ORG.FSMS:

Paq8pxd

To install and use in Windows:

• To install, put paq8pxd.exe or a shortcut to it on your desktop.
• To compress a file or folder, drop it on the paq8pxd icon.
• To decompress, drop a .paq8pxd file on the icon.

A .paq8pxd extension is added for compression, removed for decompression. The output will go in the same folder as the input.

While paq8pxd is working, a command window will appear and report progress. When it is done you can close the window by pressing ENTER or clicking [X].

COMMAND LINE INTERFACE

• To install, put paq8pxd.exe somewhere in your PATH.
• To compress: paq8pxd [-N] file1 [file2...]
• To decompress: paq8pxd [-d] file1.paq8pxd [dir2]
• To view contents: paq8pxd -l file1.paq8pxd

The compressed output file is named by adding ".paq8pxd" extension to the first named file (file1.paq8pxd). Each file that exists will be added to the archive and its name will be stored without a path. The option -N specifies a compression level ranging from -0 (fastest) to -8 (smallest). The default is -5. If there is no option and only one file, then the program will pause when finished until you press the ENTER key (to support drag and drop). If file1.paq8pxd exists then it is overwritten. Level -0 only transforms or decompresses data.

If the first named file ends in ".paq8pxd" then it is assumed to be an archive and the files within are extracted to the same directory as the archive unless a different directory (dir2) is specified. The -d option forces extraction even if there is not a ".paq8pxd" extension. If any output file already exists, then it is compared with the archive content and the first byte that differs is reported. No files are overwritten or deleted. If there is only one argument (no -d or dir2) then the program will pause when finished until you press ENTER.

For compression, if any named file is actually a directory, then all files and subdirectories are compressed, preserving the directory structure, except that empty directories are not stored, and file attributes (timestamps, permissions, etc.) are not preserved. During extraction, directories are created as needed. For example:

  paq8pxd -4 c:\tmp\foo bar

compresses foo and bar (if they exist) to c:\tmp\foo.paq8pxd at level 4.

  paq8pxd -d c:\tmp\foo.paq8pxd .

extracts foo and compares bar in the current directory. If foo and bar are directories then their contents are extracted/compared.

There are no commands to update an existing archive or to extract part of an archive. Files and archives larger than 2GB are not supported (but might work on 64-bit machines, not tested). File names with nonprintable characters are not supported (spaces are OK).

TO COMPILE

Make sure bzip2 libraries are present

MINGW g++

    pacman -S mingw-w64-x86_64-bzip2

UNIX/Linux

    sudo apt-get install libbz2-dev

There are 2 files: paq8pxd.cpp (C++) and wrtpre.cpp (C++). paq8pxd.cpp recognizes the following compiler options:

  -DWINDOWS           (to compile in Windows)
  -DUNIX              (to compile in Unix, Linux, etc)
  -DMT                (to compile with multithreading support)
  -DDEFAULT_OPTION=N  (to change the default compression level from 5 to N).

If you compile without -DWINDOWS or -DUNIX, you can still compress files, but you cannot compress directories or create them during extraction. You can extract directories if you manually create the empty directories first.

Use -DEFAULT_OPTION=N to change the default compression level to support drag and drop on machines with less than 256 MB of memory. Use -DDEFAULT_OPTION=4 for 128 MB, 3 for 64 MB, 2 for 32 MB, etc.

Recommended compiler commands and optimizations:

MINGW g++ (x86,x64):
with multithreading:

    g++ paq8pxd.cpp -DWINDOWS -DMT -msse2 -O3 -s -static -lz -lbz2 -o paq8pxd.exe

without multithreading:

    g++ paq8pxd.cpp -DWINDOWS -msse2 -O3 -s -static -lz -lbz2 -o paq8pxd.exe 

UNIX/Linux (PC x86,x64):
with multithreading:

    g++ paq8pxd.cpp -DUNIX -DMT -msse2 -O3 -s -static -lpthread -lz -lbz2 -o paq8pxd  

without multithreading:

    g++ paq8pxd.cpp -DUNIX -msse2 -O3 -s -static -lpthread -lz -lbz2 -o paq8pxd

Non PC (e.g. PowerPC under MacOS X):
g++ paq8pxd.cpp -O2 -DUNIX -s -lz -lbz2 -o paq8pxd

Alternatively, you can use CMake to build paq8pxd.

CMake recognizes the following compiler options for paq8pxd:

  -DUNIX: Whether to build for Unix. Otherwise, build for Windows)  
  -DNATIVECPU: Whether to build for your cpu (vs. the general public). Default is OFF)  
  -DMT: Whether to enable Multithreading. Default is OFF)  
  -DDISABLE_SM: Whether to disable faster statemaps. Default is OFF)  

To build for Windows in MinGW with Multithreading and build a native executable for your CPU:

cmake . -G "MSYS Makefiles" -DMT=ON -DNATIVECPU=ON

To build for Unix systems with Multithreading and build a native executable for your CPU:

cmake . -DUNIX=ON -DMT=ON -DNATIVECPU=ON

Then build with make:

make

ARCHIVE FILE FORMAT

An archive has the following format.

  paq8pxd -N 
  segment size 
  compressed segment size
  segment offset
  \0 file list size
  compressed file list(
    size TAB filename CR LF
    size TAB filename CR LF
    ...)
  compressed binary data
  file segmentation data
  stream data sizes[11]

-N is the option (-0 to -15) and mode, even if a default was used.
00LMNNNN bit M is set if fast mode, 
         bit L is set if quick mode,
         if L or M are not set default to slow mode.

segment size is total size of file(s) 
compressed segment size is compressed segmentation data in bytes
at segmnet offset after compressed binary data.

file segmentation data is full list of detected blocks:
type size info
type size info
type size 
type size info
.....

info is present if block type needs extra info like in image or audio.

Plain file names are stored without a path. Files in compressed directories are stored with path relative to the compressed directory (using UNIX style forward slashes "/"). For example, given these files:

  123 C:\dir1\file1.txt
  456 C:\dir2\file2.txt

Then

  paq8pxd archive \dir1\file1.txt \dir2

will create archive.paq8pxd

The command:

  paq8pxd archive.paq8pxd C:\dir3

will create the files:

  C:\dir3\file1.txt
  C:\dir3\dir2\file2.txt

Decompression will fail if the first 10 bytes are not paq8pxd -. Sizes are stored as decimal numbers. CR, LF, TAB are ASCII codes 13, 10, 9 respectively.

ARITHMETIC CODING

The binary data is arithmetic coded as the shortest base 256 fixed point number x = SUM_i x_i 256^-1-i such that p(<y) <= x < p(<=y), where y is the input string, x_i is the i'th coded byte, p(<y) (and p(<=y)) means the probability that a string is lexicographcally less than (less than or equal to) y according to the model, _ denotes subscript, and ^ denotes exponentiation.

The model p(y) for y is a conditional bit stream, p(y) = PROD_j p(y_j | y_0..j-1) where y_0..j-1 denotes the first j bits of y, and y_j is the next bit. Compression depends almost entirely on the ability to predict the next bit accurately.

MODEL MIXING

paq8pxd uses a neural network to combine a large number of models. The i'th model independently predicts p1_i = p(y_j = 1 | y_0..j-1), p0_i = 1 - p1_i. The network computes the next bit probabilty

  p1 = squash(SUM_i w_i t_i), p0 = 1 - p1                        (1)

where t_i = stretch(p1_i) is the i'th input, p1_i is the prediction of the i'th model, p1 is the output prediction, stretch(p) = ln(p/(1-p)), and squash(s) = 1/(1+exp(-s)). Note that squash() and stretch() are inverses of each other.

After bit y_j (0 or 1) is received, the network is trained:

  w_i := w_i + eta t_i (y_j - p1)                                (2)

where eta is an ad-hoc learning rate, t_i is the i'th input, (y_j - p1) is the prediction error for the j'th input but, and w_i is the i'th weight. Note that this differs from back propagation:

  w_i := w_i + eta t_i (y_j - p1) p0 p1                          (3)

which is a gradient descent in weight space to minimize root mean square error. Rather, the goal in compression is to minimize coding cost, which is -log(p0) if y = 1 or -log(p1) if y = 0. Taking the partial derivative of cost with respect to w_i yields (2).

MODELS

Most models are context models. A function of the context (last few bytes) is mapped by a lookup table or hash table to a state which depends on the bit history (prior sequence of 0 and 1 bits seen in this context). The bit history is then mapped to p1_i by a fixed or adaptive function. There are several types of bit history states:

• Run Map. The state is (b,n) where b is the last bit seen (0 or 1) and n is the number of consecutive times this value was seen. The initial state is (0,0). The output is computed directly:

    t_i = (2b - 1)K log(n + 1).

where K is ad-hoc, around 4 to 10. When bit y_j is seen, the state is updated:

    (b,n) := (b,n+1) if y_j = b, else (y_j,1).

• Stationary Map. The state is p, initially 1/2. The output is t_i = stretch(p). The state is updated at ad-hoc rate K (around 0.01):

    p := p + K(y_j - p)

• Nonstationary Map. This is a compromise between a stationary map, which assumes uniform statistics, and a run map, which adapts quickly by discarding old statistics. An 8 bit state represents (n0,n1,h), initially (0,0,0) where:

    n0 is the number of 0 bits seen "recently".
    n1 is the number of 1 bits seen "recently".
    n = n0 + n1.
    h is the full bit history for 0 <= n <= 4,
      the last bit seen (0 or 1) if 5 <= n <= 15,
      0 for n >= 16.

The primaty output is t_i := stretch(sm(n0,n1,h)), where sm(.) is a stationary map with K = 1/256, initialized to sm(n0,n1,h) = (n1+(1/64))/(n+2/64). Four additional inputs are also be computed to improve compression slightly:

    p1_i = sm(n0,n1,h)
    p0_i = 1 - p1_i
    t_i   := stretch(p_1)
    t_i+1 := K1 (p1_i - p0_i)
    t_i+2 := K2 stretch(p1) if n0 = 0, -K2 stretch(p1) if n1 = 0, else 0
    t_i+3 := K3 (-p0_i if n1 = 0, p1_i if n0 = 0, else 0)
    t_i+4 := K3 (-p0_i if n0 = 0, p1_i if n1 = 0, else 0)

where K1..K4 are ad-hoc constants.

h is updated as follows:

    If n < 4, append y_j to h.
    Else if n <= 16, set h := y_j.
    Else h = 0.

The update rule is biased toward newer data in a way that allows n0 or n1, but not both, to grow large by discarding counts of the opposite bit. Large counts are incremented probabilistically. Specifically, when y_j = 0 then the update rule is:

    n0 := n0 + 1, n < 29
          n0 + 1 with probability 2^(27-n0)/2 else n0, 29 <= n0 < 41
          n0, n = 41.
    n1 := n1, n1 <= 5
          round(8/3 lg n1), if n1 > 5

swapping (n0,n1) when y_j = 1.

Furthermore, to allow an 8 bit representation for (n0,n1,h), states exceeding the following values of n0 or n1 are replaced with the state with the closest ratio n0:n1 obtained by decrementing the smaller count: (41,0,h), (40,1,h), (12,2,h), (5,3,h), (4,4,h), (3,5,h), (2,12,h), (1,40,h), (0,41,h). For example: (12,2,1) 0-> (7,1,0) because there is no state (13,2,0).

• Match Model. The state is (c,b), initially (0,0), where c is 1 if the context was previously seen, else 0, and b is the next bit in this context. The prediction is:

    t_i := (2b - 1)Kc log(m + 1)

where m is the length of the context. The update rule is c := 1, b := y_j. A match model can be implemented efficiently by storing input in a buffer and storing pointers into the buffer into a hash table indexed by context. Then c is indicated by a hash table entry and b can be retrieved from the buffer.

CONTEXTS

High compression is achieved by combining a large number of contexts. Most (not all) contexts start on a byte boundary and end on the bit immediately preceding the predicted bit. The contexts below are modeled with both a run map and a nonstationary map unless indicated.

• Order n. The last n bytes, up to about 16. For general purpose data. Most of the compression occurs here for orders up to about 6. An order 0 context includes only the 0-7 bits of the partially coded byte and the number of these bits (255 possible values).

• Sparse. Usually 1 or 2 of the last 8 bytes preceding the byte containing the predicted bit, e.g (2), (3),..., (8), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (3,6), (4,8). The ordinary order 1 and 2 context, (1) or (1,2) are included above. Useful for binary data.

• Text. Contexts consists of whole words (a-z, converted to lower case and skipping other values). Contexts may be sparse, e.g (0,2) meaning the current (partially coded) word and the second word preceding the current one. Useful contexts are (0), (0,1), (0,1,2), (0,2), (0,3), (0,4). The preceding byte may or may not be included as context in the current word.

• Formatted text. The column number (determined by the position of the last linefeed) is combined with other contexts: the charater to the left and the character above it.

• Fixed record length. The record length is determined by searching for byte sequences with a uniform stride length. Once this is found, then the record length is combined with the context of the bytes immediately preceding it and the corresponding byte locations in the previous one or two records (as with formatted text).

• Context gap. The distance to the previous occurrence of the order 1 or order 2 context is combined with other low order (1-2) contexts.

• FAX. For 2-level bitmapped images. Contexts are the surrounding pixels already seen. Image width is assumed to be 1728 bits (as in calgary/pic).

• Image. For uncompressed 8,24-bit color BMP, TIFF and TGA images. Contexts are the high order bits of the surrounding pixels and linear combinations of those pixels, including other color planes. The image width is detected from the file header. When an image is detected, other models are turned off to improve speed.

• JPEG. Files are further compressed by partially uncompressing back to the DCT coefficients to provide context for the next Huffman code. Only baseline DCT-Huffman coded files are modeled. (This ia about 90% of images, the others are usually progresssive coded). JPEG images embedded in other files (quite common) are detected by headers. The baseline JPEG coding process is:

  • Convert to grayscale and 2 chroma colorspace.
  • Sometimes downsample the chroma images 2:1 or 4:1 in X and/or Y.
  • Divide each of the 3 images into 8x8 blocks.
  • Convert using 2-D discrete cosine transform (DCT) to 64 12-bit signed coefficients.
  • Quantize the coefficients by integer division (lossy).
  • Split the image into horizontal slices coded independently, separated by restart codes.
  • Scan each block starting with the DC (0,0) coefficient in zigzag order to the (7,7) coefficient, interleaving the 3 color components in order to scan the whole image left to right starting at the top.
  • Subtract the previous DC component from the current in each color.
  • Code the coefficients using RS codes, where R is a run of R zeros (0-15) and S indicates 0-11 bits of a signed value to follow. (There is a special RS code (EOB) to indicate the rest of the 64 coefficients are 0).
  • Huffman code the RS symbol, followed by S literal bits. The most useful contexts are the current partially coded Huffman code (including S following bits) combined with the coefficient position (0-63), color (0-2), and last few RS codes.

• Match. When a context match of 400 bytes or longer is detected, the next bit of the match is predicted and other models are turned off to improve speed.

• Exe. When a x86 file (.exe, .obj, .dll) is detected, sparse contexts with gaps of 1-12 selecting only the prefix, opcode, and the bits of the modR/M byte that are relevant to parsing are selected. This model is turned off otherwise.

• Indirect. The history of the last 1-3 bytes in the context of the last 1-2 bytes is combined with this 1-2 byte context.

• DMC. A bitwise n-th order context is built from a state machine using DMC, described in http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~ftp/dmc/dmc.c The effect is to extend a single context, one bit at a time and predict the next bit based on the history in this context. The model here differs in that two predictors are used. One is a pair of counts as in the original DMC. The second predictor is a bit history state mapped adaptively to a probability as as in a Nonstationary Map.

ARCHITECTURE

The context models are mixed by several of several hundred neural networks selected by a low-order context. The outputs of these networks are combined using a second neural network, then fed through several stages of adaptive probability maps (APM) before arithmetic coding.

For images, only one neural network is used and its context is fixed.

An APM is a stationary map combining a context and an input probability. The input probability is stretched and divided into 32 segments to combine with other contexts. The output is interpolated between two adjacent quantized values of stretch(p1). There are 2 APM stages in series:

  p1 := (p1 + 3 APM(order 0, p1)) / 4.
  p1 := (APM(order 1, p1) + 2 APM(order 2, p1) + APM(order 3, p1)) / 4.

PREPROCESSING

paq8pxd uses preprocessing transforms on certain data types to improve compression. To improve reliability, the decoding transform is tested during compression to ensure that the input file can be restored. If the decoder output is not identical to the input file due to a bug, then the transform is abandoned and the data is compressed without a transform so that it will still decompress correctly.

The input is split into blocks with the format where is 1 byte (0 = no transform), is the size of the data after decoding, which may be different than the size of . Data is stored uncompressed after compressed data ends. The preprocessor has 3 parts:

• Detector. Splits the input into smaller blocks depending on data type.

• Coder. Input is a block to be compressed. Output is a temporary file. The coder determines whether a transform is to be applied based on file type, and if so, which one. A coder may use lots of resources (memory, time) and make multiple passes through the input file. The file type is stored (as one byte) during compression.

• Decoder. Performs the inverse transform of the coder. It uses few resorces (fast, low memory) and runs in a single pass (stream oriented). It takes input either from a file or the arithmetic decoder. Each call to the decoder returns a single decoded byte.

The following transforms are used:

• EXE: CALL (0xE8) and JMP (0xE9) address operands are converted from relative to absolute address. The transform is to replace the sequence E8/E9 xx xx xx 00/FF by adding file offset modulo 2^25 (signed range, little-endian format). Data to transform is identified by trying the transform and applying a crude compression test: testing whether the byte following the E8/E8 (LSB of the address) occurred more recently in the transformed data than the original and within 4KB 4 times in a row. The block ends when this does not happen for 4KB.

• JPEG: detected by SOI and SOF and ending with EOI or any nondecodable data. No transform is applied. The purpose is to separate images embedded in execuables to block the EXE transform, and for a future place to insert a transform.

• BASE64: Decodes BASE64 encoded data and recursively transformed up to level 5. Input can be full stream or end-of-line coded.

• BASE85: Decodes Ascii85 encoded data and recursively transformed up to level 5. Input can be full stream or end-of-line coded. Supports: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii85#Adobe_version

• 24-bit images: 24-bit image data uses simple color transform (b, g, r) -> (g, g-r, g-b)

• ZLIB: Decodes zlib encoded data and recursively transformed up to level 5. Supports zlib compressed images (4/8/24 bit) in pdf

• GIF: Gif (8 bit) image recompression.

• CD: mode 1 and mode 2 form 1+2 - 2352 bytes

• MDF: wraped around CD, re-arranges subchannel and CD data

• TEXT: All detected text blocks are transformed using dynamic dictionary preprocessing (based on XWRT). If transformed block is larger from original then transform is skipped.

• LZSS: (Haruhiko Okumura's LZSS): Decompresses Microsoft compress.exe archives.

• TTA: audio filter

• MRB: 8 bit images with RLE compression

IMPLEMENTATION

Hash tables are designed to minimize cache misses, which consume most of the CPU time.

Most of the memory is used by the nonstationary context models. Contexts are represented by 32 bits, possibly a hash. These are mapped to a bit history, represented by 1 byte. The hash table is organized into 64-byte buckets on cache line boundaries. Each bucket contains 7 x 7 bit histories, 7 16-bit checksums, and a 2 element LRU queue packed into one byte. Each 7 byte element represents 7 histories for a context ending on a 3-bit boundary plus 0-2 more bits. One element (for bits 0-1, which have 4 unused bytes) also contains a run model consisting of the last byte seen and a count (as 1 byte each).

Run models use 4 byte hash elements consisting of a 2 byte checksum, a repeat count (0-255) and the byte value. The count also serves as a priority.

Stationary models are most appropriate for small contexts, so the context is used as a direct table lookup without hashing.

The match model maintains a pointer to the last match until a mismatching bit is found. At the start of the next byte, the hash table is referenced to find another match. The hash table of pointers is updated after each whole byte. There is no checksum. Collisions are detected by comparing the current and matched context in a rotating buffer.

The inner loops of the neural network prediction (1) and training (2) algorithms are implemented in MMX assembler, which computes 4 elements at a time. Using assembler is 8 times faster than C++ for this code and 1/3 faster overall. (However I found that SSE2 code on an AMD-64, which computes 8 elements at a time, is not any faster).

SEE ALSO

paq8px