_export_imported_specifier_dependency.rs
@@ -858,9 +858,9 @@ impl HarmonyExportImportedSpecifierDependency {
   ) -> Option<Vec<Diagnostic>> {
     let create_error = |message: String| {
       let (severity, title) = if should_error {
-        (Severity::Error, "HarmonyLinkingError")
+        (Severity::Error, "ESModulesLinkingError")
       } else {
-        (Severity::Warning, "HarmonyLinkingWarning")
+        (Severity::Warning, "ESModulesLinkingWarning")
       };
       let parent_module_identifier = module_graph
         .get_parent_module(&self.id)
diff --git a/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/dependency/esm/harmony_import_dependency.rs b/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/dependency/esm/harmony_import_dependency.rs
index ab62ecb6fb0..a52bd0d014f 100644
--- a/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/dependency/esm/harmony_import_dependency.rs
+++ b/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/dependency/esm/harmony_import_dependency.rs
@@ -240,9 +240,9 @@ pub fn harmony_import_dependency_get_linking_error<T: ModuleDependency>(
   );
   let create_error = |message: String| {
     let (severity, title) = if should_error {
-      (Severity::Error, "HarmonyLinkingError")
+      (Severity::Error, "ESModulesLinkingError")
     } else {
-      (Severity::Warning, "HarmonyLinkingWarning")
+      (Severity::Warning, "ESModulesLinkingWarning")
     };
     let mut diagnostic = if let Some(span) = module_dependency.range()
       && let Some(source) = parent_module.original_source().map(|s| s.source())
diff --git a/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/parser_and_generator/mod.rs b/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/parser_and_generator/mod.rs
index 3755aae74dc..e4f63bcc916 100644
--- a/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/parser_and_generator/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/rspack_plugin_javascript/src/parser_and_generator/mod.rs
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ impl ParserAndGenerator for JavaScriptParserAndGenerator {
     _mg: &ModuleGraph,
     _cg: &ChunkGraph,
   ) -> Option<Cow<'static, str>> {
-    // Only harmony modules are valid for optimization
+    // Only ES modules are valid for optimization
     if module.build_meta().is_none()
       || module
         .build_meta()
diff --git a/crates/rspack_plugin_runtime/src/runtime_module/runtime/harmony_module_decorator.js b/crates/rspack_plugin_runtime/src/runtime_module/runtime/harmony_module_decorator.js
index fcd475149e9..8c9f2085b68 100644
--- a/crates/rspack_plugin_runtime/src/runtime_module/runtime/harmony_module_decorator.js
+++ b/crates/rspack_plugin_runtime/src/runtime_module/runtime/harmony_module_decorator.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ __webpack_require__.hmd = function (module) {
     Object.defineProperty(module, 'exports', {
         enumerable: true,
         set: function () {
-            throw new Error('ES Modules may not assign module.exports or exports.*, Use ESM export syntax, instead: ' + module.id);
+            throw new Error('ES modules may not assign module.exports or exports.*, Use ESM export syntax, instead: ' + module.id);
         }
     });
     return module;
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/__snapshots__/Config.test.js.snap b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/__snapshots__/Config.test.js.snap
index 1edaecfe285..70b70ad656a 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/__snapshots__/Config.test.js.snap
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/__snapshots__/Config.test.js.snap
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ const value = foo + (bar_default())
 export { value };
 `;
 
-exports[`config config/library/modern-module-force-concaten step  should pass: harmony export should concat 1`] = `
+exports[`config config/library/modern-module-force-concaten step  should pass: ESM export should concat 1`] = `
 ;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./a.js
 const a = 'a'
 
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/configCases/library/modern-module-force-concaten/rspack.config.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/configCases/library/modern-module-force-concaten/rspack.config.js
index 32266e35d00..cb33214647c 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/configCases/library/modern-module-force-concaten/rspack.config.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/configCases/library/modern-module-force-concaten/rspack.config.js
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module.exports = {
 			 */
 			const handler = compilation => {
 				compilation.hooks.afterProcessAssets.tap("testcase", assets => {
-					expect(assets['a.js']._value).toMatchSnapshot("harmony export should concat");
+					expect(assets['a.js']._value).toMatchSnapshot("ESM export should concat");
 					expect(assets['b.js']._value).toMatchSnapshot(".cjs should bail out");
 					expect(assets['c.js']._value).toMatchSnapshot("unambiguous should bail out");
 					expect(assets['d.js']._value).toMatchSnapshot(".mjs should concat");
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/errors/harmony-export-default-from/index.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/errors/harmony-export-default-from/index.js
index e5969e1a3f9..f9d4f53011c 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/errors/harmony-export-default-from/index.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/errors/harmony-export-default-from/index.js
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-it("should throw if harmony export default from is used", () => {
+it("should throw if ESM export default from is used", () => {
 	expect(() => require("./foo")).toThrowError(/Module parse failed/);
 });
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm1.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm1.js
index f09dafd9d91..65238a1d5cc 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm1.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm1.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import "./bbb";
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when assign to module.exports", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when assign to module.exports", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		module.exports = 1;
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm2.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm2.js
index 9e83415ea05..072733ebb72 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm2.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm2.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import "./bbb";
 
 module = 1;
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when assign to module", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when assign to module", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		__webpack_module__.exports = 1;
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm3.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm3.js
index da70c45b017..dfe609852e8 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm3.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm3.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import "./bbb";
 
 module.__esModule = 1;
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when assign to module._esModule", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when assign to module._esModule", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		__webpack_module__.exports = 1;
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm4.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm4.js
index 55a80dad12f..e00751784e9 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm4.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm4.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import "./bbb";
 
 Object.keys(module);
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when access module", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when access module", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		__webpack_module__.exports = 1;
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm5.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm5.js
index 59be4fa4f57..67d45085ff4 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm5.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm5.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import "./bbb";
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when Object.defineProperty(module, 'exports', xxx);", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when Object.defineProperty(module, 'exports', xxx);", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		Object.defineProperty(module, "exports", 1);
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm6.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm6.js
index 75bf868df68..3b7affcfda6 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm6.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/normalCases/parsing/harmony-commonjs-mix-decorator/esm6.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import "./bbb";
 
 module.xxx = 1;
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when assign to module.xxx", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when assign to module.xxx", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		__webpack_module__.exports = 1;
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm1.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm1.js
index f09dafd9d91..65238a1d5cc 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm1.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm1.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import "./bbb";
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when assign to module.exports", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when assign to module.exports", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		module.exports = 1;
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm2.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm2.js
index 9e83415ea05..072733ebb72 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm2.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm2.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import "./bbb";
 
 module = 1;
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when assign to module", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when assign to module", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		__webpack_module__.exports = 1;
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm3.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm3.js
index da70c45b017..dfe609852e8 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm3.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm3.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import "./bbb";
 
 module.__esModule = 1;
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when assign to module._esModule", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when assign to module._esModule", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		__webpack_module__.exports = 1;
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm4.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm4.js
index ce231863e80..2b1527eabe4 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm4.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm4.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import "./bbb";
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when access module", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when access module", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		__webpack_module__.exports = 1;
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm5.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm5.js
index 59be4fa4f57..67d45085ff4 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm5.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm5.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import "./bbb";
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when Object.defineProperty(module, 'exports', xxx);", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when Object.defineProperty(module, 'exports', xxx);", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		Object.defineProperty(module, "exports", 1);
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm6.js b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm6.js
index 75bf868df68..3b7affcfda6 100644
--- a/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm6.js
+++ b/packages/rspack-test-tools/tests/runtimeDiffCases/module-interop/esm-cjs-mix/src/mix/esm6.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import "./bbb";
 
 module.xxx = 1;
 
-it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with harmony module decorator when assign to module.xxx", function () {
+it("should decorate esm and commonjs mix with ES modules decorator when assign to module.xxx", function () {
 	expect(function () {
 		__webpack_module__.exports = 1;
 	}).toThrowError();
diff --git a/packages/rspack/src/RuntimeGlobals.ts b/packages/rspack/src/RuntimeGlobals.ts
index c129e3571a0..3516546b6df 100644
--- a/packages/rspack/src/RuntimeGlobals.ts
+++ b/packages/rspack/src/RuntimeGlobals.ts
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ export const RuntimeGlobals = {
 	compatGetDefaultExport: "__webpack_require__.n",
 
 	/**
-	 * harmony module decorator
+	 * ES modules decorator
 	 */
 	harmonyModuleDecorator: "__webpack_require__.hmd",
 
diff --git a/tests/webpack-examples/build-http/README.md b/tests/webpack-examples/build-http/README.md
index 725256ad2de..94a1b910de0 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-examples/build-http/README.md
+++ b/tests/webpack-examples/build-http/README.md
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ modules by path https:// 30 KiB
   https://unpkg.com/p-map-series?module 263 bytes [built] [code generated]
     [exports: default]
     [used exports unknown]
-    harmony side effect evaluation https://unpkg.com/p-map-series?module ./example.js 4:0-58
+    ESM side effect evaluation https://unpkg.com/p-map-series?module ./example.js 4:0-58
     ESM import specifier https://unpkg.com/p-map-series?module ./example.js 8:12-17
 ./example.js 314 bytes [built] [code generated]
   [no exports]
diff --git a/tests/webpack-examples/code-splitting-depend-on-advanced/README.md b/tests/webpack-examples/code-splitting-depend-on-advanced/README.md
index 071ef57aa97..a737a63f4f7 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-examples/code-splitting-depend-on-advanced/README.md
+++ b/tests/webpack-examples/code-splitting-depend-on-advanced/README.md
@@ -589,21 +589,21 @@ chunk (runtime: runtime) react-vendors.js (react-vendors) 87 bytes ={runtime}= >
   ./node_modules/prop-types.js 31 bytes [built] [code generated]
     [used exports unknown]
     from origin ./lazy.js
-      harmony side effect evaluation prop-types ./lazy.js 2:0-35
+      ESM side effect evaluation prop-types ./lazy.js 2:0-35
       ESM import specifier prop-types ./lazy.js 4:20-29
     cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/prop-types.js 1:0-14
     entry prop-types react-vendors
   ./node_modules/react-dom.js 30 bytes [built] [code generated]
     [used exports unknown]
     from origin ./page1.js
-      harmony side effect evaluation react-dom ./page1.js 3:0-33
+      ESM side effect evaluation react-dom ./page1.js 3:0-33
       ESM import specifier react-dom ./page1.js 5:36-44
     cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/react-dom.js 1:0-14
     entry react-dom react-vendors
   ./node_modules/react.js 26 bytes [built] [code generated]
     [used exports unknown]
     from origin ./page1.js
-      harmony side effect evaluation react ./page1.js 2:0-26
+      ESM side effect evaluation react ./page1.js 2:0-26
       ESM import specifier react ./page1.js 5:29-34
     cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/react.js 1:0-14
     entry react react-vendors
@@ -660,21 +660,21 @@ chunk (runtime: runtime) react-vendors.js (react-vendors) 87 bytes ={runtime}= >
   ./node_modules/prop-types.js 31 bytes [built] [code generated]
     [used exports unknown]
     from origin ./lazy.js
-      harmony side effect evaluation prop-types ./lazy.js 2:0-35
+      ESM side effect evaluation prop-types ./lazy.js 2:0-35
       ESM import specifier prop-types ./lazy.js 4:20-29
     cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/prop-types.js 1:0-14
     entry prop-types react-vendors
   ./node_modules/react-dom.js 30 bytes [built] [code generated]
     [used exports unknown]
     from origin ./page1.js
-      harmony side effect evaluation react-dom ./page1.js 3:0-33
+      ESM side effect evaluation react-dom ./page1.js 3:0-33
       ESM import specifier react-dom ./page1.js 5:36-44
     cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/react-dom.js 1:0-14
     entry react-dom react-vendors
   ./node_modules/react.js 26 bytes [built] [code generated]
     [used exports unknown]
     from origin ./page1.js
-      harmony side effect evaluation react ./page1.js 2:0-26
+      ESM side effect evaluation react ./page1.js 2:0-26
       ESM import specifier react ./page1.js 5:29-34
     cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/react.js 1:0-14
     entry react react-vendors
diff --git a/tests/webpack-examples/code-splitting-depend-on-simple/README.md b/tests/webpack-examples/code-splitting-depend-on-simple/README.md
index a8b37c9c791..96478735259 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-examples/code-splitting-depend-on-simple/README.md
+++ b/tests/webpack-examples/code-splitting-depend-on-simple/README.md
@@ -312,21 +312,21 @@ chunk (runtime: react-vendors) react-vendors.js (react-vendors) 87 bytes (javasc
     ./node_modules/prop-types.js 31 bytes [built] [code generated]
       [used exports unknown]
       from origin ./app.js
-        harmony side effect evaluation prop-types ./app.js 3:0-35
+        ESM side effect evaluation prop-types ./app.js 3:0-35
         ESM import specifier prop-types ./app.js 5:29-38
       cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/prop-types.js 1:0-14
       entry prop-types react-vendors
     ./node_modules/react-dom.js 30 bytes [built] [code generated]
       [used exports unknown]
       from origin ./app.js
-        harmony side effect evaluation react-dom ./app.js 2:0-33
+        ESM side effect evaluation react-dom ./app.js 2:0-33
         ESM import specifier react-dom ./app.js 5:19-27
       cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/react-dom.js 1:0-14
       entry react-dom react-vendors
     ./node_modules/react.js 26 bytes [built] [code generated]
       [used exports unknown]
       from origin ./app.js
-        harmony side effect evaluation react ./app.js 1:0-26
+        ESM side effect evaluation react ./app.js 1:0-26
         ESM import specifier react ./app.js 5:12-17
       cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/react.js 1:0-14
       entry react react-vendors
@@ -353,21 +353,21 @@ chunk (runtime: react-vendors) react-vendors.js (react-vendors) 87 bytes (javasc
     ./node_modules/prop-types.js 31 bytes [built] [code generated]
       [used exports unknown]
       from origin ./app.js
-        harmony side effect evaluation prop-types ./app.js 3:0-35
+        ESM side effect evaluation prop-types ./app.js 3:0-35
         ESM import specifier prop-types ./app.js 5:29-38
       cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/prop-types.js 1:0-14
       entry prop-types react-vendors
     ./node_modules/react-dom.js 30 bytes [built] [code generated]
       [used exports unknown]
       from origin ./app.js
-        harmony side effect evaluation react-dom ./app.js 2:0-33
+        ESM side effect evaluation react-dom ./app.js 2:0-33
         ESM import specifier react-dom ./app.js 5:19-27
       cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/react-dom.js 1:0-14
       entry react-dom react-vendors
     ./node_modules/react.js 26 bytes [built] [code generated]
       [used exports unknown]
       from origin ./app.js
-        harmony side effect evaluation react ./app.js 1:0-26
+        ESM side effect evaluation react ./app.js 1:0-26
         ESM import specifier react ./app.js 5:12-17
       cjs self exports reference ./node_modules/react.js 1:0-14
       entry react react-vendors
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin-entry/1-use-dll/index.js b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin-entry/1-use-dll/index.js
index 535df50edf1..c9818abdef7 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin-entry/1-use-dll/index.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin-entry/1-use-dll/index.js
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ it("should load a module from dll", function() {
 	expect(require("dll/index")).toEqual(nsObj({ bar: "bar", default: 42 }));
 });
 
-it("should load an harmony module from dll (default export)", function() {
+it("should load an ES module from dll (default export)", function() {
 	expect(Answer).toBe(42);
 });
 
-it("should load an harmony module from dll (star export)", function() {
+it("should load an ES module from dll (star export)", function() {
 	expect(bar).toBe("bar");
 });
 
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/1-use-dll/index.js b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/1-use-dll/index.js
index 638fe966db9..18431f91483 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/1-use-dll/index.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/1-use-dll/index.js
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ it("should load an async module from dll", function(done) {
 		.catch(done);
 });
 
-it("should load an harmony module from dll (default export)", function() {
+it("should load an ES module from dll (default export)", function() {
 	expect(d).toBe("d");
 });
 
-it("should load an harmony module from dll (star export)", function() {
+it("should load an ES module from dll (star export)", function() {
 	expect(x1).toBe(123);
 	expect(x2).toBe(123);
 	expect(y1).toBe(456);
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/2-use-dll-without-scope/index.js b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/2-use-dll-without-scope/index.js
index 70482da8fdc..982e5787975 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/2-use-dll-without-scope/index.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/2-use-dll-without-scope/index.js
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ it("should load an async module from dll", function (done) {
 		.catch(done);
 });
 
-it("should load an harmony module from dll (default export)", function () {
+it("should load an ES module from dll (default export)", function () {
 	expect(d).toBe("d");
 });
 
-it("should load an harmony module from dll (star export)", function () {
+it("should load an ES module from dll (star export)", function () {
 	expect(x1).toBe(123);
 	expect(x2).toBe(123);
 	expect(y1).toBe(456);
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/3-use-dll-with-hashid/index.js b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/3-use-dll-with-hashid/index.js
index 224bc015e73..d4fe59e07e7 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/3-use-dll-with-hashid/index.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/dll-plugin/3-use-dll-with-hashid/index.js
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ it("should load an async module from dll", function(done) {
 	}).catch(done);
 });
 
-it("should load an harmony module from dll (default export)", function() {
+it("should load an ES module from dll (default export)", function() {
 	expect(d).toBe("d");
 });
 
-it("should load an harmony module from dll (star export)", function() {
+it("should load an ES module from dll (star export)", function() {
 	expect(x1).toBe(123);
 	expect(x2).toBe(123);
 	expect(y1).toBe(456);
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/parsing/harmony-this-concat/index.js b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/parsing/harmony-this-concat/index.js
index e4ecf860e0a..7e78fdc41db 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/parsing/harmony-this-concat/index.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/parsing/harmony-this-concat/index.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {bindThis, callThis, applyThis} from "./issue-7213";
 
 import * as abc from "./abc";
 
-it("should have this = undefined on harmony modules", () => {
+it("should have this = undefined on ES modules", () => {
 	expect((typeof that)).toBe("undefined");
 	expect((typeof abc.that)).toBe("undefined");
 	expect((typeof returnThisArrow())).toBe("undefined");
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/parsing/harmony-this/index.js b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/parsing/harmony-this/index.js
index 531f7a7bef5..daf51814df8 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/parsing/harmony-this/index.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/parsing/harmony-this/index.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {bindThis, callThis, applyThis} from "./issue-7213";
 
 import * as abc from "./abc";
 
-it("should have this = undefined on harmony modules", () => {
+it("should have this = undefined on ES modules", () => {
 	expect((typeof that)).toBe("undefined");
 	expect((typeof abc.that)).toBe("undefined");
 	expect((typeof returnThisArrow())).toBe("undefined");
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/runtime/invalid-esm-export/index.js b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/runtime/invalid-esm-export/index.js
index a25f46d5973..dd6868f804d 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/configCases/runtime/invalid-esm-export/index.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/configCases/runtime/invalid-esm-export/index.js
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ it("should throw exception when module.exports is assigned in es module", functi
 	expect(function() {
 		require("./esm-import-cjs-export");
 	}).toThrowError(
-		'ES Modules may not assign module.exports or exports.*, Use ESM export syntax, instead: ./esm-import-cjs-export.js'
+		'ES modules may not assign module.exports or exports.*, Use ESM export syntax, instead: ./esm-import-cjs-export.js'
 	);
 });
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/graph-correctness-modules/test.config.js b/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/graph-correctness-modules/test.config.js
index 34e3279a78c..bde518ced2e 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/graph-correctness-modules/test.config.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/graph-correctness-modules/test.config.js
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ module.exports = {
 		- ./module-a.js XX bytes [built] [code generated]
 		- import() ./module-a ./eXX.js
 		- import() ./module-a ./module-c.js
-		+ harmony side effect evaluation ./module-x ./eXX.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ harmony side effect evaluation ./module-x ./eXX.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ ESM side effect evaluation ./module-x ./eXX.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ ESM side effect evaluation ./module-x ./eXX.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ import() ./module-x ./module-b.js XX:XX-XX
 		@@ -14,5 +12,1 @@
 		- import() ./module-b ./module-a.js
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ module.exports = {
 		- esm import ./module-x ./eXX.js
 		- esm import ./module-x ./eXX.js
 		- import() ./module-x ./module-b.js
-		+ harmony side effect evaluation ./module-x ./eXX.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ harmony side effect evaluation ./module-x ./eXX.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ ESM side effect evaluation ./module-x ./eXX.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ ESM side effect evaluation ./module-x ./eXX.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ import() ./module-x ./module-b.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ chunk (runtime: eXX, eXX) c.js (c) XX bytes <{XX}> <{XX}> >{XX}< [rendered]
 		+ ./module-c.js XX bytes [built] [code generated]
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/side-effects-issue-7428/test.config.js b/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/side-effects-issue-7428/test.config.js
index 178ace1ee0f..6f21a661517 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/side-effects-issue-7428/test.config.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/side-effects-issue-7428/test.config.js
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ module.exports = {
 		- esm import specifier ./components ./main.js
 		- esm import ./components ./main.js
 		+ [inactive] from origin ./main.js + XX modules
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./components ./main.js + XX modules ./main.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./components ./main.js + XX modules ./main.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ [inactive] ESM import specifier ./components ./main.js + XX modules ./main.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ [inactive] ESM import specifier ./components ./main.js + XX modules ./main.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ [inactive] from origin ./foo.js
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./components ./foo.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./components ./foo.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ [inactive] ESM import specifier ./components ./foo.js XX:XX-XX
 		@@ -19,5 +21,6 @@
 		- esm export ./CompA ./components/src/CompAB/index.js
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ module.exports = {
 		- esm import specifier ./components ./foo.js
 		- esm import specifier ./components ./main.js
 		+ [inactive] from origin ./components/src/CompAB/index.js
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./CompA ./components/src/CompAB/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./CompA ./components/src/CompAB/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./CompAB ./components/src/index.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./CompA ./components/src/CompAB/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./CompA ./components/src/CompAB/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./CompAB ./components/src/index.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
 		+ ESM import specifier ./components ./foo.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
 		+ ESM import specifier ./components ./main.js + XX modules ./main.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
 		@@ -25,6 +28,9 @@
@@ -40,13 +40,13 @@ module.exports = {
 		- esm import ./utils ./components/src/CompAB/CompB.js
 		- esm import specifier ./utils ./components/src/CompAB/CompB.js
 		+ from origin ./components/src/CompAB/CompA.js
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./utils ./components/src/CompAB/CompA.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./utils ./components/src/CompAB/CompA.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ ESM import specifier ./utils ./components/src/CompAB/CompA.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ from origin ./components/src/CompAB/CompB.js
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./utils ./components/src/CompAB/CompB.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./utils ./components/src/CompAB/CompB.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ ESM import specifier ./utils ./components/src/CompAB/CompB.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ from origin ./main.js + XX modules
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./utils ./main.js + XX modules ./components/src/CompAB/CompB.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./utils ./main.js + XX modules ./components/src/CompAB/CompB.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ ESM import specifier ./utils ./main.js + XX modules ./components/src/CompAB/CompB.js XX:XX-XX
 		@@ -32,3 +38,1 @@
 		- ./main.js XX bytes [orphan] [built]
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ module.exports = {
 		- |   esm export import specifier ./CompAB ./components/src/index.js
 		- |   esm import specifier ./components ./main.js
 		+ |   [inactive] from origin ./components/src/CompAB/index.js
-		+ |     [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./CompB ./components/src/CompAB/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ |     [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./CompB ./components/src/CompAB/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ |   [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./CompAB ./components/src/index.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
+		+ |     [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./CompB ./components/src/CompAB/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ |     [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./CompB ./components/src/CompAB/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ |   [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./CompAB ./components/src/index.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
 		+ |   ESM import specifier ./components ./main.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
 		@@ -46,2 +51,2 @@
 		- import() ./foo ./main.js
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/side-effects-simple-unused/test.config.js b/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/side-effects-simple-unused/test.config.js
index 425d9001f5f..ce1217e1e0f 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/side-effects-simple-unused/test.config.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/statsCases/side-effects-simple-unused/test.config.js
@@ -16,21 +16,21 @@ module.exports = {
 		+ |   [no exports used]
 		+ | ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX bytes [built]
 		+ |   [only some exports used: default]
-		+ |   [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation pmodule ./index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ |   [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation pmodule ./index.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ |   ESM import specifier pmodule ./index.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ |   [inactive] ESM import specifier pmodule ./index.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ | ./node_modules/pmodule/c.js XX bytes [built]
 		+ |   [only some exports used: z]
 		+ |   [inactive] from origin ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js
-		+ |     [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ |     [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ |     [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ |     [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ |   ESM import specifier pmodule ./index.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
-		+ |   [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
+		+ |   [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
 		@@ -5,3 +21,3 @@
 		- esm import pmodule ./index.js
 		- esm import specifier pmodule ./index.js
 		- esm import specifier pmodule ./index.js
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation pmodule ./index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation pmodule ./index.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ ESM import specifier pmodule ./index.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ [inactive] ESM import specifier pmodule ./index.js XX:XX-XX
 		@@ -10,3 +26,5 @@
@@ -38,21 +38,21 @@ module.exports = {
 		- esm export ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js
 		- esm export import specifier ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js
 		+ [inactive] from origin ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ ESM import specifier pmodule ./index.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX (skipped side-effect-free modules)
 		@@ -15,4 +33,6 @@
 		- esm export ./a ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js
 		- esm export import specifier ./a ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js
 		- esm export ./a ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js
 		- esm export import specifier ./a ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js
 		+ [inactive] from origin ./index.js + XX modules
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./a ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./a ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./a ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./a ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ [inactive] from origin ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./a ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./a ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./a ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./a ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
 		@@ -21,27 +41,11 @@
 		- esm export ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js
 		- esm export import specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js
@@ -82,15 +82,15 @@ module.exports = {
 		- |   esm export import specifier ./c ./node_modules/pmodule/b.js
 		- Rspack x.x.x compiled successfully in X.XX
 		+ [inactive] from origin ./index.js + XX modules
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./b ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./b ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./b ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./b ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./b ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./b ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./b ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./b ./index.js + XX modules ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ [inactive] from origin ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js
-		+ [inactive] harmony side effect evaluation ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
-		+ [inactive] harmony export imported specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM side effect evaluation ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
+		+ [inactive] ESM export imported specifier ./b ./node_modules/pmodule/index.js XX:XX-XX
 		+ webpack x.x.x compiled successfully in X ms"
 	`);
 	}
diff --git a/tests/webpack-test/watchCases/parsing/caching-harmony/0/index.js b/tests/webpack-test/watchCases/parsing/caching-harmony/0/index.js
index b03dc33d8b1..cf79ece1fc6 100644
--- a/tests/webpack-test/watchCases/parsing/caching-harmony/0/index.js
+++ b/tests/webpack-test/watchCases/parsing/caching-harmony/0/index.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import m from "./module";
 import cm from "./changing-module";
 
-it("should flag harmony modules correctly", function() {
+it("should flag ES modules correctly", function() {
 	expect(m).toBe("module" + WATCH_STEP);
 	switch(WATCH_STEP) {
 		case "0":
diff --git a/website/docs/en/config/externals.mdx b/website/docs/en/config/externals.mdx
index d746c0bc095..b0a3477714f 100644
--- a/website/docs/en/config/externals.mdx
+++ b/website/docs/en/config/externals.mdx
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ Treat references to `http(s)://...` and `std:...` as external and load them via
 
 Treat references to `http(s)://...` and `std:...` as external and load them via `async import()` when used **(Note that this external type is an `async` module, which has various effects on the execution)**.
 
-Note that if you're going to output ES Modules with those node.js-related presets, Rspack will set the default `externalsType` to [`node-commonjs`](#externalstypenode-commonjs) which would use `createRequire` to construct a require function instead of using `require()`.
+Note that if you're going to output ES modules with those node.js-related presets, Rspack will set the default `externalsType` to [`node-commonjs`](#externalstypenode-commonjs) which would use `createRequire` to construct a require function instead of using `require()`.
 
 **Example**