Replace pthread_mutex with std::mutex

[killenheladagen]

This allows use of std::scoped_lock and a few gotos can be removed.

Checklist before requesting a review

• I have performed a self-review of my own code
• I have verified that the code builds perfectly fine on my local system
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have verified that my code follows the style already available in the repository
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation