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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>MXE (M cross environment)</title>
<style type="text/css">
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margin-top: 0em;
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width: 14em;
background-color: #afa;
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.section {
width: 30em;
margin-left: 19em;
margin-bottom: 100%;
}
#package-list {
width: 40em;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="navigation">
<h1>MXE (M cross environment)</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#introduction" >Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#screenshots" >Screenshots</a></li>
<li><a href="#tutorial" >Tutorial</a></li>
<li><a href="#download" >Download</a></li>
<li><a href="http://lists.nongnu.org/mailman/listinfo/mingw-cross-env-list">Mailing List</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/mxe/mxe/issues">Issue Tracker</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="#requirements" >Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#usage" >Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#packages" >List of Packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#creating-packages">Creating Packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#copyright" >Copyright</a></li>
<li><a href="#history" >History</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="#see-also" >See also</a></li>
<li><a href="#used-by" >Used by</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
MXE (M cross environment) is a Makefile that
compiles a cross compiler and cross compiles
many free libraries such as SDL and Qt. Thus,
it provides a nice cross compiling environment
for various target platforms, which
</p>
<ul>
<li>
is designed to
<a href="#requirements">run on any Unix system</a>
</li>
<li>
is easy to adapt and to extend
</li>
<li>
builds
<a href="#packages">many free libraries</a>
in addition to the cross compiler
</li>
<li>
can also
<a href="#usage">build just a subset</a>
of the packages,
and automatically builds their dependencies
</li>
<li>
downloads all needed packages
and verifies them by their checksums
</li>
<li>
is able to update the version numbers of all packages automatically
</li>
<li>
directly uses source packages,
thus ensuring the whole build mechanism is transparent
</li>
<li>
allows inter-package and intra-package
<a href="#usage">parallel builds</a>
whenever possible
</li>
<li>
integrates well with <a href="#tutorial-5a">autotools</a>,
<a href="#tutorial-5b">cmake</a>, <a href="#tutorial-5c">qmake</a>,
and <a href="#tutorial-5d">hand-written makefiles</a>.
</li>
<li>
has been in continuous development <a href="#history">since 2007</a>
and is <a href="#used-by">used by several projects</a>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Supported Toolchains</h3>
<table id="supported-toolchains">
<tr>
<th>Runtime</th>
<th>Host Triplet</th>
<th>Packages</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.mingw.org/">MinGW 3x</a></td>
<td>i686-pc-mingw32</td>
<td style='text-align:center'>301</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="http://mingw-w64.sourceforge.net/">MinGW-w64</a></td>
<td>i686-w64-mingw32</td>
<td style='text-align:center'>288</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x86_64-w64-mingw32</td>
<td style='text-align:center'>266</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2 id="screenshots">Screenshots</h2>
<p>
Cross compiling
<a href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~thebeez/4tH/">4tH</a>:
</p>
<a href="doc/screenshot-4th-compile.png"><img src="doc/screenshot-4th-compile-small.png" alt="4th-compile"></a>
<p>
and running it:
</p>
<a href="doc/screenshot-4th-run.png"><img src="doc/screenshot-4th-run-small.png" alt="4th-run"></a>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2 id="tutorial">Tutorial</h2>
<h3 id="tutorial-1">Step 1: Requirements and Download</h3>
<p>
First, you should ensure that your system meets
MXE's
<a href="#requirements">requirements</a>.
You will almost certainly have to install some stuff.
</p>
<p>
When everything is fine, download the
<a href="#download">current stable version</a>:
</p>
<pre>git clone -b stable https://github.com/mxe/mxe.git</pre>
<p>
If you don't mind installing it in your home directory,
just skip the following step and go straight to step 3.
</p>
<h3 id="tutorial-2">Step 2: System-wide Installation (optional)</h3>
<p>
Now you should save any previous installation
of the MXE.
Assuming you've installed it under
/opt/mxe (any other directory will do as well),
you should execute the following commands:
</p>
<pre>su
mv /opt/mxe /opt/mxe.old
exit</pre>
<p>
Then you need to transfer the entire directory to its definitive location.
We will assume again you use /opt/mxe,
but feel free to use any other directory if you like.
</p>
<pre>su
mv mxe /opt/mxe
exit</pre>
<p>
We're almost done.
Just change to your newly created directory and get going:
</p>
<pre>cd /opt/mxe</pre>
<h3 id="tutorial-3">Step 3: Build MXE</h3>
<p>
Enter the directory where you've downloaded the MXE.
Now it depends on what you actually want – or need.
</p>
<p>
If you choose to enter:
</p>
<pre>make</pre>
<p>
you're in for a long wait,
because it compiles
<a href="#packages">a lot of packages</a>.
On the other hand it doesn't require any intervention,
so you're free to do whatever you like
– like watch a movie or go for a night on the town.
When it's done you'll find that you've installed
a very capable Win32 cross compiler onto your system.
</p>
<p>
If you only need the most basic tools you can also use:
</p>
<pre>make gcc</pre>
<p>
and add any additional packages you need later on.
You can also supply a host of packages on the
<a href="#usage">command line</a>,
e.g.:
</p>
<pre>make gtk lua libidn</pre>
<p>
Targets can also be specified on the command line.
By default, only i686-pc-mingw32 is built, but you can
build your toolchain(s) of choice with:
</p>
<pre>make MXE_TARGETS='x86_64-w64-mingw32 i686-w64-mingw32'</pre>
<p>
or by adjusting the <code>MXE_TARGETS</code> variable
in <code>settings.mk</code>.
</p>
<p>
You'll always end up with a consistent cross compiling environment.
</p>
<p>
If you have trouble here, please feel free to
contact the mxe team through the
<a href="https://github.com/mxe/mxe/issues">issue tracker</a> or
<a href="http://lists.nongnu.org/mailman/listinfo/mingw-cross-env-list">mailing list</a>.
</p>
<p>
After you're done it just needs a little post-installation.
</p>
<h3 id="tutorial-4">Step 4: Environment Variables</h3>
<p>
Edit your .bashrc script in order to change $PATH:
</p>
<pre>export PATH=/<em>where MXE is installed</em>/usr/bin:$PATH</pre>
<p>
You may be tempted to also add <code>$(TARGET)/bin</code>
to your path. You <strong>never</strong> want to do this,
the executables and scripts in there will cause conflicts
with your native toolchain.
</p>
<p>
In case you are using custom $PKG_CONFIG_PATH entries,
you can add separate entries for cross builds:
</p>
<pre>export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="<em>entries for native builds</em>"</pre>
<pre>export PKG_CONFIG_PATH_i686_pc_mingw32="<em>entries for MXE builds</em>"</pre>
<p>
Remember to use i686-pc-mingw32-pkg-config
instead of pkg-config for cross builds.
The Autotools do that automatically for you.
</p>
<p>
Note that any other compiler related environment variables
(like $CC, $LDFLAGS, etc.)
may spoil your compiling pleasure,
so be sure to delete or disable those.
</p>
<p>
For the most isolated and repeatable environment,
use a white-list approach:
</p>
<pre>unset `env | \
grep -vi '^EDITOR=\|^HOME=\|^LANG=\|MXE\|^PATH=' | \
grep -vi 'PKG_CONFIG\|PROXY\|^PS1=\|^TERM=' | \
cut -d '=' -f1 | tr '\n' ' '`</pre>
<!-- update mxe-activate also -->
<p>
Congratulations!
You're ready to cross compile anything you like.
</p>
<h3 id="tutorial-5a">Step 5a: Cross compile your Project (Autotools)</h3>
<p>
If you use the
<a href="http://www.lrde.epita.fr/~adl/autotools.html">Autotools</a>,
all you have to do is:
</p>
<pre>./configure --host=i686-pc-mingw32
make</pre>
<p>
If you build a library, you might also want to enforce a static build:
</p>
<pre>./configure --host=i686-pc-mingw32 --enable-static --disable-shared
make</pre>
<p>
Don't worry about a warning like this:
</p>
<pre>configure: WARNING: If you wanted to set the --build type, don't use --host.
If a cross compiler is detected then cross compile mode will be used.</pre>
<p>
Everything will be just fine.
</p>
<h3 id="tutorial-5b">Step 5b: Cross compile your Project (CMake)</h3>
<p>
If you have a
<a href="http://www.cmake.org/">CMake</a> project,
you can use the provided toolchain file:
</p>
<pre>cmake ... -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=/<em>where MXE is installed</em>/usr/i686-pc-mingw32/share/cmake/mxe-conf.cmake</pre>
<h3 id="tutorial-5c">Step 5c: Cross compile your Project (Qt)</h3>
<p>
If you have a
<a href="http://qt-project.org/">Qt</a> application,
all you have to do is:
</p>
<pre>/where MXE is installed/usr/i686-pc-mingw32/qt/bin/qmake
make</pre>
<p>
Note that Qt 4 is in the "qt" subdirectory. Qt 5 is in the "qt5" subdirectory
and its qmake can be invoked similarly.
</p>
<p>
If you are using Qt plugins
such as the svg or ico image handlers,
you should also have a look at the
<a href="https://qt-project.org/doc/qt-4.8/plugins-howto.html#static-plugins">Qt documentation about static plugins</a>.
</p>
<p>
Note the sql drivers (-qt-sql-*)
and the image handlers for jpeg, tiff, gif and mng
are built-in, <em>not</em> plugins.
</p>
<h3 id="tutorial-5d">Step 5d: Cross compile your Project (Makefile)</h3>
<p>
If you have a handwritten Makefile,
you probably will have to make a few adjustments to it:
</p>
<pre>CC=$(CROSS)gcc
LD=$(CROSS)ld
AR=$(CROSS)ar
PKG_CONFIG=$(CROSS)pkg-config</pre>
<p>
You may have to add a few others, depending on your project.
</p>
<p>
Then, all you have to do is:
</p>
<pre>make CROSS=i686-pc-mingw32-</pre>
<p>
That's it!
</p>
<h3 id="tutorial-5e">Step 5e: Cross compile your Project (OSG)</h3>
<p>
Using static OpenSceneGraph libraries requires a few changes to your source.
The graphics subsystem and all plugins required by your application must be
referenced explicitly. Use a code block like the following:
</p>
<pre>#ifdef OSG_LIBRARY_STATIC
USE_GRAPHICSWINDOW()
USE_OSGPLUGIN(<plugin1>)
USE_OSGPLUGIN(<plugin2>)
...
#endif</pre>
<p>
Look at <code>examples/osgstaticviewer/osgstaticviewer.cpp</code> in the
OpenSceneGraph source distribution for an example. This example can be
compiled with the following command:
</p>
<pre>i686-pc-mingw32-g++ \
-o osgstaticviewer.exe examples/osgstaticviewer/osgstaticviewer.cpp \
`i686-pc-mingw32-pkg-config --cflags openscenegraph-osgViewer openscenegraph-osgPlugins` \
`i686-pc-mingw32-pkg-config --libs openscenegraph-osgViewer openscenegraph-osgPlugins`</pre>
<p>
The <code>i686-pc-mingw32-pkg-config</code> command from MXE will
automatically add <code>-DOSG_LIBRARY_STATIC</code> to your compiler flags.
</p>
<h3>Further Steps</h3>
<p>
If you need further assistance,
feel free to join the
<a href="http://lists.nongnu.org/mailman/listinfo/mingw-cross-env-list">mailing list</a>
where you'll get in touch with
the MXE developers
and other users.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div id="latest-release"></div>
<div id="development"></div>
<h2 id="download">Download</h2>
<p>
To obtain the current stable version, run:
</p>
<pre>git clone -b stable https://github.com/mxe/mxe.git</pre>
<p>
The development version can be obtained by:
</p>
<pre>git clone -b master https://github.com/mxe/mxe.git</pre>
<p>
<strong>N.B.</strong> when using the development version,
ensure you use the local documentation (index.html) -
the website reflects the stable branch.
</p>
<p>
To retrieve updates, run:
</p>
<pre>git pull</pre>
<p>
You can also browse the
<a href="https://github.com/mxe/mxe">web repository</a>.
</p>
<p>
In addition,
feel free to join the
<a href="http://lists.nongnu.org/mailman/listinfo/mingw-cross-env-list">mailing list</a>
and to <a href="#creating-packages">propose new packages</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="committers">For Committers</h3>
<p>
The following <code>.git/config</code> settings ensure
that the stable branch will always be pushed to the
<code><a href="http://help.github.com/pages/">gh-pages</a></code>
branch in addition to the
<code>stable</code> branch,
thus ensuring the website will always stay in sync:
</p>
<pre>[remote "origin"]
url = [email protected]:mxe/mxe.git
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
push = refs/heads/master:refs/heads/master
push = refs/heads/stable:refs/heads/stable
push = refs/heads/stable:refs/heads/gh-pages
[branch "master"]
remote = origin
merge = refs/heads/master
[branch "stable"]
remote = origin
merge = refs/heads/stable</pre>
<h3 id="branches">Branch Concept</h3>
<p>
For the sake of simplicity, there are just two
branches, "master" and "stable". Although it might
seem obvious, here's an overview of the types of
changes that go into each branch:
</p>
<ul class="compact-list">
<li>
Any change of a build script goes into "master".
</li>
<li>
Any package upgrade goes into "master".
</li>
<li>
Any documentation upgrade that refers to a feature
not present in stable goes into "master".
</li>
<li>
Anything else that doesn't affect the build goes
into "stable".
</li>
<li>
Any non-critical improvement to the main Makefile
goes into "stable".
</li>
<li>
Any improvement in the package download URLs or
package version recognition goes into "stable".
</li>
<li>
When in doubt, "master" is used rather than "stable".
</li>
</ul>
<p>
And this is how the branches relete to each other:
</p>
<ul class="compact-list">
<li>
Every change to the "stable" branch
will be merged into "master".
</li>
<li>
After a successful testing phase,
the "stable" branch
will be fast-forwarded to "master".
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2 id="requirements">Requirements</h2>
<p>
MXE requires a recent Unix system where
all components as stated in the table below
are installed.
Detailed instructions are available for:
</p>
<ul class="compact-list">
<li><a href="#requirements-debian">Debian</a></li>
<li><a href="#requirements-fedora">Fedora</a></li>
<li><a href="#requirements-freebsd">FreeBSD</a></li>
<li><a href="#requirements-frugalware">Frugalware</a></li>
<li><a href="#requirements-gentoo">Gentoo</a></li>
<li><a href="#requirements-macos">Mac OS X</a></li>
<li><a href="#requirements-opensuse">openSUSE</a></li>
</ul>
<table class="requirements">
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/">Autoconf</a></td>
<td>≥ 2.67</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://sources.redhat.com/automake/">Automake</a></td>
<td>≥ 1.11.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">Bash</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/">Bison</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.bzip.org/">Bzip2</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.cmake.org/">CMake</a></td>
<td>≥ 2.8.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://flex.sourceforge.net/">Flex</a></td>
<td>≥ 2.5.31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC</a> (gcc, g++)</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://git-scm.com/">Git</a></td>
<td>≥ 1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/">GNU Coreutils</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/">GNU Gettext</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/make/">GNU Make</a></td>
<td>≥ 3.81</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/">GNU Sed</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/intltool/">Intltool</a></td>
<td>≥ 0.40</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library">LibC</a> for 32-bit</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://sourceware.org/libffi/">libffi</a></td>
<td>≥ 3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/">Libtool</a></td>
<td>≥ 2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a>-dev</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/patch/">Patch</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.perl.org/">Perl</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/XML-Parser/Parser.pm">Perl XML::Parser</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/">Pkg-config</a></td>
<td>≥ 0.16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.scons.org/">SCons</a></td>
<td>≥ 0.98</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.info-zip.org/UnZip.html">UnZip</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/">Wget</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://tukaani.org/xz/">XZ Utils</a></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="requirements-debian">Debian and derivatives</h3>
<!-- http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages#search_packages -->
<pre>apt-get install \
autoconf automake bash bison bzip2 cmake flex gettext \
git g++ intltool libffi-dev libtool libltdl-dev \
libssl-dev libxml-parser-perl make openssl patch perl \
pkg-config scons sed unzip wget xz-utils</pre>
<p>
On 64-bit Debian, install also:
</p>
<pre>apt-get install g++-multilib libc6-dev-i386</pre>
<p>
Only the latest Debian stable series is supported (Wheezy 7.x)
</p>
<h3 id="requirements-fedora">Fedora</h3>
<!-- https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/ -->
<pre>yum install \
autoconf automake bash bison bzip2 cmake flex gcc-c++ \
gettext git intltool make sed libffi-devel libtool \
openssl-devel patch perl pkgconfig scons unzip wget xz</pre>
<p>
On 64-bit Fedora,
there are <a href="#issue-non-multilib">issues without a 32-bit compiler</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="requirements-freebsd">FreeBSD</h3>
<!-- http://www.freshports.org/ -->
<pre>pkg_add -r \
automake autoconf bash bison cmake coreutils flex \
gettext git glib20 gmake gsed intltool libffi \
libtool openssl patch perl p5-XML-Parser pkgconf \
scons unzip wget</pre>
<p>
Ensure that /usr/local/bin precedes /usr/bin in your $PATH:
</p>
<p>
For C style shells, edit .cshrc
</p>
<pre>setenv PATH /usr/local/bin:$PATH</pre>
<p>
For Bourne shells, edit .profile
</p>
<pre>export PATH = /usr/local/bin:$PATH</pre>
<p>
On 64-bit FreeBSD,
there are <a href="#issue-non-multilib">issues without a 32-bit compiler</a>.
</p>
<p>
<strong>N.B. FreeBSD is no longer fully supported</strong>
</p>
<p>
to build the remainder of MXE, run:
</p>
<pre>gmake EXCLUDE_PKGS='gtksourceviewmm2 ocaml% openexr pcl qtbase'</pre>
<p>
to see a list of all dependent downstream packages that
will be excluded, run:
</p>
<pre>gmake show-downstream-deps-'gtksourceviewmm2 ocaml% openexr \
pcl qtbase'</pre>
<h3 id="requirements-frugalware">Frugalware</h3>
<!-- http://www.frugalware.org/packages -->
<pre>pacman-g2 -S \
autoconf automake bash bzip2 bison cmake flex gcc \
gettext git intltool make sed libffi libtool openssl \
patch perl perl-xml-parser pkgconfig scons unzip wget \
xz xz-lzma</pre>
<p>
On 64-bit Frugalware,
there are <a href="#issue-non-multilib">issues without a 32-bit compiler</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="requirements-gentoo">Gentoo</h3>
<!-- http://packages.gentoo.org/ -->
<pre>emerge \
sys-devel/autoconf sys-devel/automake app-shells/bash \
sys-devel/bison app-arch/bzip2 dev-util/cmake \
sys-devel/flex sys-devel/gcc sys-devel/gettext \
dev-vcs/git dev-util/intltool sys-devel/make \
sys-apps/sed dev-libs/libffi sys-devel/libtool \
dev-libs/openssl sys-devel/patch dev-lang/perl \
dev-perl/XML-Parser dev-util/pkgconfig \
dev-util/scons app-arch/unzip net-misc/wget \
app-arch/xz-utils</pre>
<h3 id="requirements-macos">Mac OS X</h3>
<p>
Install
<a href="http://developer.apple.com/xcode/">Xcode 5</a>
and
<a href="http://www.macports.org/">MacPorts</a>,
then run:
</p>
<!-- http://www.macports.org/ports.php -->
<pre>sudo port install \
coreutils glib2 gsed intltool p5-xml-parser scons wget xz</pre>
<p>
and from within the mxe directory:
</p>
<pre>make build-requirements</pre>
<p>
You may be prompted to install a java runtime
- this is not required.
</p>
<p>
Mac OS X versions ≤ 10.7 are no longer supported.
</p>
<h3 id="requirements-opensuse">openSUSE</h3>
<!-- http://software.opensuse.org/113/en -->
<pre>zypper install -R \
autoconf automake bash bison bzip2 cmake flex gcc-c++ \
gettext-tools git intltool libffi-devel libtool make \
openssl libopenssl-devel patch perl perl-XML-Parser \
pkg-config scons sed unzip wget xz</pre>
<p>
On 64-bit openSUSE, install also:
</p>
<pre>zypper install -R \
gcc-32bit glibc-devel-32bit libgcc46-32bit \
libgomp46-32bit libstdc++46-devel-32bit</pre>
<h3 id="issue-non-multilib">Issues without a 32-bit compiler</h3>
<p>
Certain packages contain native tools that are
currently 32-bit only. In order to build these on a
64-bit system, multi-lib support must be enabled in the
compiler toolchain. However, not all operating systems
support this.
</p>
<p>
To build the remainder of MXE, specify the affected
packages to exclude:
</p>
<pre>make EXCLUDE_PKGS='ocaml%'</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2 id="usage">Usage</h2>
<p>
All build commands also download the packages if necessary.
</p>
<p>
In a BSD userland, substitute "make" with "gmake"
as all commands are based on
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html">GNU Make</a>.
</p>
<dl class="usage">
<dt>make</dt>
<dd>
build all packages,
non-parallel
</dd>
<dt>make gcc</dt>
<dd>
build a minimal useful set of packages,
i.e. the cross compilers
and the most basic packages,
non-parallel
</dd>
<dt>make foo bar</dt>
<dd>
build packages "foo", "bar" and their dependencies,
non-parallel
</dd>
<dd>
the package list can also be set in
<code>settings.mk</code>
<pre>LOCAL_PKG_LIST := foo bar
.DEFAULT local-pkg-list:
local-pkg-list: $(LOCAL_PKG_LIST)</pre>
</dd>
<dd>
so a call to <code>make</code> will only build those packages (and their
dependencies, of course)
</dd>
<dt>make foo bar --touch</dt>
<dd>
mark packages "foo" and "bar" as up-to-date after
a trivial change in one of their dependencies
(short option "-t")
</dd>
<dt>make foo bar --jobs=4 JOBS=2</dt>
<dd>
build packages "foo", "bar" and their dependencies,
where up to 4 packages are built in parallel
(short option "-j 4"),
each with up to 2 compiler processes running in parallel
</dd>
<dd>
the JOBS variable can also be defined in
<code>settings.mk</code> and defaults to the number
of CPUs up to a max of 6 to prevent runaway system
load with diminishing returns - see the
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html#Parallel">GNU Make manual</a>
for more details on parallel execution
</dd>
<dt>make --jobs=4 --keep-going</dt>
<dd>
build all packages with 4 inter-package parallel
jobs and continue as much as possible after an error
(short option "-j 4 -k")
</dd>
<dt>make EXCLUDE_PKGS='foo bar'</dt>
<dd>
build all packages excluding foo, bar, and all downstream
packages that depend on them - mostly used when there are
<a href="#issue-non-multilib">known issues</a>
</dd>
<dt>make check-requirements</dt>