fix coverity scan issue 1568450 (openvinotoolkit#28139)

### Details:
- *fix below coverity scan issue*

*** CID 1568450:  Concurrent data access violations  (MISSING_LOCK)
/openvino/src/inference/src/os/lin/lin_system_conf.cpp: 225 in
ov::CPU::CPU()::[lambda() (instance 2)]::operator ()() const()
219                 return -1;
220 } else if (valid_cpu_mapping_table.size() == (unsigned)_processors)
{
221                 return 0;
222             } else {
223                 _processors = valid_cpu_mapping_table.size();
224                 _cpu_mapping_table.swap(valid_cpu_mapping_table);
>>>     CID 1568450:  Concurrent data access violations  (MISSING_LOCK)
>>> Accessing "this->this->_proc_type_table" without holding lock
"ov::CPU._cpu_mutex". Elsewhere, "ov::CPU._proc_type_table" is written
to with "CPU._cpu_mutex" held 2 out of 3 times.
225 update_valid_processor_linux(std::move(phy_core_list),
226                                              _numa_nodes,
227                                              _cores,
228                                              _proc_type_table,
229                                              _cpu_mapping_table);
230                 return 0;

### Tickets:
 - *CID 1568450*

src/inference/src/os/lin/lin_system_conf.cpp

@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@ CPU::CPU() {
         } else if (valid_cpu_mapping_table.size() == (unsigned)_processors) {
             return 0;
         } else {
+            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock{_cpu_mutex};
             _processors = valid_cpu_mapping_table.size();
             _cpu_mapping_table.swap(valid_cpu_mapping_table);
             update_valid_processor_linux(std::move(phy_core_list),