Update README.md

.github/workflows/unit-test-os-versions.yml

@@ -19,18 +19,17 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v1
 
-      - name: Set up Python 3.8
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+      - name: Set up Python 3.11
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
-          python-version: 3.8
-          architecture: x64
+          python-version: 3.11
 
       - name: install sundials (ubuntu)
         if: ${{ matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' }}
         run: |
           sudo apt-get update
           sudo apt-get install libsundials-dev
-      
+
       - name: install sundials (macos)
         if: ${{ matrix.os == 'macos-latest' }}
         run: |

README.md

@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@
 
 ## About
 
-**Chi** is an open source Python package hosted on GitHub,
-which can be used to model dose response dynamics.
+**Chi** is an open source Python package for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modelling.
 
 All features of the software are described in detail in the
 [full API documentation](https://chi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/).

docs/source/getting_started/fitting_models_to_data.rst

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ dynamics and to optimise dosing regimens to target a desired treatment response.
 
 However, at this point, the simulated treatment responses have little to do with
 real treatment responses. To describe *real* treatment
-responses that we may observe in clinical practice, we need to somehow connect
+responses, i.e. treatment responses that we may observe in clinical practice, we need to somehow connect
 our model to reality.
 
 The most common approach to relate models to real treatment responses is to
@@ -75,13 +75,13 @@ for a given model structure.
 Estimating model parameters from data: Background
 *************************************************
 
-Before we can try to find parameter values that describe the observed
-treatment response most closely, we first need to agree on what we mean by
-"*most closely*" for the relationship between the mechanistic model output and the measurements.
-An intuitive way to define this notion of closeness is to use the distance
+Before we can try to find better parameter values that describe the observed
+treatment response, we first need to agree on what we mean by
+"*better*" for the relationship between the mechanistic model output and the measurements.
+An intuitive notion of "better" is "closer", quantified by the distance
 between the measurements and the model output,
 i.e. the difference between the measured values and the
-simulated values. Then the model parameters that most closely
+simulated values. Then the model parameters that best
 describe the measurements would be those parameter values that make the mechanistic
 model output perfectly match the measurements, resulting in distances of 0 ng/mL
 between the model output and the measurements at all measured time points.
@@ -90,26 +90,25 @@ However, as outlined in Sections 1.3 and 1.4 of the
 noisy, and will therefore not perfectly represent the treatment response dynamics.
 Consequently, if we were to match the model outputs to measurements perfectly,
 we would end up with an inaccurate description of the treatment response
-as our model would be paying too much attention to the measurement noise.
+that is corrupted by measurement noise.
 
-One way to improve our notion of closeness is to incorporate the measurement
-process into our computational model of the treatment response, thereby
-explicitly stating that we do not expect the mechanistic model output to match
-the measurements perfectly. In Chi, this can be done
+One way to overcome this limitation is to change our notion of "better" and incorporate the measurement
+process into our computational model of the treatment response. This makes explicit
+that we do not expect the mechanistic model output to match
+the measurements perfectly. In Chi, the measurement process can be captured
 using :class:`chi.ErrorModel` s. Error models promote the single value output
 of mechanistic model simulations to a distribution of
 values. This distribution characterises a
 range of values around the mechanistic model output where measurements may be
 expected.
-For simulation, this distribution can be used to sample measurement values and
+We can use this measurement distribution in two ways: 1. for simulation; and 2. for
+parameter estimation. For simulation, the distribution
+can be used to sample measurement values and
 imitate the measurement process of real treatment responses, see
 Section 1.3 in the :doc:`quick_overview` for an example. For parameter estimation,
 the distribution can be used to quantify the likelihood with which the observed
 measurements would have been generated by our model,
-see Section 1.4 in the :doc:`quick_overview`. To account for measurement noise
-during the parameter estimation, we therefore
-choose to quantify the closeness between the model output an the measurements
-using likelihoods.
+see Section 1.4 in the :doc:`quick_overview`.
 
 Formally, we denote the measurement distribution by :math:`p(y | \psi, t, r)`,
 where :math:`y` denotes the measurement value, :math:`\psi` denotes the model parameters,
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ of the measurement distribution evaluated at the measurement,
 :math:`p(y_1 | \psi, t_1, r^*)`. Note that this
 likelihood depends on the choice of model parameters, :math:`\psi`. The model
 parameters with the maximum likelihood are
-the parameter values that most closely describe the measurements.
+the parameter values that "best" describe the measurements.
 
 .. note::
     The measurement distribution, :math:`p(y | \psi, t, r)`, is defined
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ the parameter values that most closely describe the measurements.
     we extend the definition of the model parameters to include :math:`\sigma`,
     :math:`\psi = (a_0, k_a, k_e, v, \sigma)`.
 
-    We can see that the model output
+    We can see that the mechanistic model output
     defines the mean or Expectation Value of the measurement distribution.
 
     2. If we choose a :class:`chi.LogNormalErrorModel` to describe the difference
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ the parameter values that most closely describe the measurements.
     .. math::
         p(y | \psi, t, r) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi \sigma ^2}}\frac{1}{y}\mathrm{e}^{-\big(\log y - \log c(\psi, t, r) + \sigma / 2\big)^2 / 2\sigma ^2}.
 
-    One can show that also for this distribution the model output defines the mean
+    One can show that also for this distribution the mechanistic model output defines the mean
     or Expectation Value of the measurement distribution.
 
     The main difference between the two distributions is the shape. The
@@ -306,14 +305,14 @@ likelihood-prior product over the full parameter space,
 :math:`p(\mathcal{D}) = \int \mathrm{d} \psi \, p(\mathcal{D}, \psi ) = \int \mathrm{d} \psi \, p(\mathcal{D}| \psi )\, p(\psi)`.
 This renders the value of the constant shift for all intents and purposes unknown.
 
-The unknown shift makes it impossible to make statements about the absolute probability
-of parameter values. However, it does allow for relative comparisons of
-probabilities -- a fact exploited by MCMC algorithms to circumvent the limitation
+The unknown shift makes it very difficult to make statements about the absolute probability
+of parameter values from the :class:`chi.LogPosterior` alone. However, the uknown shift does allow for relative comparisons of
+probabilities as the shift is the same for all parameter values -- a fact exploited by MCMC algorithms to circumvent the limitation
 of the partially known log-posterior. MCMC algorithms use
 the relative comparison of parameter probabilities to generate random samples from the
 posterior distribution, opening a gateway to reconstruct the distribution. The
 more random samples are generated, the closer the histogram over the samples will
-approximate the posterior distribution. In fact, one can show that the histogram
+approximate the original posterior distribution. In fact, one can show that the histogram
 will converge to the posterior distribution as the number of samples approaches
 infinity. This makes it possible for MCMC algorithms
 to reconstruct any posterior distribution from a :class:`chi.LogPosterior`.
@@ -397,12 +396,12 @@ we can see in the second row of the figure that the marginal posterior distribut
 substantially differs from the marginal prior distribution. This is because the
 drug concentration measurements contain important information about the elimination rate, rendering
 rates above 1.5 1/day or below 0.25 1/day as extremely unlikely for the
-model of the treatment response. This in in stark contrast to the relatively wide
+model of the treatment response. This is in stark contrast to the relatively wide
 range of model parameters that we deemed feasible prior to the inference
 (see black line). However, the measurements are not conclusive enough
 to reduce the distribution of feasible elimination rates to a single value. Similarly,
 for the volume of distribution (row 3) and the error scale parameter
-(row 4), the measurements lead to substaintial updates relative to the
+(row 4), the measurements lead to substantial updates relative to the
 prior distribution.
 In comparison, the measurements appear less informative about the absorption rate
 (see row 1), given that the marginal posterior distribution of
@@ -437,9 +436,10 @@ Let us begin this section by revisiting the right column in the figure above. Th
 shows the samples from the three MCMC algorithm runs at each
 iteration. For early iterations of the algorithm,
 the samples from the MCMC runs look quite distinct -- each run appears to sample
-from a different area of the parameter space. In contrast,
-the MCMC runs seem to converge and sample from the same area of the parameter space
-at later iterations. Intuitively,
+from a different area of the parameter space. In contrast, at later iterations
+the MCMC runs are harder to distinguish and sample from the same area of the parameter space.
+
+Intuitively,
 it does not really make sense for the samples from the MCMC runs to look different
 -- after all, we use the same MCMC algorithm to sample from the same posterior distribution.
 The histogram over the samples *should* therefore be identical within the limits of
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ and is the particular choice of the *second* half important? The answer comes
 back to a common limitation of all MCMC algorithm which we can see in the right
 column of the figure presented earlier: MCMC algorithms generate samples
 from the posterior distribution conditional on the latest generated sample.
-For some MCMC algorithms, this conditioning has little influences on sequential samples
+For some MCMC algorithms, this conditioning has little influence on sequential samples
 because the internal sampling strategy is advanced enough to
 sufficiently decorrelate subsequent samples. But for
 many MCMC algorithms the conditioned sample substantially influences the sampled value. That

setup.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 setup(
     # Module name
     name='chi-drm',
-    version='1.0.0',
+    version='1.0.1',
     description='Package to model dose response dynamics',
     long_description=readme,
     long_description_content_type="text/markdown",
@@ -36,8 +36,9 @@
         'pandas>=0.24',
         'pints>=0.4',
         'plotly>=4.8.1',
+        'scipy<=1.12',  # 07/2024 - ArviZ seems to not yet keep up with SciPy
         'tqdm>=4.46.1',
-        'xarray>=0.19'
+        'xarray>=0.19',
     ],
     extras_require={
         'docs': [