diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/authentication/service/LoginService.java b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/authentication/service/LoginService.java
index 59e89d75..a6f0b238 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/authentication/service/LoginService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/authentication/service/LoginService.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import net.pengcook.user.domain.User;
 import net.pengcook.user.repository.UserRepository;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 @Service
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ public class LoginService {
     private final JwtTokenManager jwtTokenManager;
     private final S3ClientService s3ClientService;
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
     public GoogleLoginResponse loginWithGoogle(GoogleLoginRequest googleLoginRequest) {
         FirebaseToken decodedToken = decodeIdToken(googleLoginRequest.idToken());
         String email = decodedToken.getEmail();
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ public GoogleLoginResponse loginWithGoogle(GoogleLoginRequest googleLoginRequest
         return new GoogleLoginResponse(true, accessToken, refreshToken);
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public GoogleSignUpResponse signUpWithGoogle(GoogleSignUpRequest googleSignUpRequest) {
         User user = createUser(googleSignUpRequest);
 
@@ -73,6 +76,12 @@ public TokenRefreshResponse refresh(String refreshToken) {
         );
     }
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
+    public void checkToken(long userId) {
+        userRepository.findById(userId)
+                .orElseThrow(() -> new NoSuchUserException("존재하지 않는 사용자입니다."));
+    }
+
     private User createUser(GoogleSignUpRequest googleSignUpRequest) {
         FirebaseToken decodedToken = decodeIdToken(googleSignUpRequest.idToken());
 
@@ -100,9 +109,4 @@ private FirebaseToken decodeIdToken(String idToken) {
             throw new FirebaseTokenException("구글 인증에 실패했습니다.");
         }
     }
-
-    public void checkToken(long userId) {
-        userRepository.findById(userId)
-                .orElseThrow(() -> new NoSuchUserException("존재하지 않는 사용자입니다."));
-    }
 }
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/category/service/CategoryService.java b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/category/service/CategoryService.java
index 729cfb2a..0364f488 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/category/service/CategoryService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/category/service/CategoryService.java
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 import net.pengcook.category.repository.CategoryRepository;
 import net.pengcook.recipe.domain.Recipe;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 @Service
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
@@ -16,10 +17,12 @@ public class CategoryService {
     private final CategoryRepository categoryRepository;
     private final CategoryRecipeRepository categoryRecipeRepository;
 
+    @Transactional
     public void saveCategories(Recipe recipe, List<String> categories) {
         categories.forEach(category -> saveCategoryRecipe(recipe, category));
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public void deleteCategoryRecipe(Recipe recipe) {
         categoryRecipeRepository.deleteByRecipe(recipe);
     }
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/comment/service/CommentService.java b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/comment/service/CommentService.java
index d140873c..dc4275b4 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/comment/service/CommentService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/comment/service/CommentService.java
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package net.pengcook.comment.service;
 
-import jakarta.transaction.Transactional;
 import java.time.LocalDateTime;
 import java.util.List;
 import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
@@ -16,6 +15,7 @@
 import net.pengcook.user.domain.User;
 import net.pengcook.user.repository.UserRepository;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 @Service
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ public class CommentService {
     private final RecipeRepository recipeRepository;
     private final UserRepository userRepository;
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
     public List<CommentOfRecipeResponse> readComments(Long recipeId, UserInfo userInfo) {
         List<Comment> comments = commentRepository.findByRecipeId(recipeId);
 
@@ -61,10 +62,12 @@ public void deleteComment(long commentId, UserInfo userInfo) {
         recipe.decreaseCommentCount();
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public void deleteCommentsByRecipe(long recipeId) {
         commentRepository.deleteByRecipeId(recipeId);
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public void deleteCommentsByUser(long userId) {
         commentRepository.deleteByUserId(userId);
     }
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientRecipeService.java b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientRecipeService.java
index 46e1b488..3512a6ac 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientRecipeService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientRecipeService.java
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 import net.pengcook.ingredient.repository.IngredientRecipeRepository;
 import net.pengcook.recipe.domain.Recipe;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 @Service
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
@@ -16,11 +17,13 @@ public class IngredientRecipeService {
     private final IngredientRecipeRepository ingredientRecipeRepository;
     private final IngredientSubstitutionService ingredientSubstitutionService;
 
+    @Transactional
     public IngredientRecipe save(Ingredient ingredient, Recipe recipe, Requirement requirement) {
         IngredientRecipe ingredientRecipe = new IngredientRecipe(ingredient, recipe, requirement);
         return ingredientRecipeRepository.save(ingredientRecipe);
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public void deleteIngredientRecipe(long recipeId) {
         List<IngredientRecipe> ingredientRecipes = ingredientRecipeRepository.findAllByRecipeId(recipeId);
         for (IngredientRecipe ingredientRecipe : ingredientRecipes) {
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientService.java b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientService.java
index 53e0a66c..63918ed1 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientService.java
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package net.pengcook.ingredient.service;
 
 
-import jakarta.transaction.Transactional;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import lombok.Getter;
@@ -14,9 +13,9 @@
 import net.pengcook.ingredient.repository.IngredientRepository;
 import net.pengcook.recipe.domain.Recipe;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 @Service
-@Transactional
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
 @Getter
 public class IngredientService {
@@ -25,6 +24,7 @@ public class IngredientService {
     private final IngredientRecipeService ingredientRecipeService;
     private final IngredientSubstitutionService ingredientSubstitutionService;
 
+    @Transactional
     public void register(List<IngredientCreateRequest> requests, Recipe recipe) {
         validateDuplicateNames(getIngredientNames(requests));
         for (IngredientCreateRequest request : requests) {
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientSubstitutionService.java b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientSubstitutionService.java
index 4217fe77..501a883b 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientSubstitutionService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/ingredient/service/IngredientSubstitutionService.java
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 import net.pengcook.ingredient.domain.Requirement;
 import net.pengcook.ingredient.repository.IngredientSubstitutionRepository;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 @Service
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
@@ -15,11 +16,13 @@ public class IngredientSubstitutionService {
 
     private final IngredientSubstitutionRepository ingredientSubstitutionRepository;
 
+    @Transactional
     public void save(IngredientRecipe ingredientRecipe, Ingredient substitution) {
         IngredientSubstitution ingredientSubstitution = new IngredientSubstitution(ingredientRecipe, substitution);
         ingredientSubstitutionRepository.save(ingredientSubstitution);
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public void delete(IngredientRecipe ingredientRecipe) {
         if (ingredientRecipe.getRequirement() == Requirement.ALTERNATIVE) {
             List<IngredientSubstitution> substitutions =
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/like/service/RecipeLikeService.java b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/like/service/RecipeLikeService.java
index 54875022..711ab76e 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/like/service/RecipeLikeService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/like/service/RecipeLikeService.java
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package net.pengcook.like.service;
 
-import jakarta.transaction.Transactional;
 import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
 import net.pengcook.authentication.domain.UserInfo;
 import net.pengcook.like.domain.RecipeLike;
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@
 import net.pengcook.user.domain.User;
 import net.pengcook.user.repository.UserRepository;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 @Service
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ public class RecipeLikeService {
     private final UserRepository userRepository;
     private final RecipeRepository recipeRepository;
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
     public RecipeLikeResponse readLike(UserInfo userInfo, long recipeId) {
         boolean isLike = likeRepository.existsByUserIdAndRecipeId(userInfo.getId(), recipeId);
 
@@ -60,10 +61,12 @@ public void deleteLike(UserInfo userInfo, long recipeId) {
         recipeRepository.save(recipe);
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public void deleteLikesByRecipe(long recipeId) {
         likeRepository.deleteByRecipeId(recipeId);
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public void deleteLikesByUser(long userId) {
         likeRepository.deleteByUserId(userId);
     }
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/recipe/service/RecipeService.java b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/recipe/service/RecipeService.java
index bb3778bb..8da1eac5 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/recipe/service/RecipeService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/recipe/service/RecipeService.java
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 @Service
-@Transactional
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
 public class RecipeService {
 
@@ -49,6 +48,7 @@ public class RecipeService {
     private final CommentService commentService;
     private final RecipeLikeService recipeLikeService;
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
     public List<RecipeHomeWithMineResponse> readRecipes(UserInfo userInfo, PageRecipeRequest pageRecipeRequest) {
         Pageable pageable = pageRecipeRequest.getPageable();
         List<Long> recipeIds = recipeRepository.findRecipeIdsByCategoryAndKeyword(
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ public List<RecipeHomeWithMineResponse> readRecipes(UserInfo userInfo, PageRecip
                 .toList();
     }
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
     public List<RecipeHomeWithMineResponse> readLikeRecipes(UserInfo userInfo) {
         List<Long> likeRecipeIds = likeRepository.findRecipeIdsByUserId(userInfo.getId());
         List<RecipeHomeResponse> recipeHomeResponses = recipeRepository.findRecipeData(likeRecipeIds);
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ public List<RecipeHomeWithMineResponse> readLikeRecipes(UserInfo userInfo) {
                 .toList();
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public RecipeResponse createRecipe(UserInfo userInfo, RecipeRequest recipeRequest) {
         User author = userRepository.findById(userInfo.getId()).orElseThrow();
         String thumbnailUrl = s3ClientService.getImageUrl(recipeRequest.thumbnail()).url();
@@ -96,6 +98,7 @@ public RecipeResponse createRecipe(UserInfo userInfo, RecipeRequest recipeReques
         return new RecipeResponse(savedRecipe);
     }
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
     public RecipeDescriptionResponse readRecipeDescription(UserInfo userInfo, long recipeId) {
         List<RecipeDataResponse> recipeDataResponses = recipeRepository.findRecipeData(recipeId);
 
@@ -107,6 +110,7 @@ public RecipeDescriptionResponse readRecipeDescription(UserInfo userInfo, long r
         );
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public void deleteRecipe(UserInfo userInfo, long recipeId) {
         Optional<Recipe> targetRecipe = recipeRepository.findById(recipeId);
 
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/recipe/service/RecipeStepService.java b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/recipe/service/RecipeStepService.java
index 80d85f36..6eb51a71 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/recipe/service/RecipeStepService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/recipe/service/RecipeStepService.java
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 @Service
-@Transactional
 @RequiredArgsConstructor
 public class RecipeStepService {
 
@@ -26,17 +25,20 @@ public class RecipeStepService {
     private final RecipeRepository recipeRepository;
     private final S3ClientService s3ClientService;
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
     public List<RecipeStepResponse> readRecipeSteps(long recipeId) {
         List<RecipeStep> recipeSteps = recipeStepRepository.findAllByRecipeIdOrderBySequence(recipeId);
         return convertToRecipeStepResponses(recipeSteps);
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public void saveRecipeSteps(Long savedRecipeId, List<RecipeStepRequest> recipeStepRequests) {
         Recipe savedRecipe = recipeRepository.findById(savedRecipeId)
                 .orElseThrow(() -> new NotFoundException("해당되는 레시피가 없습니다."));
         recipeStepRequests.forEach(recipeStepRequest -> saveRecipeStep(savedRecipe, recipeStepRequest));
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public void deleteRecipeStepsByRecipe(long recipeId) {
         recipeStepRepository.deleteByRecipeId(recipeId);
     }
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/user/service/UserService.java b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/user/service/UserService.java
index 9c70d645..9a063b03 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/user/service/UserService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/net/pengcook/user/service/UserService.java
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package net.pengcook.user.service;
 
-import jakarta.transaction.Transactional;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@
 import net.pengcook.user.repository.UserReportRepository;
 import net.pengcook.user.repository.UserRepository;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 @Service
 @AllArgsConstructor
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ public class UserService {
     private final UserReportRepository userReportRepository;
     private final S3ClientService s3ClientService;
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
     public ProfileResponse getUserById(long userId) {
         User user = userRepository.findById(userId)
                 .orElseThrow(() -> new UserNotFoundException("사용자를 찾을 수 없습니다."));
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ public ProfileResponse getUserById(long userId) {
         return new ProfileResponse(user, recipeCount);
     }
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
     public UsernameCheckResponse checkUsername(String username) {
         boolean userExists = userRepository.existsByUsername(username);
         return new UsernameCheckResponse(!userExists);
@@ -74,6 +76,7 @@ public UpdateProfileResponse updateProfile(long userId, UpdateProfileRequest upd
         return new UpdateProfileResponse(user);
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public UserBlockResponse blockUser(long blockerId, long blockeeId) {
         User blocker = userRepository.findById(blockerId)
                 .orElseThrow(() -> new UserNotFoundException("정상적으로 로그인되지 않았습니다."));
@@ -86,6 +89,7 @@ public UserBlockResponse blockUser(long blockerId, long blockeeId) {
                 new UserResponse(userBlock.getBlockee()));
     }
 
+    @Transactional
     public ReportResponse report(long reporterId, ReportRequest reportRequest) {
         User reporter = userRepository.findById(reporterId)
                 .orElseThrow(() -> new NotFoundException("신고자 정보를 조회할 수 없습니다."));
@@ -104,6 +108,7 @@ public ReportResponse report(long reporterId, ReportRequest reportRequest) {
         return new ReportResponse(savedUserReport);
     }
 
+    @Transactional(readOnly = true)
     public BlockedUserGroup getBlockedUserGroup(long blockerId) {
 
         return userBlockRepository.findAllByBlockerId(blockerId).stream()