Arduino E-Mail Client Library to send, read and get incoming email notification for ESP32, ESP8266 and SAMD21 devices. The library also supported other Arduino devices using Clients interfaces e.g. WiFiClient, EthernetClient, and GSMClient.
This library allows sending and reading Email with various attachments supported and provides more reliable and flexibilities of usages.
The library was tested and works well with ESP32s, ESP8266s, SAMD21s based modules.
This library has built-in WiFi client and aim to be full functionality Email client that can send, read and get Email notification without other indirect Email proxy services needed.
External Arduino Client can be used which this allows other devices (with minimum 80k flash space) to work with this library.
- Support Espressif's ESP32 and ESP8266, Atmel's SAMD21 devices with u-blox NINA-W102 WiFi/Bluetooth module.
- Support TCP session reusage.
- Support PLAIN, LOGIN and XOAUTH2 authentication mechanisms.
- Support secured (with SSL and TLS or upgrade via STARTTLS) and non-secure ports.
- Support mailbox selection for Email reading and searching (IMAP).
- Support mailbox changes notification (IMAP).
- Support the content encodings e.g. quoted-printable and base64.
- Support the content decodings e.g. base64, UTF-8, UTF-7, quoted-printable, ISO-8859-1 (latin1) and ISO-8859-11 (Thai).
- Support embedded contents e.g. inline images, attachments, parallel media attachments and RFC822 message.
- Support IMAP MIME data stream callback for external reader.
- support IMAP custom character decoding callback based on the character set.
- Support custom commands for both IMAP and SMTP.
- Support full debuging.
- Support flash memory (ESP32 and ESP8266), SD, SdFat and SD_MMC (ESP32) for file storages which can be changed in ESP_Mail_FS.h.
- Support Ethernet (ESP32 using LAN8720, TLK110 and IP101 Ethernet modules, and ESP8266 (Arduino Core SDK v3.x.x and later) using ENC28J60, W5100 and W5500 Ethernet modules) or via external Client.
- Customizable configurations (see the examples for the usages)
This following devices are supported.
- ESP8266 MCUs based boards
- ESP32 MCUs based boards
- Arduino MKR WiFi 1010
- Arduino Nano 33 IoT
- Arduino MKR Vidor 4000
- LAN8720 Ethernet PHY
- TLK110 Ethernet PHY
- IP101 Ethernet PHY
- ENC28J60 SPI Ethernet module
- W5100 SPI Ethernet module
- W5500 SPI Ethernet module
- ESP32
- ESP8266
- Arduino SAMD
- Arduino STM32
- Arduino AVR
- Teensy 3.1 to 4.1
- Arduino Nano RP2040 Connect
- Raspberry Pi Pico
From May 30, 2022, Google no longer supports the use of third-party apps or devices which ask you to sign in to your GoogleAccount using only your username and password.
This means the Gmail account credentials i.e. account Email and account password can't be used to sign in with Google SMTP and IMAP servers. This prevents the third party apps hack to Gmail user account.
To use Gmail with this library, you need to use App Passwords instead.
For setting up the App Passwords, please read here.
After you created App Password, you can use Gmail Email address and App Password created to sign in as the following.
session.login.email = "<your email>";
session.login.password = "<your app password>";For Arduino Nano RP2040 Connect board, using PlatformIO IDE, to prevent the compile error due to wrong headers compilation, please set the lib_ldf_mode in platformio.ini as this.
lib_ldf_mode = chain+In Arduino IDE, all third party SD libraries installed in libraries folder must be reboved.
The Core SD library was used instead of third party SD libraries.
The SdFat is already implemented as wrapper class in ESP8266 core library.
For Arduino IDE, the SdFat library should be removed from libraries folder when you compile this library for ESP8266 because of conclicts with core library SDFS.h.
For Espressif's ESP32 and ESP8266 based boards, this library requires Arduino's ESP32 or ESP8266 Core SDK to be installed.
The latest Core SDK is recommended. For ESP8266, the Core SDK version 3.x.x or later is recommended.
The ESP8266 Core SDK version 2.5.x and earlier are not supported.
For ESP32, the Core SDK version 2.0.4 or later is recommended.
The ESP32 Core SDK version 1.0.4 and earlier are not supported.
For Atmel's SAMD21 based boards, custom build WiFiNINA firmware should be installed instead of official Arduino WiFiNINA firmware.
This requirement is optional and has more advantages over the standard Arduino WiFiNINA firmware.
To install custom build WiFiNINA firmware, please follow the following instructions.
-
Install flash tool, esptool.py from here. To instal esptool python script, you will need either Python 2.7 or Python 3.4 or newer installed on your system.
-
Download nina-fw.bin in firmwares/samd21 and SerialNINAPassthrough.ino.
-
Compile and upload SerialNINAPassthrough.ino to the device.
- Open the terminal program (Linux and macOS) or command prompt (Windows), and type this command.
esptool.py --port <com-port> --baud 115200 --before default_reset --after hard_reset write_flash 0x0 <path/to/file>/nina-fw.bin
From command above, replace <com-port> with your comport e.g. COM5 (Windows) or /dev/ttyUSB0 (Linux and macOS) and also replace <path/to/file> with your path to the nina-fw.bin that has been extracted.
The flash (upload) result shows in the command prompt window will look similar to below image.
If the custom build WiFiNINA firmware was installed, the debug message will show the library version with WiFiNINA firmware version which followed by build number (+21120).
> C: ESP Mail Client v2.x.x, Fw v1.4.8+21120
At Arduino IDE, go to menu Sketch -> Include Library -> Manage Libraries...
In Library Manager Window, search "ESP Mail Client" in the search form then select "ESP Mail Client".
Click "Install" button.
For PlatformIO IDE.
Go to PIO Home -> Libraries -> Registry then search ESP Mail Client.
If you ever installed this library in Global storage in PlatformIO version prior to v2.0.0 and you have updated the PlatformIO to v2.0.0 and later, the global library installation was not available, the sources files of old library version still be able to search by the library dependency finder (LDF), you needed to remove the library from folder C:\Users\<UserName>\.platformio\lib to prevent unexpected behavior when compile and run.
Click on Code dropdown at the top of repository, select Download ZIP and save file on your computer.
From Arduino IDE, goto menu Sketch -> Include Library -> Add .ZIP Library... and choose ESP-Mail-Client-master.zip that previously downloaded.
Rename ESP-Mail-Client-master folder to ESP_Mail_Client.
Go to menu Files -> Examples -> ESP Mail Client and choose one from examples
This section is optional for memory settings in IDE.
When you update the ESP8266 Arduino Core SDK to v3.0.0, the memory can be configurable from IDE.
You can choose the Heap memory between internal and external memory chip from IDE e.g. Arduino IDE and PlatformIO on VSCode or Atom IDE.
For ESP8266 devices that don't have external SRAM/PSRAM chip installed, choose the MMU option 3, 16KB cache + 48KB IRAM and 2nd Heap (shared).
For ESP8266 devices that have external 23LC1024 SRAM chip installed, choose the MMU option 5, 128K External 23LC1024.
For ESP8266 devices that have external ESP-PSRAM64 chip installed, choose the MMU option 6, 1M External 64 MBit PSRAM.
The MMU options can be selected from build_flags in your project's platformio.ini file
For ESP8266 devices that don't not have external SRAM/PSRAM chip installed, add build flag as below.
[env:d1_mini]
platform = espressif8266
build_flags = -D PIO_FRAMEWORK_ARDUINO_MMU_CACHE16_IRAM48_SECHEAP_SHARED
board = d1_mini
framework = arduino
monitor_speed = 115200For ESP8266 devices that have external 23LC1024 SRAM chip installed, add build flag as below.
[env:d1_mini]
platform = espressif8266
;128K External 23LC1024
build_flags = -D PIO_FRAMEWORK_ARDUINO_MMU_EXTERNAL_128K
board = d1_mini
framework = arduino
monitor_speed = 115200For ESP8266 devices that have external ESP-PSRAM64 chip installed, add build flag as below.
[env:d1_mini]
platform = espressif8266
;1M External 64 MBit PSRAM
build_flags = -D PIO_FRAMEWORK_ARDUINO_MMU_EXTERNAL_1024K
board = d1_mini
framework = arduino
monitor_speed = 115200Most ESP8266 modules don't have the built-in SRAM/PSRAM on board. External memory chip connection can be done via SPI port as below.
23LC1024/ESP-PSRAM64 ESP8266
CS (Pin 1) GPIO15
SCK (Pin 6) GPIO14
MOSI (Pin 5) GPIO13
MISO (Pin 2) GPIO12
/HOLD (Pin 7 on 23LC1024 only) 3V3
Vcc (Pin 8) 3V3
Vcc (Pin 4) GND
Once the external Heap memory was selected in IDE, to allow the library to use the external memory, you can set it in ESP_Mail_FS.h by define this macro.
#define ESP_MAIL_USE_PSRAMThis macro was defined by default when you installed or update the library.
This section is optional for memory settings in IDE.
In ESP32 module that has PSRAM installed, you can enable it and set the library to use this external memory instead.
To enable PSRAM in ESP32 module.
In PlatformIO on VSCode or Atom IDE, add the following build_flags in your project's platformio.ini file.
build_flags = -DBOARD_HAS_PSRAM -mfix-esp32-psram-cache-issueAs in ESP8266, once the external Heap memory was enabled in IDE, to allow the library to use the external memory, you can set it in ESP_Mail_FS.h by define this macro.
#define ESP_MAIL_USE_PSRAMNow you can compile the library only for seclected classes.
In ESP_Mail_FS.h, the IMAP and SMTP class can be enabled with the macros.
#define ENABLE_IMAP
#define ENABLE_SMTPIn ESP8266 and ESP32, when no attachments require for uploading and downloading, the storage file systems libraries e.g. SD or SD_MMC (ESP32), SPIFFS and LittleFS will no longer use and can be excluded when compiling the code to reduce program flash size, by comment the following macros to exclude them.
#define ESP_MAIL_DEFAULT_SD_FS SD
#define ESP_Mail_DEFAULT_FLASH_FS SPIFFSSee examples folder for all usage examples.
See src/README.md for the functions descriptions.
The usefull blogs that described how to send and read E-mail in detail can be found here.
Receiving Emails with ESP32 using IMAP Server by Alina Mybeth from theengineeringprojects.com
The following code snippet showed the minimum usage of the library.
The following code will send email with image attachment.
// Include ESP Mail Client library (this library)
#include <ESP_Mail_Client.h>
// Define the global used SMTP Session object which used for SMTP transsport
SMTPSession smtp;
// Define the global used session config data which used to store the TCP session configuration
ESP_Mail_Session session;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
WiFi.begin("<ssid>", "<password>");
Serial.print("Connecting to Wi-Fi");
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
Serial.print(".");
delay(300);
}
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connected with IP: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
Serial.println();
// Set the session config
session.server.host_name = "smtp.office365.com"; // for outlook.com
session.server.port = 587;
session.login.email = "your Email address"; // set to empty for no SMTP Authentication
session.login.password = "your Email password"; // set to empty for no SMTP Authentication
session.login.user_domain = "client domain or ip e.g. mydomain.com";
// Set the NTP config time
session.time.ntp_server = "pool.ntp.org,time.nist.gov";
session.time.gmt_offset = 3;
session.time.day_light_offset = 0;
// Define the SMTP_Message class variable to handle to message being transport
SMTP_Message message;
// Set the message headers
message.sender.name = "My Mail";
message.sender.email = "sender or your Email address";
message.subject = "Test sending Email";
message.addRecipient("name1", "email1");
message.addRecipient("name2", "email2");
message.addCc("email3");
message.addBcc("email4");
// Set the message content
message.text.content = "This is simple plain text message";
//Base64 data of image
const char *greenImg = "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAGQAAABkCAYAAABw4pVUAAAAoUlEQVR42u"
"3RAQ0AMAgAoJviyWxtAtNYwzmoQGT/eqwRQoQgRAhChCBECEKECBGCECEI"
"EYIQIQgRghCECEGIEIQIQYgQhCBECEKEIEQIQoQgBCFCECIEIUIQIgQhCB"
"GCECEIEYIQIQhBiBCECEGIEIQIQQhChCBECEKEIEQIQhAiBCFCECIEIUIQ"
"ghAhCBGCECEIEYIQIUKEIEQIQoQg5LoBBaDPbQYiMoMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=";
// Define the attachment data
SMTP_Attachment att;
// Set the attatchment info
att.descr.filename = "green.png";
att.descr.mime = "image/png";
att.blob.data = (uint8_t *)greenImg;
att.blob.size = strlen(greenImg);
// Set the transfer encoding to base64
att.descr.transfer_encoding = Content_Transfer_Encoding::enc_base64;
// We set the content encoding to match the above greenImage data
att.descr.content_encoding = Content_Transfer_Encoding::enc_base64;
// Add attachment to the message
message.addAttachment(att);
// Connect to server with the session config
smtp.connect(&session);
// Start sending Email and close the session
if (!MailClient.sendMail(&smtp, &message))
Serial.println("Error sending Email, " + smtp.errorReason());
}
The following code will read the latest email.
// Include ESP Mail Client library (this library)
#include <ESP_Mail_Client.h>
// Define the global used IMAP Session object which used for IMAP transsport
IMAP_Config config;
// Define the global used session config data which used to store the TCP session configuration
ESP_Mail_Session session;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
WiFi.begin("<ssid>", "<password>");
Serial.print("Connecting to Wi-Fi");
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
Serial.print(".");
delay(300);
}
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connected with IP: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
Serial.println();
// Set the session config
session.server.host_name = "outlook.office365.com"; //for outlook.com
session.server.port = 993;
session.login.email = "your Email address";
session.login.password = "your Email password";
// Define the config class variable for searching or fetching operation and store the messsagess data
IMAP_Config config;
// Set to enable the message content which will be stored in the IMAP_Config data
config.enable.html = true;
config.enable.text = true;
// Connect to the server with the defined session and options
imap.connect(&session, &config);
// Open or select the mailbox folder to read the message
imap.selectFolder("INBOX");
// Define the message UID (number) which required to fetch or read the message
// In this case we will get the UID from the max message number (lastest message)
// then imap.getUID and imap.selectedFolder().msgCount() should be called after
// calling select or open the folder (mailbox).
config.fetch.uid = imap.getUID(imap.selectedFolder().msgCount());
// Define the empty search criteria to disable the messsage search
config.search.criteria.clear();
// Read the Email and close the session
MailClient.readMail(&imap);
// Get the message(s) list
IMAP_MSG_List msgList = imap.data();
// ESP_MAIL_PRINTF used in the examples is for format printing via debug Serial port
// that works for all supported Arduino platform SDKs e.g. AVR, SAMD, ESP32 and ESP8266.
// In ESP32 and ESP32, you can use Serial.printf directly.
for (size_t i = 0; i < msgList.msgItems.size(); i++)
{
// Iterate to get each message data through the message item data
IMAP_MSG_Item msg = msgList.msgItems[i];
Serial.println("################################");
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Messsage Number: %s\n", msg.msgNo);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Messsage UID: %s\n", msg.UID);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Messsage ID: %s\n", msg.ID);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Accept Language: %s\n", msg.acceptLang);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Content Language: %s\n", msg.contentLang);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("From: %s\n", msg.from);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("From Charset: %s\n", msg.fromCharset);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("To: %s\n", msg.to);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("To Charset: %s\n", msg.toCharset);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("CC: %s\n", msg.cc);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("CC Charset: %s\n", msg.ccCharset);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Date: %s\n", msg.date);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Subject: %s\n", msg.subject);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Subject Charset: %s\n", msg.subjectCharset);
// If the message body is available
if (!imap.headerOnly())
{
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Text Message: %s\n", msg.text.content);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Text Message Charset: %s\n", msg.text.charSet);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Text Message Transfer Encoding: %s\n", msg.text.transfer_encoding);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("HTML Message: %s\n", msg.html.content);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("HTML Message Charset: %s\n", msg.html.charSet);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("HTML Message Transfer Encoding: %s\n\n", msg.html.transfer_encoding);
}
}
}
See Mailbox_Changes_Notification.ino for the example.
Can't find what you want from exising IMAP functions, sending custom command was supported.
Please read the RFC 3501 and RFC 9051 documents for the details of IMAP protocol commands.
See Custom_Command.ino for the example.
The Arduino Clients for network interfaces (WiFiClient, EthernetClient and GSMClient) which support non-secure network connection can be used as external client.
These network interface Clients are refered to as "bsic Clients" which only handle the network communication.
The Clients that have ability to handle SSL/TLS encryption/decryption of data from basic Client or to basic Client are refered to as "SSL Clients".
The Arduino devices that don't have on-board WiFi, the external Client library is needed and no additional setup required.
For boards that have WiFi e.g. ESP32, ESP8266 and SAMD21 with built-in U-blox NINA-W102 module, the built-in client will be used by default.
To use custom (external) Client for such WiFi capable devices, the following macro should be defined in ESP_Mail_FS.h.
#define ENABLE_CUSTOM_CLIENTSee Custom Client Examples for complete Client example.
The following example showed how to use GSMClient and SSLClient to connect to SMTP server via port 587 which required connection upgrade.
GSMClient client; // basic non-secure client
/** The parameters passed to the SSLClient constructor
* TAs is Trust anchors used in the verification of the SSL server certificate.
* Check out https://github.com/mobizt/SSLClient/blob/master/TrustAnchors.md for more info.
* TAs_NUM is the number of objects in the trust_anchors array.
* rand_pin is an analog pin to pull random bytes from, used in seeding the RNG.
*/
// https://github.com/mobizt/SSLClient
SSLClient ssl_client(client, TAs, (size_t)TAs_NUM, rand_pin);
SMTPSession smtp(&ssl_client, esp_mail_external_client_type_basic);
// port 587 required non-secure connection during greeting and
// upgrade to TLS later with STARTTLS command.
void connectionUpgradeRequestCallback()
{
//To make sure that upgradable SSLClient https://github.com/mobizt/SSLClient was installed instead of
// the original version
#if defined(SSLCLIENT_CONNECTION_UPGRADABLE)
// Upgrade the connection
// The host and port parameters will be ignored for this case and can be any
ssl_client.connectSSL("smtp.gmail.com" /* host */, 587 /* port */);
#endif
}
void connectionRequestCallback(const char *host, int port)
{
client.connect(host, port)
}
// Define the callback function to handle server status acknowledgement
void networkStatusRequestCallback()
{
// Set the network status
bool networkConnected;
// networkConnected = modem.isNetworkConnected();
smtp.setNetworkStatus(networkConnected);
}
void serup()
{
session.server.host_name = "smtp.gmail.com"; //for gmail.com
session.server.port = 587; // requires connection upgrade via STARTTLS
session.login.email = "your Email address"; //set to empty for no SMTP Authentication
session.login.password = "your Email password"; //set to empty for no SMTP Authentication
session.login.user_domain = "client domain or ip e.g. mydomain.com";
/**
* Other setup codes
*
*/
// Set the callback function for server connection.
smtp.connectionRequestCallback(connectionRequestCallback);
// Set the callback function for connection upgrade
smtp.connectionUpgradeRequestCallback(connectionUpgradeRequestCallback);
smtp.networkStatusRequestCallback(networkStatusRequestCallback);
}
The below example will use Arduino MKR 1000 and WiFi101 library.
#include <WiFi101.h>
// Define the global used Client object
WiFiSSLClient ssl_client; // secured client
// Define the global used smtp object
// SSL required for port 465
SMTPSession smtp(&ssl_client, esp_mail_external_client_type_ssl);
// or assign the Client later with smtp.setClient(&ssl_client, esp_mail_external_client_type_ssl);
// Since we use WiFiSSLClient that supported SSL and no basic non-secure client can be pass to its constructor,
// only SMTP port 465 works in the following code.
// Define the global used session config data which used to store the TCP session configuration
ESP_Mail_Session session;
void networkConnection()
{
// Reset the network connection
WiFi.disconnect();
WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, WIFI_PASSWORD);
Serial.print("Connecting to Wi-Fi");
unsigned long ms = millis();
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
Serial.print(".");
delay(300);
if (millis() - ms >= 5000)
{
Serial.println(" failed!");
return;
}
}
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connected with IP: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
Serial.println();
}
// Define the callback function to handle server status acknowledgement
void networkStatusRequestCallback()
{
// Set the network status
smtp.setNetworkStatus(WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED);
}
// Define the callback function to handle server connection
void connectionRequestCallback(const char *host, int port)
{
// You may need to set the system timestamp in case of custom client
// time is used to set the date header while sending email.
smtp.setSystemTime(WiFi.getTime());
Serial.print("> U: Connecting to server via custom Client... ");
if (!client.connect(host, port))
{
Serial.println("failed.");
return;
}
Serial.println("success.");
}
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
networkConnection();
// Set the session config
session.server.host_name = "smtp.gmail.com"; //for gmail.com
session.server.port = 465; // SSL
session.login.email = "your Email address"; //set to empty for no SMTP Authentication
session.login.password = "your Email password"; //set to empty for no SMTP Authentication
session.login.user_domain = "client domain or ip e.g. mydomain.com";
// Define the SMTP_Message class variable to handle to message being transport
SMTP_Message message;
// Set the message headers
message.sender.name = "My Mail";
message.sender.email = "sender or your Email address";
message.subject = "Test sending Email";
message.addRecipient("name1", "email1");
message.addRecipient("name2", "email2");
message.addCc("email3");
message.addBcc("email4");
// Set the message content
message.text.content = "This is simple plain text message";
// Set the callback functions to hadle the required tasks.
smtp.connectionRequestCallback(connectionRequestCallback);
smtp.networkConnectionRequestCallback(networkConnection);
smtp.networkStatusRequestCallback(networkStatusRequestCallback);
// Connect to the server with the defined session and options
imap.connect(&session, &config);
// Start sending Email and close the session
if (!MailClient.sendMail(&smtp, &message))
Serial.println("Error sending Email, " + smtp.errorReason());
}
The below example will use ESP32 and GSMClient library.
GSMClient client; // basic non-secure client
SMTPSession smtp(&client, esp_mail_external_client_type_basic);
// We can assign basic Client directly in ESP8266 and ESP32 as library will handle
// the connection upgrade (if needed in case of SMTP port 587) using Core SDK SSL engine.
void connectionRequestCallback(const char *host, int port)
{
client.connect(host, port)
}
// Define the callback function to handle server status acknowledgement
void networkStatusRequestCallback()
{
// Set the network status
bool networkConnected;
// networkConnected = modem.isNetworkConnected();
smtp.setNetworkStatus(networkConnected);
}
void serup()
{
session.server.host_name = "smtp.gmail.com"; //for gmail.com
session.server.port = 587; // requires connection upgrade via STARTTLS
session.login.email = "your Email address"; //set to empty for no SMTP Authentication
session.login.password = "your Email password"; //set to empty for no SMTP Authentication
session.login.user_domain = "client domain or ip e.g. mydomain.com";
/**
* Other setup codes
*
*/
// Set the callback function for server connection.
smtp.connectionRequestCallback(connectionRequestCallback);
smtp.networkStatusRequestCallback(networkStatusRequestCallback);
}
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2022 K. Suwatchai (Mobizt)
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person returning a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.