CLI tricks

Often in our daily work we encounter the need to run stuff in CLI - and too often this proves to be trickier than one would expect. In the spirit of saving time for others, we've decided to compile a list of the ones we've found to be useful and not-so-obvious.

• grep
• awk
• sed
• VI
• bash
• regex
• tcpdump
• BackBox
• Check Point
• Misc
  • Bash-Essentials
  • Emoji

grep Tricks

Print between double quotes

grep -o '".*"' | tr -d '"'

Print between single quotes

grep -oP "(?<=').*?(?=')"

Print between ()

grep -oP '(?<=\()[^\)]+'
grep -oP '\(\K[^\)]+'

Print everything after match

grep -o "<MATCH>.*"

Print IPv4 addresses

grep -E -o "([0-9]{1,3}[\.]){3}[0-9]{1,3}"

Print lines containing the exact MATCH

grep -oh "\w*<MATCH>\w*"

Print lines with numbers only

grep --only-matching '[[:digit:]]\+'

Print lines with only one /

grep -e '^[^/]*/[^/]*$'

Print match only

grep -E -o '<MATCH>\w+'

Print word before match

grep -E "MATCH" | cut -d "," -f2 | awk '{print $1}'

Print word containing string

grep -oh "\w*<STRING>\w*"

Print between two patterns

grep -o -P '(?<=PATTERN1).*(?=PATTERN2)'

awk Tricks

Print between square brackets

awk 'NR>1{print $1}' RS=[ FS=]

Print between ()

awk -F'[()]' '{print $2}'

Print lines with numbers only

awk '{gsub("[^[:digit:]]+"," ")}1'

Print the line immediately before a line that matches "/regex/" (but not the line that matches itself):

awk '/regex/ { print x }; { x=$0 }'

Print the line immediately after a line that matches "/regex/" (but not the line that matches itself):

awk '/regex/ { print (x=="" ? "match on line 1" : x) }; { x=$0 }'

Print column after match

awk -v srch="<PATTERN>" 'BEGIN{l=length(srch)}{t=match($0,srch);if(!t){next}$0=substr($0,t+l);print srch" "$2}' <filename> | awk '{print $1}'

Print from column 3 to end

awk '{ print substr($0, index($0,$3)) }'

Print lines that match any of "AAA" or "BBB", or "CCC"

awk '/AAA|BBB|CCC/'

Replace column value

awk '{$<COL_NUMBER> = "<VALUE>"; print}'

Turn list to table

cat FILENAME.txt | awk 'BEGIN { print "<table>" }
     { print "<tr><td>" $1 "</td><td>" $2 "</td><tr>" }
     END   { print "</table>" }'
	 
	 cat toTable | awk 'BEGIN { print "<tbody>" }
     { print "<tr><td><strong>" $1 "</strong></td>" }
	 { print "<td>" $2 "</td></tr>" }
     END   { print "</tbody>" }'

Print between two patterns

awk -v FS="(PATTERN1|PATTERN2)" '{print $2}'

sed Tricks

SED BREAKDOWN

s/          <-- this means it should perform a substitution
.*          <-- this means match zero or more characters
\[          <-- this means match a literal [ character
\(          <-- this starts saving the pattern for later use
[^]]*       <-- this means match any character that is not a [ character
                the outer [ and ] signify that this is a character class
                having the ^ character as the first character in the class means "not"
\)          <-- this closes the saving of the pattern match for later use
\]          <-- this means match a literal ] character
/\1         <-- this means replace everything matched with the first saved pattern
               (the match between "\(" and "\)" )
/g          <-- this means the substitution is global (all occurrences on the line)
\< EXACT MATCH \>

insert a blank line above every line which matches "regex"

sed '/regex/{x;p;x;}'

insert a blank line below every line which matches "regex"

sed '/regex/G'

insert a blank line above and below every line which matches "regex"

sed '/regex/{x;p;x;G;}'

number each line of file, but only print numbers if line is not blank

sed '/./=' filename | sed '/./N; s/\n/ /'

substitute "foo" with "bar" ONLY for lines which contain "baz"

sed '/baz/s/foo/bar/g'

substitute "foo" with "bar" EXCEPT for lines which contain "baz"

sed '/baz/!s/foo/bar/g'

reverse order of lines (similar to "tac")

sed '1!G;h;$!d'               
sed -n '1!G;h;$p'             

if a line ends with a backslash, append the next line to it

 sed -e :a -e '/\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta'

if a line begins with MATCH, append it to the previous line and replace MATCH with space

 sed -e :a -e '$!N;s/\nMATCH/ /;ta' -e 'P;D'

reverse each character on the line (similar to "rev")

sed '/\n/!G;s/\(.\)\(.*\n\)/&\2\1/;//D;s/.//'

change "witch" or "gem" or "puss" to "red"

sed 's/witch/red/g;s/gem/red/g;s/puss/red/g'   # most seds
gsed 's/witch\|gem\|puss/red/g'                # GNU sed only

substitute (find and replace) "foo" with "bar" on each line

sed 's/foo/bar/'             # replaces only 1st instance in a line
sed 's/foo/bar/4'            # replaces only 4th instance in a line
sed 's/foo/bar/g'            # replaces ALL instances in a line
sed 's/\(.*\)foo\(.*foo\)/\1bar\2/' # replace the next-to-last case
sed 's/\(.*\)foo/\1bar/'            # replace only the last case

delete leading whitespace (spaces, tabs) from front of each line

sed 's/^[ \t]*//'                    # see note on '\t' at end of file

delete trailing whitespace (spaces, tabs) from end of each line

sed 's/[ \t]*$//'                    # see note on '\t' at end of file

print lines which match regexp

sed -n '/regexp/p'           # method 1
sed '/regexp/!d'             # method 2

print line before regexp

sed -n '/regexp/{g;1!p;};h'

print line after regexp

sed -n '/regexp/{n;p;}'

Delete all empty lines

sed '/^\s*$/d' file

Add line after a line with match

sed '/MATCH/a\ADD_THIS' file

Add line before a line with match

sed '/MATCH/i\<INSERT>' file

Add string to beginning of all lines

sed 's/^/<STRING>/'

print lines with AAA, BBB and CCC (any order)

sed '/AAA/!d; /BBB/!d; /CCC/!d'

Add string to beginning of all matching lines

sed '/<MATCH>/s/^/<STRING>/'

print section of text if it contains MATCH (blank lines separate paragraphs)

sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/MATCH/!d;'

print section of text if it contains AAA and BBB and CCC (in any order)

sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/!d;/BBB/!d;/CCC/!d'

print section of text if it contains AAA or BBB or CCC

sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d

print from regexp to end of file

sed -n '/regexp/,$p'

Add string to end of all lines

sed '/s/$/<string>/'

Add string to end of all matching lines

sed '/<MATCH>/s/$/ myalias/'

Add to end of matching line

sed '/match/ s/$/ anotherthing/' file

Append a line to the next if it ends with a backslash \

sed -e :a -e '/\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta'

Delete both leading and trailing whitespace from each line

sed 's/^[ \t]*//;s/[ \t]*$//'

Delete trailing whitespace (tabs and spaces) from each line

sed 's/[ \t]*$//'

Delete line with match X if next one has match Y

sed '/X/{$!N;/\n.*Y/!P;D}'

Delete from line with match until line with match

sed 's/<MATCH>/,/<MATCH>//g'

Delete from line with match until line with match in loop

sed '/<MATCH>/,/<MATCH>/!d;/;/p'

Double-space a file

sed G

Double-space a file which already has blank lines in it - do it so that the output contains no more than one blank line between two lines of text

sed '/^$/d;G'

Find line with and replace with

sed '/<MATCH>/s/<STR>/<REPLACE>/g'

Format minutes and seconds

echo '345,0m0.047s' | sed -n -r 's/^(.*),.*[^0-9]([0-9]*)\.(.*)s$/\1,\2\3/p'
345,0047

Print name from escape characters

sed 's/[0-9][0-9];[0-9][0-9]H//g' | egrep -o '[^][]+'

Insert a blank line above and below every line that matches "regex"

sed '/regex/{x;p;x;G;}'

Insert a blank line above every line that matches "regex"

sed '/regex/{x;p;x;}'

Insert a blank line below every line that matches "regex"

sed '/regex/G'

Print after a line containing ABC

sed -n '/ABC/,+1p' infile

Remove between two strings

sed 's/<STRING1>.*<STRING2>//'

Remove characters

sed -e 's|[<THIS>\<THIS>]||g'

Remove lines with / only

sed 's|/|:|g'

Remove special characters: !@#$%^&*<>"()

sed 's/[!@#\$%^&*<>"()]//g'

Replace matching line

sed -i "/aaa=/c\aaa=xxx" your_file_here

Triple-space a file

sed 'G;G'

Undo double-spacing

sed 'n;d'

VI Tricks

Find and replace - case insensitive

:%s/unix/Linux/gi

Find and replace - case sensitive

:%s/UNIX/bar/gI

Find and replace - whole word only

:%s/\<UNIX\>/Linux/gc

Find and replace - with confirmation

:%s/UNIX/Linux/gc

Bash Tricks

Aliases

alias ..='cd ..'
alias c='clear'
alias cls='clear;ls'
# Grabs the disk usage in the current directory
alias usage='du -ch | grep total'
alias ksh='du -ksh *'
# Gives you what is using the most space. Both directories and files. Varies on
# current directory
alias most='du -hsx * | sort -rh | head -10'
# ls aliases
alias lf='ls -alF --color=auto'
alias la='ls -al --color=auto'
alias ll='ls -l  --color=auto'
alias l='ls -l  --color=auto'
alias lh='ls -lh  --color=auto'
# create directory
alias md='mkdir -p'
alias t='tail -f '
alias network='service network restart'
alias f='find / -name'
alias fhere='find . -name'
alias iptables='service iptables restart'

Clear file descriptors of deleted files

lsof | grep "(deleted)$" | sed -re 's/^\S+\s+(\S+)\s+\S+\s+([0-9]+).*/\1\/fd\/\2/' | while read file; do bash -c ": > /proc/$file"; done

Convert one line xml to normal

echo "<XML>" or cat file | xml_pp

Delete everything after match

cut -d "<MATCH>" -f1

URI encode string for URL requests (wget and curl)

perl -MURI::Escape -lne 'print uri_escape($_)'
alias hashpass='echo $PASS | awk -F : '"'"'{for (i=1;i<=NF;i++) {print $i}}'"'"

Print between ()

perl -lne '/\(\K[^\)]+/ and print $&'

Print difference of two files

comm -13 <(sort file1) <(sort file2)

Replace string with new line

perl -pe 's/(?<!^)(?=<STRING>)/\n/g' <filename>

Print diff between two files using diff

diff -a --suppress-common-lines -y File1 File2

Print names of all installed packages

rpm -qa --qf "%{NAME}\n"

Regex Tricks

Regex to match word of N characters

^\w{0,10}$ # allows words of up to 10 characters.
^\w{5,}$   # allows words of more than 4 characters.
^\w{5,10}$ # allows words of between 5 and 10 characters.

tcpdump

See the list of interfaces on which tcpdump can listen:

tcpdump -D

Listen on interface eth0:

tcpdump -i eth0

Listen on any available interface (cannot be done in promiscuous mode. Requires Linux kernel 2.2 or greater):

tcpdump -i any

Be verbose while capturing packets:

tcpdump -v

Be more verbose while capturing packets:

tcpdump -vv

Be very verbose while capturing packets:

tcpdump -vvv

Be verbose and print the data of each packet in both hex and ASCII, excluding the link level header:

tcpdump -v -X

Be verbose and print the data of each packet in both hex and ASCII, also including the link level header:

tcpdump -v -XX

Be less verbose (than the default) while capturing packets:

tcpdump -q

Limit the capture to 100 packets:

tcpdump -c 100

Record the packet capture to a file called capture.cap:

tcpdump -w capture.cap

Record the packet capture to a file called capture.cap but display on-screen how many packets have been captured in real-time:

tcpdump -v -w capture.cap

Display the packets of a file called capture.cap:

tcpdump -r capture.cap

Display the packets using maximum detail of a file called capture.cap:

tcpdump -vvv -r capture.cap

Display IP addresses and port numbers instead of domain and service names when capturing packets (note: on some systems you need to specify -nn to display port numbers):

tcpdump -n

Capture any packets where the destination host is 192.168.1.1. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n dst host 192.168.1.1

Capture any packets where the source host is 192.168.1.1. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n src host 192.168.1.1

Capture any packets where the source or destination host is 192.168.1.1. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n host 192.168.1.1

Capture any packets where the destination network is 192.168.1.0/24. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n dst net 192.168.1.0/24

Capture any packets where the source network is 192.168.1.0/24. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n src net 192.168.1.0/24

Capture any packets where the source or destination network is 192.168.1.0/24. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n net 192.168.1.0/24

Capture any packets where the destination port is 23. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n dst port 23

Capture any packets where the destination port is is between 1 and 1023 inclusive. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n dst portrange 1-1023

Capture only TCP packets where the destination port is is between 1 and 1023 inclusive. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n tcp dst portrange 1-1023

Capture only UDP packets where the destination port is is between 1 and 1023 inclusive. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n udp dst portrange 1-1023

Capture any packets with destination IP 192.168.1.1 and destination port 23. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n "dst host 192.168.1.1 and dst port 23"

Capture any packets with destination IP 192.168.1.1 and destination port 80 or 443. Display IP addresses and port numbers:

tcpdump -n "dst host 192.168.1.1 and (dst port 80 or dst port 443)"

Capture any ICMP packets:

tcpdump -v icmp

Capture any ARP packets:

tcpdump -v arp

Capture either ICMP or ARP packets:

tcpdump -v "icmp or arp"

Capture any packets that are broadcast or multicast:

tcpdump -n "broadcast or multicast"

Capture 500 bytes of data for each packet rather than the default of 68 bytes:

tcpdump -s 500

Capture all bytes of data within the packet:

tcpdump -s 0

BackBox Specific

Send a mail from BackBox CLI

/backbox/backbox-3.0/bin/sendEmail -f [email protected] -t [email protected] -s SMTP_ADDRESS -u MailTest -o message-file=

Check Point Tricks

Check Point license expiration

[Expert@Checkpoint]# cplic print > cplic.txt

[Expert@Checkpoint]# cat cplic | grep -o -P  '..?Jan.*?....|..?Feb.*?....|..?Mar.*?....|..?Apr.*?....|..?May.*?....|..?Jun.*?....|..?Jul.*?....|..?Aug.*?....|..?Sep.*?....|..?Oct.*?....|..?Nov.*?....|..?Dec.*?....'

print objects from dbedit

echo -e "print <table_name> <object_name>\n-q\n" | dbedit -local
echo -e "printxml <table_name> <object_name>\n-q\n" | dbedit -local

Anti-spoofing check on all firewall interfaces

fw="xxx"; cpmiquerybin object "" network_objects "name='$fw'" |grep anti_spoof

Print cluster names and IP(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "" network_objects "type='gateway_cluster'" -a __name__,ipaddr

Print a list of names of all objects of type cluster member(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "" network_objects "type='cluster_member'" -a __name__

Print a list of names of all valid cluster members from cluster object name(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin object "" network_objects "" |grep -A 12 cluster_members |grep Name | awk -F "(" '{printf $2}' | sed -e 's/)/|/g'
cpmiquerybin attr "" network_objects "name='cluster_name'" -a cluster_members

Print all members of a group(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin object "" network_objects "name='group_name_goes_here'" | grep ":Name"

Print CMA list of policy collections(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "" policies_collections "" -a __name__

Print CMA policy names(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "" fw_policies "" -a __name__

Print installable targets for a policy named standard(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "" policies_collections "name='Standar'" -a __name__,installable_targets

Print IP for CLM name(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "mdsdb" network_objects "name='Cluster1'" -a __name__,ipaddr

Print secondary CMA(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "" network_objects "(primary_management='false') & (management='true')" -a __name__

List all MDSs(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "mdsdb" mdss "" -a __name__

List CMAs(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "mdsdb" network_objects "management='true'" -a __name__,ipaddr

List management/cma objects from cma env(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "" network_objects "management='true'" -a __name__,ipaddr 

List primary MDS(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "mdsdb" mdss "primary='true'" -a __name__

List services with 'Match for Any' ticked(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "" services "include_in_any='true'" -a __name__

Query all objects for an ip address(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "" network_objects "ipaddr='<IP>'" -a __name__,ipaddr

Query all Standalone Firewalls(MDS/Provider-1)

GATEWAYS=( `cpmiquerybin attr "" network_objects "(type='gateway') & (location='internal')" -a __name__ | tr '\n' ' '` )
CLUSTERS=( `cpmiquerybin attr "" network_objects "(type='gateway_cluster') & (location='internal')" -a __name__ | tr '\n' ' '` )
CLUSTER MEMBERS=( `cpmiquerybin attr "" network_objects "(type='cluster_member') | (type='gateway') & (location='internal')" -a __name__ | tr '\n'

Query all Cluster Members(MDS/Provider-1)

cpmiquerybin attr "" network_objects "type='gateway'|type='cluster_member'|type='gateway_cluster'" -a __name__,ipaddr,svn_version_name,appliance_type

Miscellaneous

Bash-Essentials

Variables

NAME="Variable"
echo $NAME
echo "$NAME"
echo "${NAME}!"

Arguments

$#	Number of arguments
$*	All arguments
$@	All arguments, starting from first
$1	First argument

Conditions

[[ -z STRING ]]	Empty string
[[ -n STRING ]]	Not empty string
[[ STRING == STRING ]]	Equal
[[ STRING != STRING ]]	Not Equal
[[ NUM -eq NUM ]]	Equal
[[ NUM -ne NUM ]]	Not equal
[[ NUM -lt NUM ]]	Less than
[[ NUM -le NUM ]]	Less than or equal
[[ NUM -gt NUM ]]	Greater than
[[ NUM -ge NUM ]]	Greater than or equal
[[ STRING =~ STRING ]]	Regexp
(( NUM < NUM ))	Numeric conditions
[[ -o noclobber ]]	If OPTIONNAME is enabled
[[ ! EXPR ]]	Not
[[ X ]] && [[ Y ]]	And
[[ X ]] || [[ Y ]]	Or

File Conditions

[[ -e FILE ]]	Exists
[[ -r FILE ]]	Readable
[[ -h FILE ]]	Symlink
[[ -d FILE ]]	Directory
[[ -w FILE ]]	Writable
[[ -s FILE ]]	Size is > 0 bytes
[[ -f FILE ]]	File
[[ -x FILE ]]	Executable
[[ FILE1 -nt FILE2 ]]	1 is more recent than 2
[[ FILE1 -ot FILE2 ]]	2 is more recent than 1
[[ FILE1 -ef FILE2 ]]	Same files

Expansions

!$	Expand last parameter of most recent command
!*	Expand all parameters of most recent command
!-n	Expand nth most recent command
!n	Expand nth command in history
!<command>	Expand most recent invocation of command <command>

Date of yesterday

date -d@$(echo $(($(date +"%s")-86400))) +"%Y-%m-%d"

url encode STRING

echo -n "STRING" | perl -MURI::Escape -wlne 'print uri_escape $_'

Emoji

¯\_(ツ)_/¯