Convert multi-day modules into a single module

courses/rust_essentials/010_rust_essentials.rst

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+*****************
+Rust Essentials
+*****************
+
+.. container:: PRELUDE BEGIN
+
+.. container:: PRELUDE ROLES
+
+.. role:: ada(code)
+    :language: Ada
+
+.. role:: C(code)
+    :language: C
+
+.. role:: cpp(code)
+    :language: C++
+
+.. container:: PRELUDE SYMBOLS
+
+.. |rightarrow| replace:: :math:`\rightarrow`
+.. |forall| replace:: :math:`\forall`
+.. |exists| replace:: :math:`\exists`
+.. |equivalent| replace:: :math:`\iff`
+.. |le| replace:: :math:`\le`
+.. |ge| replace:: :math:`\ge`
+.. |lt| replace:: :math:`<`
+.. |gt| replace:: :math:`>`
+.. |checkmark| replace:: :math:`\checkmark`
+
+.. container:: PRELUDE REQUIRES
+
+.. container:: PRELUDE PROVIDES
+
+.. container:: PRELUDE END
+
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/01-introduction_to_rust.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/02-procedural_language.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/03-language_quizzes.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/04-types.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/05-type_quizzes.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/06-functions_and_ownership.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/07-functions_and_ownership_quizzes.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/08-more_types.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/09-pattern_matching.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/10-traits_and_generics.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/11-traits_and_generics_quizzes.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/12-packages_and_modularity.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/13-functional_programming.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/14-functional_programming_quizzes.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/15-error_handling.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/16-smart_pointer_types.rst
+.. include:: 010_rust_essentials/17-macros.rst

courses/rust_essentials/010_rust_essentials/01-introduction_to_rust.rst

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+.. role:: rust(code)
+    :language: rust
+
+======================
+Introduction to Rust
+======================
+
+---------
+History
+---------
+
+* 2006
+* Personal project by Graydon Hoare (working @ Mozilla at the time)
+* No specification, instead semantics are based on implementation
+* Language changed *a lot* between 2006 and 2015 (and is still changing a lot
+  by other languages' standards)
+* Nowadays, maintained and evolved by the Rust foundation
+
+-------------------
+High Level Vision
+-------------------
+
+* Safer alternative to C/C++ for systems programming
+* Many inspirations, including ML family languages, C++
+* Focus on safety, albeit with a different perspective when compared to Ada
+  (memory safety being the most valued kind of safety)
+
+------------
+Rust Today
+------------
+
+* Use of Rust is spreading like wildfire
+* Projects like Android, Linux
+* Companies like Google, Amazon
+* Well positioned to become a credible alternative to C++, and maybe even C
+* Big list of industrial users here: https://www.rust-lang.org/production/users
+
+-------------------------------
+In the Safety Critical Market
+-------------------------------
+
+* Rust making forays into the critical markets. Big players are assessing the use of Rust in their codebases.
+* But lacking industrial support for now
+* Will probably become mainstream in the coming decade
+
+--------------------
+Rust "Hello World"
+--------------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+
+   fn main() {
+       println!("Hello, world!");
+   }
+

courses/rust_essentials/010_rust_essentials/02-procedural_language.rst

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+=====================
+Procedural language
+=====================
+
+--------------------------------
+First, a Note About Philosophy
+--------------------------------
+
+* In C/C++, very weak distinction between statements and expressions
+
+    - You can use exprs as statements
+
+* In Ada, strong distinction between statements and expressions
+
+    - Statements are statements, expressions are expressions, not interchangeable
+    - Procedures and functions are distinct
+
+* In Rust, everything is an expression (and you generally cannot ignore their value)
+
+    - Simpler than Ada, (much) safer than C/C++
+    - But not always obvious what an expression returns
+    - Complex type system tricks to make it work (what's the type of a loop?)
+
+-----------
+For Loops
+-----------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+
+   fn main() {
+       for i in 1..10 {
+           //   ^ Range object (of type Range)
+           println!("Hello, World!");
+       }
+   }
+
+-------------
+While Loops
+-------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+
+   fn main() {
+       let mut i = 1;
+       //  ^ Declare a mutable variable (immutable by default)
+
+       // No parens around condition
+       while i < 10 {
+           println!("Hello, World!");
+           i += 1; // increment
+       }
+   }
+
+----------------
+Infinite Loops
+----------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+
+   fn main() {
+       let mut i = 1;
+
+       loop {
+           println!("Hello, World!");
+           i += 1; // increment
+
+           if i == 5 {
+           //   ^ equality operator
+               break;
+           }
+       }
+   }
+
+---------------------------------
+Infinite Loop with Return Value
+---------------------------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+
+   fn main() {
+       let mut i = 1;
+
+       let mut a = 0;
+       let mut b = 1;
+
+       let res = loop {
+           let c = a + b;
+           a = b;
+           b = c;
+           i += 1;
+           if i > 12 {
+               break a;
+           }
+       };
+    println!("{}", res);
+   }
+
+---------
+If/Else
+---------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+
+   fn main() {
+       let mut i = 1;
+       loop {
+           if i == 5 || else i == 12 {
+               break;
+           } else if i < 5 && i > 2 {
+               println!("I = 3 or 4");
+           } else {
+               println!("Hello, World!");
+           }
+       }
+   }
+
+--------------------------
+If/Else As an Expression
+--------------------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+
+   fn main() {
+       let number = if true { 5 } else { 6 };
+
+       let error = if true { 5 } else { "six" };
+   }
+
+------------------
+Match Expression
+------------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+
+   fn main() {
+       let mut i = 1;
+
+       loop {
+           match i {
+               5 | 12 => break,
+               1..=4  => println!("i in 1..4"),
+               7 | 9 => break,
+               _ => println!("Hello, World!")
+           }
+
+           i += 1;
+       }
+   }
+

courses/rust_essentials/010_rust_essentials/03-language_quizzes.rst

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+==================
+Language Quizzes
+==================
+
+----------------------------------------
+Quiz 1: Is There a Compilation Error?
+----------------------------------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+   :number-lines: 2
+
+   fn main() {
+       let a = loop {
+           println!("Pouet");
+       };
+
+       let b: u32 = a;
+   }
+
+.. container:: animate
+
+   :color-green:`No error`
+
+   *But you may get a warning that line 7 is unreachable*
+
+----------------------------------------
+Quiz 2: Is There a Compilation Error?
+----------------------------------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+   :number-lines: 2
+
+   fn main() {
+       let a = for n in 1..11 {
+           println!("Pouet");
+       };
+   }
+
+.. container:: animate
+
+   :color-green:`No error`
+
+----------------------------------------
+Quiz 3: Is There a Compilation Error?
+----------------------------------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+   :number-lines: 2
+
+   fn main() {
+       let a = for n in 1..11 {
+           println!("Pouet");
+       };
+
+       let b: u32 = a;
+   }
+
+.. container:: animate
+
+   :color-red:`error[E0308]: mismatched types --> src/quiz.rs:7:21`
+
+   Types of :rust:`a` and :rust:`b` are not the same
+
+----------------------------------------
+Quiz 4: Is There a Compilation Error?
+----------------------------------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+   :number-lines: 2
+
+   fn main() {
+       let mut i = 1;
+       loop {
+           println!(
+               "{}",
+               if i == 5 || i == 12 { "5 or 12" }
+               else { "everything else" }
+           );
+
+           i += 1;
+       };
+   }
+
+.. container:: animate
+
+   :color-green:`No error`
+
+----------------------------------------
+Quiz 5: Is There a Compilation Error?
+----------------------------------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+   :number-lines: 2
+
+   fn main() {
+       let mut i = 1;
+
+       loop {
+           println!(
+               "{}",
+               if i == 5 || i == 12 { "5 or 12" }
+               else if i == 15 { "15" }
+           );
+
+           i += 1;
+       };
+   }
+
+.. container:: animate
+
+   :color-red:`error[E0317]: 'if' may be missing an 'else' clause --> src/quiz.rs:9:21`
+
+   :rust:`if` expressions without :rust:`else` evaluate to :rust:`()` which is not a valid value for :rust:`println`
+
+----------------------------------------
+Quiz 6: Is There a Compilation Error?
+----------------------------------------
+
+.. code:: Rust
+   :number-lines: 2
+
+   fn main() {
+       let mut i = 100;
+
+       while i {
+           i -= 1;
+
+           println!("{}", i);
+       }
+
+   }
+
+.. container:: animate
+
+   :color-red:`error[E0308]: mismatched types --> src/quiz.rs:5:14`
+
+   :rust:`while` condition expects a boolean value, but :rust:`i` is an integer