ci: update all Linux build images to Debian Bookworm #3526

Job	Run time
Static analysis	1m 39s
Build (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu)	8m 50s
Build (x86_64-unknown-linux-musl)	4m 42s
Build (x86_64-pc-windows-gnu)	11m 52s
Build (aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu)	7m 52s
Build (aarch64-unknown-linux-musl)	6m 43s
Build (x86_64-apple-darwin)	21m 21s
Build (aarch64-apple-darwin)	7m 2s
Build Docker images	0s
Build universal macOS binaries	0s
Run and upload benchmarks	0s
	1h 10m 1s

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