diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index b5801c5..dfeb617 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -1,151 +1,91 @@
 name: Tests
 on:
   push:
-    branches: ['*']
+    branches: ['master']
   pull_request:
-    branches: ['*']
 
 jobs:
-  test_sqlite:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    env:
+      RAILS_ENV: test
+
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          ### TEST ALL RUBY VERSIONS, USE DEFAULT GEMFILE
-          - ruby: 2.3 ### min version supported by Bundler 2.x
-          - ruby: 2.4
-          - ruby: 2.5
-          - ruby: 2.6
-          - ruby: 2.7
-          - ruby: "3.0" ### must be quoted otherwise will be treated as "3" which will resolve to latest 3.x version
-          - ruby: 3.1
-
-          ### RAILS VERSION TESTING
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_5.0.sqlite3.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_5.1.sqlite3.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_5.2.sqlite3.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_6.0.sqlite3.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_6.1.sqlite3.gemfile
+          ### TEST RUBY VERSIONS
+          - ruby: "2.5"
+          - ruby: "2.6"
+          - ruby: "2.7"
           - ruby: "3.0"
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_7.0.sqlite3.gemfile
-
-    env:
-      BUNDLE_GEMFILE: "${{ matrix.gemfile }}"
-
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-
-    - name: Install ruby
-      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
-      with:
-        ruby-version: "${{ matrix.ruby }}"
-        bundler-cache: true
-
-    - name: Run tests
-      run: |
-        bundle exec rake
-
+          - ruby: "3.1"
+          - ruby: "3.2"
+          ### TEST RAILS VERSIONS
+          - ruby: "2.6"
+            env:
+              RAILS_VERSION: "5.1"
+          - ruby: "2.6"
+            env:
+              RAILS_VERSION: "5.2"
+          - ruby: "2.6"
+            env:
+              RAILS_VERSION: "6.0"
+          - ruby: "2.6"
+            env:
+              RAILS_VERSION: "6.1"
+          - ruby: "3.2"
+            env:
+              RAILS_VERSION: "7.0"
+          - ruby: "3.2"
+            env:
+              RAILS_VERSION: "7.1"
+          ### TEST NON-DEFAULT DATABASES
+          - ruby: "3.2"
+            db_gem: "mysql2"
+          - ruby: "3.2"
+            db_gem: "pg"
 
-  test_mysql:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     services:
       mysql:
-        image: mariadb
+        image: ${{ (matrix.db_gem == 'mysql2' && 'mysql') || '' }} # conditional service
         env:
           MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: password
           MYSQL_DATABASE: test
         options: --health-cmd="mysqladmin ping" --health-interval=10s --health-timeout=5s --health-retries=3
         ports: ['3306:3306']
-
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          ### RAILS VERSION TESTING
-          ### DONT WORRY ABOUT TESTING ALL RUBY VERSIONS. THIS IS COVERED IN THE SQLITE3 TESTS
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_5.0.mysql2.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_5.1.mysql2.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_5.2.mysql2.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_6.0.mysql2.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_6.1.mysql2.gemfile
-          - ruby: "3.0"
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_7.0.mysql2.gemfile
-
-    env:
-      BUNDLE_GEMFILE: "${{ matrix.gemfile }}"
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-
-    - name: Install ruby
-      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
-      with:
-        ruby-version: "${{ matrix.ruby }}"
-        bundler-cache: true
-
-    - name: Run tests
-      env:
-        DATABASE_URL: mysql2://root:password@127.0.0.1:3306/test
-        RAILS_ENV: test
-      run: |
-        bundle exec rake
-
-
-  test_pg:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    services:
       postgres:
-        image: postgres
+        image: ${{ (matrix.db_gem == 'pg' && 'postgres') || '' }} # conditional service
         env:
           POSTGRES_USER: postgres
           POSTGRES_PASSWORD: password
           POSTGRES_DB: test
         ports: ['5432:5432']
 
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          ### RAILS VERSION TESTING
-          ### DONT WORRY ABOUT TESTING ALL RUBY VERSIONS. THIS IS COVERED IN THE SQLITE3 TESTS
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_5.0.pg.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_5.1.pg.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_5.2.pg.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_6.0.pg.gemfile
-          - ruby: 2.6
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_6.1.pg.gemfile
-          - ruby: "3.0"
-            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_7.0.pg.gemfile
-
-    env:
-      BUNDLE_GEMFILE: "${{ matrix.gemfile }}"
-
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
+    - name: Set env DATABASE_URL
+      run: |
+        if [[ "${{ matrix.db_gem }}" == 'mysql2' ]]; then
+          echo "DATABASE_URL=mysql2://root:password@127.0.0.1:3306/test" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        elif [[ "${{ matrix.db_gem }}" == 'pg' ]]; then
+          echo "DATABASE_URL=postgres://postgres:password@localhost:5432/test" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+        fi
+
+    - name: Set env DB_GEM
+      if: ${{ matrix.db_gem }}
+      run: |
+        echo "DB_GEM=${{ matrix.db_gem }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
     - name: Install ruby
       uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
       with:
         ruby-version: "${{ matrix.ruby }}"
-        bundler-cache: true
+        bundler-cache: false ### not compatible with ENV-style Gemfile
 
-    - name: Run tests
-      env:
-        DATABASE_URL: postgres://postgres:password@localhost:5432/test
-        RAILS_ENV: test
+    - name: Run test
       run: |
-        bundle exec rake
+        bundle install
+        bundle exec rake test
diff --git a/Appraisals b/Appraisals
deleted file mode 100644
index 0abad9c..0000000
--- a/Appraisals
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-["sqlite3", "mysql2", "pg"].each do |db_gem|
-
-  appraise "rails_7.0.#{db_gem}" do
-    gem "rails", "~> 7.0.0"
-    gem db_gem
-  end
-
-  appraise "rails_6.1.#{db_gem}" do
-    gem "rails", "~> 6.1.1"
-    gem db_gem
-  end
-
-  appraise "rails_6.0.#{db_gem}" do
-    gem "rails", "~> 6.0.3"
-    gem db_gem
-  end
-
-  appraise "rails_5.2.#{db_gem}" do
-    gem "rails", "~> 5.2.4"
-    gem db_gem
-  end
-
-  appraise "rails_5.1.#{db_gem}" do
-    gem "rails", "~> 5.1.7"
-    gem db_gem
-  end
-
-  appraise "rails_5.0.#{db_gem}" do
-    gem "rails", "~> 5.0.7"
-
-    if db_gem == 'sqlite3'
-      gem "sqlite3", "~> 1.3.13"
-    else
-      gem db_gem
-    end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index 51ce83f..3c733c0 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
-if (RUBY_VERSION.to_f < 2.5 || false) ### set to true if locally testing old Rails version
-  #gem 'rails', '~> 5.0.7'
-  #gem 'rails', '~> 5.1.7'
-  gem 'rails', "~> 5.2.4"
-  gem 'sqlite3', '~> 1.3.13'
-else
-  #gem 'rails', '~> 6.0.3'
-  #gem 'rails', '~> 6.1.1'
-  gem 'rails'
-  gem 'sqlite3'
+gemspec
+
+def get_env(name)
+  (ENV[name] && !ENV[name].empty?) ? ENV[name] : nil
 end
 
-gemspec
+gem 'rails', get_env("RAILS_VERSION")
+
+db_gem = get_env("DB_GEM") || "sqlite3"
+gem db_gem
diff --git a/gemfiles/Rails_5.0.x.gemfile b/gemfiles/Rails_5.0.x.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 23d47f6..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/Rails_5.0.x.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.0.0"
-gem "sqlite3", "~> 1.3.13"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/Rails_5.1.x.gemfile b/gemfiles/Rails_5.1.x.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 6100e83..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/Rails_5.1.x.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.1.0"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/Rails_5.2.x.gemfile b/gemfiles/Rails_5.2.x.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a706dc..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/Rails_5.2.x.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.2.0"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/Rails_6.0.x.gemfile b/gemfiles/Rails_6.0.x.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 15b9b27..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/Rails_6.0.x.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 6.0.0"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/Rails_6.1.x.gemfile b/gemfiles/Rails_6.1.x.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index dd95a47..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/Rails_6.1.x.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 6.1.0"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_5.0.mysql2.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_5.0.mysql2.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index e06d123..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_5.0.mysql2.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.0.7"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "mysql2"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_5.0.pg.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_5.0.pg.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 9cf4869..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_5.0.pg.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.0.7"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "pg"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_5.0.sqlite3.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_5.0.sqlite3.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index aef5856..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_5.0.sqlite3.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.0.7"
-gem "sqlite3", "~> 1.3.13"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_5.1.mysql2.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_5.1.mysql2.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index c30d6b9..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_5.1.mysql2.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.1.7"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "mysql2"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_5.1.pg.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_5.1.pg.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 667cebe..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_5.1.pg.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.1.7"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "pg"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_5.1.sqlite3.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_5.1.sqlite3.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 10a3df0..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_5.1.sqlite3.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.1.7"
-gem "sqlite3"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_5.2.mysql2.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_5.2.mysql2.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 39a2c61..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_5.2.mysql2.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.2.4"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "mysql2"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_5.2.pg.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_5.2.pg.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index a4970e1..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_5.2.pg.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.2.4"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "pg"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_5.2.sqlite3.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_5.2.sqlite3.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 01060f4..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_5.2.sqlite3.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 5.2.4"
-gem "sqlite3"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_6.0.mysql2.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_6.0.mysql2.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index f8ad0bd..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_6.0.mysql2.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 6.0.3"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "mysql2"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_6.0.pg.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_6.0.pg.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e7a298..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_6.0.pg.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 6.0.3"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "pg"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_6.0.sqlite3.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_6.0.sqlite3.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 04e8754..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_6.0.sqlite3.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 6.0.3"
-gem "sqlite3"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_6.1.mysql2.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_6.1.mysql2.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index aca3d96..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_6.1.mysql2.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 6.1.1"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "mysql2"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_6.1.pg.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_6.1.pg.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b2bde4..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_6.1.pg.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 6.1.1"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "pg"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_6.1.sqlite3.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_6.1.sqlite3.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 2787884..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_6.1.sqlite3.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 6.1.1"
-gem "sqlite3"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_7.0.mysql2.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_7.0.mysql2.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d04a7e..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_7.0.mysql2.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 7.0.0"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "mysql2"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_7.0.pg.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_7.0.pg.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index c7d0642..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_7.0.pg.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 7.0.0"
-gem "sqlite3"
-gem "pg"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/rails_7.0.sqlite3.gemfile b/gemfiles/rails_7.0.sqlite3.gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b096eb..0000000
--- a/gemfiles/rails_7.0.sqlite3.gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# This file was generated by Appraisal
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-gem "rails", "~> 7.0.0"
-gem "sqlite3"
-
-gemspec path: "../"
diff --git a/protected_attributes_continued.gemspec b/protected_attributes_continued.gemspec
index fb4098a..e509a03 100644
--- a/protected_attributes_continued.gemspec
+++ b/protected_attributes_continued.gemspec
@@ -22,5 +22,4 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |gem|
   gem.add_development_dependency "actionpack",   ">= 5.0"
   gem.add_development_dependency "railties",   ">= 5.0"
   gem.add_development_dependency "mocha", "~> 1.4.0"
-  gem.add_development_dependency 'appraisal'
 end