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Languages Timeline w/ Hello, World! Programs

The program prints Hello, World! on the terminal, including a newline (\n) character.

1972 (46 years ago)

C - Static, weak, manifest, nominal ++ Imperative (procedural), structured

/* Hello world in C */

#include <stdio.h>

main() {
  printf("Hello, World!\n");
}

1985 (33 years ago)

C++ - Static, nominative, partially inferred ++ Multi-paradigm: procedural, functional, object-oriented, generic

// Hello world in C++

#include <iostream.h>

main() {
  cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;
}

1986 (32 years ago)

Erlang - Dynamic, strong ++ Multi-paradigm: concurrent, functional, distributed, process-oriented

%% Hello world in Erlang

-module(hello).

-export([hello/0]).

hello() ->
   io:format("Hello, World!~n", []).

1987 (30 years ago)

Perl - Dynamic ++ Multi-paradigm: functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective, procedural, event-driven, generic

# Hello world in perl
print "Hello, World!\n";

1991 (26 years ago)

Python - Dynamic, strong, duck ++ Object-oriented, imperative, functional, procedural, reflective

# Hello world in Python
print("Hello, World!")

1993 (25 years ago)

Lua - Dynamic, strong, duck ++ Multi-paradigm: scripting, imperative (procedural, prototype-based, object-oriented), functional

# Hello world in Lua
print "Hello, World!"

1995 (23 years ago)

Ruby - Dynamic, strong, duck ++ Multi-paradigm: object-oriented, imperative, functional, reflective

# Hello World in Ruby
puts "Hello, World!"

PHP - Dynamic, weak ++ Imperative, functional, object-oriented, procedural, reflective

<?php
  // Hello world in PHP
  echo 'Hello, World!';
?>

Java - Static, strong, safe, nominative, manifest ++ Multi-paradigm: object-oriented (class-based), structured, imperative, generic, reflective, concurrent

// Hello world in Java

class HelloWorld {
  static public void main( String args[] ) {
    System.out.println( "Hello, World!" );
  }
}

JavaScript - Dynamic, duck ++ Multi-paradigm: object-oriented (prototype-based), imperative, functional, event-driven

// Hello world in JavaScript
console.log("Hello, World!");

2009 (9 years ago)

Go - Static, strong, inferred, structural ++ Compiled, concurrent, imperative, structured

// Hello world in Go

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
  fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
}

2010 (8 years ago)

Rust - Static, strong, inferred, nominal, linear ++ Multi-paradigm: compiled, concurrent, functional, imperative, structured, generic

// Hello world in Rust

fn main() {
    println!("Hello, World!");
}

2011 (7 years ago)

Elixir (on Erlang) - Dynamic, strong ++ Multi-paradigm: functional, concurrent, distributed, process-oriented

# Hello world in Elixir

defmodule HelloWorld do
  IO.puts "Hello, World!"
end

2014 (3 years ago)

Crystal - Static ++ Multi-paradigm: object-oriented

# Hello world in Crystal
puts "Hello, World!"

Hello, World! References

Typing Discipline

Dynamic vs Static (Manifest vs Inferred) - Strong vs Weak - Implicit (Structural/Duck) vs Explicit Interface/Protocol Declarations

Lang Typing Discipline
Ruby Dynamic, strong, duck
- vs -
Perl Dynamic
Python Dynamic, strong, duck
PHP Dynamic, weak
Lua Dynamic, strong, duck
JavaScript Dynamic, duck
Erlang Dynamic, strong
Elixir (on Erlang) Dynamic, strong
C Static, weak, manifest, nominal
C++ Static, nominative, partially inferred
Java Static, strong, safe, nominative, manifest
Go Static, strong, inferred, structural
Rust Static, strong, inferred, nominal, linear
Crystal Static

Paradigms

Lang Object-Oriented Functional Reflective Concurrent
Ruby Yes Yes (*) Yes X
- vs -
Perl Yes Yes (*) Yes X
Python Yes Yes (*) Yes X
PHP Yes Yes (*) Yes (*) X
Lua Yes (*) Yes (*) Yes X
JavaScript Yes (*) Yes (*) Yes X
Erlang X Yes ? Yes
Elixir (on Erlang) X Yes Yes Yes
C X X X X
C++ Yes Yes (*) X Yes (*)
Java Yes Yes (*) Yes (*) Yes (*)
Go X Yes (*) X Yes
Rust X Yes X Yes (*)
Crystal Yes Yes (*) X Yes