Schemars

Note

This branch is for the current v1 alpha version of Schemars which is still under development. For the current stable release of Schemars (v0.8.x), see the v0 branch.

For information on migrating from 0.8 to 1.0, see the migration guide.

Generate JSON Schema documents from Rust code

Basic Usage

If you don't really care about the specifics, the easiest way to generate a JSON schema for your types is to #[derive(JsonSchema)] and use the schema_for! macro. All fields of the type must also implement JsonSchema - Schemars implements this for many standard library types.

use schemars::{schema_for, JsonSchema};

#[derive(JsonSchema)]
pub struct MyStruct {
    pub my_int: i32,
    pub my_bool: bool,
    pub my_nullable_enum: Option<MyEnum>,
}

#[derive(JsonSchema)]
pub enum MyEnum {
    StringNewType(String),
    StructVariant { floats: Vec<f32> },
}

let schema = schema_for!(MyStruct);
println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&schema).unwrap());

Click to see the output JSON schema...

{
  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
  "title": "MyStruct",
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "my_bool": {
      "type": "boolean"
    },
    "my_int": {
      "type": "integer",
      "format": "int32"
    },
    "my_nullable_enum": {
      "anyOf": [
        {
          "$ref": "#/$defs/MyEnum"
        },
        {
          "type": "null"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "required": ["my_int", "my_bool"],
  "$defs": {
    "MyEnum": {
      "oneOf": [
        {
          "type": "object",
          "properties": {
            "StringNewType": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "additionalProperties": false,
          "required": ["StringNewType"]
        },
        {
          "type": "object",
          "properties": {
            "StructVariant": {
              "type": "object",
              "properties": {
                "floats": {
                  "type": "array",
                  "items": {
                    "type": "number",
                    "format": "float"
                  }
                }
              },
              "required": ["floats"]
            }
          },
          "additionalProperties": false,
          "required": ["StructVariant"]
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Serde Compatibility

One of the main aims of this library is compatibility with Serde. Any generated schema should match how serde_json would serialize/deserialize to/from JSON. To support this, Schemars will check for any #[serde(...)] attributes on types that derive JsonSchema, and adjust the generated schema accordingly.

use schemars::{schema_for, JsonSchema};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, JsonSchema)]
#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", deny_unknown_fields)]
pub struct MyStruct {
    #[serde(rename = "myNumber")]
    pub my_int: i32,
    pub my_bool: bool,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub my_nullable_enum: Option<MyEnum>,
}

#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, JsonSchema)]
#[serde(untagged)]
pub enum MyEnum {
    StringNewType(String),
    StructVariant { floats: Vec<f32> },
}

let schema = schema_for!(MyStruct);
println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&schema).unwrap());

Click to see the output JSON schema...

{
  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
  "title": "MyStruct",
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "myBool": {
      "type": "boolean"
    },
    "myNullableEnum": {
      "anyOf": [
        {
          "$ref": "#/$defs/MyEnum"
        },
        {
          "type": "null"
        }
      ],
      "default": null
    },
    "myNumber": {
      "type": "integer",
      "format": "int32"
    }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "required": ["myNumber", "myBool"],
  "$defs": {
    "MyEnum": {
      "anyOf": [
        {
          "type": "string"
        },
        {
          "type": "object",
          "properties": {
            "floats": {
              "type": "array",
              "items": {
                "type": "number",
                "format": "float"
              }
            }
          },
          "required": ["floats"]
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

#[serde(...)] attributes can be overriden using #[schemars(...)] attributes, which behave identically (e.g. #[schemars(rename_all = "camelCase")]). You may find this useful if you want to change the generated schema without affecting Serde's behaviour, or if you're just not using Serde.

Schema from Example Value

If you want a schema for a type that can't/doesn't implement JsonSchema, but does implement serde::Serialize, then you can generate a JSON schema from a value of that type. However, this schema will generally be less precise than if the type implemented JsonSchema - particularly when it involves enums, since schemars will not make any assumptions about the structure of an enum based on a single variant.

use schemars::schema_for_value;
use serde::Serialize;

#[derive(Serialize)]
pub struct MyStruct {
    pub my_int: i32,
    pub my_bool: bool,
    pub my_nullable_enum: Option<MyEnum>,
}

#[derive(Serialize)]
pub enum MyEnum {
    StringNewType(String),
    StructVariant { floats: Vec<f32> },
}

let schema = schema_for_value!(MyStruct {
    my_int: 123,
    my_bool: true,
    my_nullable_enum: Some(MyEnum::StringNewType("foo".to_string()))
});
println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&schema).unwrap());

Click to see the output JSON schema...

{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "title": "MyStruct",
  "examples": [
    {
      "my_bool": true,
      "my_int": 123,
      "my_nullable_enum": {
        "StringNewType": "foo"
      }
    }
  ],
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "my_bool": {
      "type": "boolean"
    },
    "my_int": {
      "type": "integer"
    },
    "my_nullable_enum": true
  }
}

Feature Flags

• std (enabled by default) - implements JsonSchema for types in the rust standard library (JsonSchema is still implemented on types in core and alloc, even when this feature is disabled). Disable this feature to use schemars in no_std environments.
• derive (enabled by default) - provides #[derive(JsonSchema)] macro
• preserve_order - keep the order of struct fields in Schema properties
• raw_value - implements JsonSchema for serde_json::value::RawValue (enables the serde_json raw_value feature)

Schemars can implement JsonSchema on types from several popular crates, enabled via feature flags (dependency versions are shown in brackets):

• arrayvec07 - arrayvec (^0.7)
• bigdecimal04 - bigdecimal (^0.4)
• bytes1 - bytes (^1.0)
• chrono04 - chrono (^0.4)
• either1 - either (^1.3)
• enumset1 - enumset (^1.0)
• indexmap2 - indexmap (^2.0)
• rust_decimal1 - rust_decimal (^1.0)
• semver1 - semver (^1.0.9)
• smallvec1 - smallvec (^1.0)
• smol_str02 - smol_str (^0.2.1)
• url2 - url (^2.0)
• uuid1 - uuid (^1.0)

For example, to implement JsonSchema on types from chrono, enable it as a feature in the schemars dependency in your Cargo.toml like so:

[dependencies]
schemars = { version = "1.0.0-alpha.7", features = ["chrono04"] }