Cloudflare: resize images in v2 using direct fetch

.github/composite/deploy-cloudflare/action.yaml

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ runs:
             GITBOOK_INTEGRATIONS_HOST: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_INTEGRATIONS_HOST
             GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_SIGNING_KEY: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_SIGNING_KEY
             GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL
+            GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_MODE: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_MODE
             GITBOOK_ASSETS_PREFIX: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_ASSETS_PREFIX
             GITBOOK_FONTS_URL: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_FONTS_URL
         - name: Build worker

.github/composite/deploy-vercel/action.yaml

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ runs:
             GITBOOK_INTEGRATIONS_HOST: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_INTEGRATIONS_HOST
             GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_SIGNING_KEY: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_SIGNING_KEY
             GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL
+            GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_MODE: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_MODE
             GITBOOK_ASSETS_PREFIX: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_ASSETS_PREFIX
             GITBOOK_FONTS_URL: ${{ inputs.opItem }}/GITBOOK_FONTS_URL
         - name: Build Project Artifacts

README.md

@@ -59,15 +59,15 @@ bun install
 4. Start your local development server.
 
 ```
-bun dev
+bun dev:v2
 ```
 
 5. Open a published GitBook space in your web browser, prefixing it with `http://localhost:3000/`.
 
 examples:
 
--   http://localhost:3000/docs.gitbook.com
--   http://localhost:3000/open-source.gitbook.io/midjourney
+-   http://localhost:3000/url/docs.gitbook.com
+-   http://localhost:3000/url/open-source.gitbook.io/midjourney
 
 Any published GitBook site can be accessed through your local development instance, and any updates you make to the codebase will be reflected in your browser.
 

bun.lock

@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@
         "@gitbook/api": "*",
         "@gitbook/cache-tags": "workspace:*",
         "@sindresorhus/fnv1a": "^3.1.0",
+        "assert-never": "^1.2.1",
         "jwt-decode": "^4.0.0",
         "next": "canary",
         "react": "^19.0.0",
@@ -4017,7 +4018,7 @@
 
     "gaxios/node-fetch": ["[email protected]", "", { "dependencies": { "whatwg-url": "^5.0.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "encoding": "^0.1.0" }, "optionalPeers": ["encoding"] }, "sha512-c4FRfUm/dbcWZ7U+1Wq0AwCyFL+3nt2bEw05wfxSz+DWpWsitgmSgYmy2dQdWyKC1694ELPqMs/YzUSNozLt8A=="],
 
-    "gitbook-v2/next": ["[email protected]", "", { "dependencies": { "@next/env": "15.3.1-canary.1", "@swc/counter": "0.1.3", "@swc/helpers": "0.5.15", "busboy": "1.6.0", "caniuse-lite": "^1.0.30001579", "postcss": "8.4.31", "styled-jsx": "5.1.6" }, "optionalDependencies": { "@next/swc-darwin-arm64": "15.3.1-canary.1", "@next/swc-darwin-x64": "15.3.1-canary.1", "@next/swc-linux-arm64-gnu": "15.3.1-canary.1", "@next/swc-linux-arm64-musl": "15.3.1-canary.1", "@next/swc-linux-x64-gnu": "15.3.1-canary.1", "@next/swc-linux-x64-musl": "15.3.1-canary.1", "@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc": "15.3.1-canary.1", "@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc": "15.3.1-canary.1", "sharp": "^0.34.1" }, "peerDependencies": { "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.1.0", "@playwright/test": "^1.41.2", "babel-plugin-react-compiler": "*", "react": "^18.2.0 || 19.0.0-rc-de68d2f4-20241204 || ^19.0.0", "react-dom": "^18.2.0 || 19.0.0-rc-de68d2f4-20241204 || ^19.0.0", "sass": "^1.3.0" }, "optionalPeers": ["@opentelemetry/api", "@playwright/test", "babel-plugin-react-compiler", "sass"], "bin": { "next": "dist/bin/next" } }, "sha512-J6xERAGPJVvHq61masP56+cQYzF3Ey72QiU0dz1aDPATMyX+Xs8lANqEbbX0Qj1mRLPl6D9YB+kAP1nZwV1K7Q=="],
+    "gitbook-v2/next": ["[email protected]", "", { "dependencies": { "@next/env": "15.3.1-canary.4", "@swc/counter": "0.1.3", "@swc/helpers": "0.5.15", "busboy": "1.6.0", "caniuse-lite": "^1.0.30001579", "postcss": "8.4.31", "styled-jsx": "5.1.6" }, "optionalDependencies": { "@next/swc-darwin-arm64": "15.3.1-canary.4", "@next/swc-darwin-x64": "15.3.1-canary.4", "@next/swc-linux-arm64-gnu": "15.3.1-canary.4", "@next/swc-linux-arm64-musl": "15.3.1-canary.4", "@next/swc-linux-x64-gnu": "15.3.1-canary.4", "@next/swc-linux-x64-musl": "15.3.1-canary.4", "@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc": "15.3.1-canary.4", "@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc": "15.3.1-canary.4", "sharp": "^0.34.1" }, "peerDependencies": { "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.1.0", "@playwright/test": "^1.41.2", "babel-plugin-react-compiler": "*", "react": "^18.2.0 || 19.0.0-rc-de68d2f4-20241204 || ^19.0.0", "react-dom": "^18.2.0 || 19.0.0-rc-de68d2f4-20241204 || ^19.0.0", "sass": "^1.3.0" }, "optionalPeers": ["@opentelemetry/api", "@playwright/test", "babel-plugin-react-compiler", "sass"], "bin": { "next": "dist/bin/next" } }, "sha512-bVUdzmbfd3gEu30Riin463JNwTRbcOY/DlCY/+WhgwUR6Sfu1uJeyl3kGAjw58I+ZoNX2omJVpTd9AMluZ26qA=="],
 
     "global-dirs/ini": ["[email protected]", "", {}, "sha512-iKpRpXP+CrP2jyrxvg1kMUpXDyRUFDWurxbnVT1vQPx+Wz9uCYsMIqYuSBLV+PAaZG/d7kRLKRFc9oDMsH+mFQ=="],
 
@@ -4885,23 +4886,23 @@
 
     "gaxios/https-proxy-agent/debug": ["[email protected]", "", { "dependencies": { "ms": "^2.1.3" } }, "sha512-Er2nc/H7RrMXZBFCEim6TCmMk02Z8vLC2Rbi1KEBggpo0fS6l0S1nnapwmIi3yW/+GOJap1Krg4w0Hg80oCqgQ=="],
 
-    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/env": ["@next/[email protected].1", "", {}, "sha512-sPJsmQ9JIVBY7rOVw7Q2STByyQoS9707ZoZG16ApV72t22Vj89m015MWaDcFWbew4qCN6PCQYnFdQB3Nx4d3ww=="],
+    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/env": ["@next/[email protected].4", "", {}, "sha512-Bw464vR3fVUrhHQOh0o0ilXQ6wg6OvsNn3afUTjm1a0n0JmJJ+n9M1041xmBHSBGWUfTe74HepSmy79sF8EDlA=="],
 
-    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-darwin-arm64": ["@next/[email protected].1", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-ALMi3dK7zguKMGweSzJOkderPxGV7wERDazXxCSxNS93K0D45GYRvNWxFi36PonOt8C/SF6l9JN3oryWFWxErA=="],
+    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-darwin-arm64": ["@next/[email protected].4", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-ZR497D00W62Tf566uakD+VvA/2Cmagix3suVlB7TxLSPxXFAU5DeGQvaT9jkP+x1lEKggcZ+chI1CB9CcjvlTQ=="],
 
-    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-darwin-x64": ["@next/[email protected].1", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-Dxuvwbyl5Akgu4AC73YUgwCnfxmucEdlqnzLMLjMp4f2dlfs2H3xmCQbI/p/jfpK3MSr+NtyqfRy8hxKjfRBLw=="],
+    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-darwin-x64": ["@next/[email protected].4", "", { "os": "darwin", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-dX0X7NG6goshCgbKsSzn6wVzgkRlUqRXMjO9E46B6HqcV/L8l15rMVhWr8zBzDt/7gEmAylnlnML8Zqv9BiF1Q=="],
 
-    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-linux-arm64-gnu": ["@next/[email protected].1", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-YTKsRz7oVIKNrpkbpTxDB9SuYJumELVncyG/f82SGGFuql5aE5jmQETNCATFYmAQvO2a3c02HF2lF1s7hEOg0A=="],
+    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-linux-arm64-gnu": ["@next/[email protected].4", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-ehE8KbvyBa7grVzC+n+L9CHbainjg362coYObhak3Jktnvb0uPf/m2kqgfN3UBzGSAczvcAuEbsLulFifAnFrw=="],
 
-    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-linux-arm64-musl": ["@next/[email protected].1", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-yIcd6YBSFz/lpJFSPpLxDpg7Tfyf/NxFeBBbYfmcjs2AZ0/+NUyAwFUfI1FKY5Lwym+bEfrEvhVWzmPZsYNQXA=="],
+    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-linux-arm64-musl": ["@next/[email protected].4", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-5NBstNVZeRP0OeRQGZqQGmrUdMVsMS556BekDeFqgwMqN/Ibq/EYwMMn1dkP26Dln9qIOj167Mde9CC2c3SQUg=="],
 
-    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-linux-x64-gnu": ["@next/[email protected].1", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-2FKSD+vlBfyqpWJsOsBpsM+OB2iDybpPkONToGgFaurdbxue88lzrUuQg8FX/BxS5yjkP15mYubnTdBIxKa+yg=="],
+    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-linux-x64-gnu": ["@next/[email protected].4", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-6CVq5yFWj2uZ3VgSl0OcCVVfH+EZhOqDocvCeXRaEvpVWq0s9zXPA6GgZghNY7Z5YSZXkB6z7Qi3xG+hzNLQ0A=="],
 
-    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-linux-x64-musl": ["@next/[email protected].1", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-MpQLsXsEenGCCWZXMcCVmn7RqYTUNjS3gjPJL/8ILJhf2aKLzo1Z3XMepty9zzupd/E8bJQbegzOxxBYgriiKA=="],
+    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-linux-x64-musl": ["@next/[email protected].4", "", { "os": "linux", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-3AiB/lUOa8QMsUM4KW0IYuMqvvMLQyANb13pGKihemtYUEjPS4/Jf5/vkz0qWF0AOP/1DNECdKpCIenU2C2pIA=="],
 
-    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc": ["@next/[email protected].1", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-NWYm76qsVKX5k/7MBiQy/fNK8tiEVvaAANC3x7VocLSphyozARoXpc15q3m2rexc5EY5/MwjQjrP81Awz5ldhQ=="],
+    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc": ["@next/[email protected].4", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "arm64" }, "sha512-WACNwz1q2DtYqZXj+IjGME3D6XxRkkyuynMyC6d4tH5IahnxiwkJtfaRE1DwWWbVUPQ6TtevSEgCOh3eFk5yFQ=="],
 
-    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc": ["@next/[email protected].1", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-6piB1mQPtZpLuhgNoJuvpqIbqY9pOzoa3sG24hzK1H9ct9I4m3XQM2as3wyoe7PVJaYk6IZ/rfVU+WDfRhRxKQ=="],
+    "gitbook-v2/next/@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc": ["@next/[email protected].4", "", { "os": "win32", "cpu": "x64" }, "sha512-qbmYHxGD3MaI3OJ0NLRcBhfDoSnkvqqrZNmPIuPSlkOUlj+eIuyGtWMRocaYCGTEvQstlspymIsVzSfiyI+6ng=="],
 
     "gitbook-v2/next/postcss": ["[email protected]", "", { "dependencies": { "nanoid": "^3.3.6", "picocolors": "^1.0.0", "source-map-js": "^1.0.2" } }, "sha512-PS08Iboia9mts/2ygV3eLpY5ghnUcfLV/EXTOW1E2qYxJKGGBUtNjN76FYHnMs36RmARn41bC0AZmn+rR0OVpQ=="],
 

packages/gitbook-v2/next.config.mjs

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ const nextConfig = {
         GITBOOK_ASSETS_PREFIX: process.env.GITBOOK_ASSETS_PREFIX,
         GITBOOK_SECRET: process.env.GITBOOK_SECRET,
         GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_SIGNING_KEY: process.env.GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_SIGNING_KEY,
+        GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_MODE: process.env.GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_MODE,
         GITBOOK_FONTS_URL: process.env.GITBOOK_FONTS_URL,
         GITBOOK_RUNTIME: process.env.GITBOOK_RUNTIME,
 

packages/gitbook-v2/package.json

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
         "server-only": "^0.0.1",
         "warn-once": "^0.1.1",
         "rison": "^0.1.1",
-        "jwt-decode": "^4.0.0"
+        "jwt-decode": "^4.0.0",
+        "assert-never": "^1.2.1"
     },
     "devDependencies": {
         "gitbook": "*",

packages/gitbook-v2/src/lib/env/globals.ts

@@ -85,6 +85,15 @@ export const GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL = process.env.GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL ??
 export const GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_SIGNING_KEY =
     process.env.GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_SIGNING_KEY ?? null;
 
+/**
+ * Mode used for resizing images.
+ */
+export const GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_MODE = enforceEnum(
+    'GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_MODE',
+    process.env.GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_MODE || 'cdn-cgi',
+    ['cdn-cgi', 'cf-fetch']
+);
+
 /**
  * Endpoint where icons are served.
  */
@@ -100,3 +109,12 @@ export const GITBOOK_ICONS_TOKEN = process.env.GITBOOK_ICONS_TOKEN;
  * Secret used to validate requests from the GitBook app.
  */
 export const GITBOOK_SECRET = process.env.GITBOOK_SECRET ?? null;
+
+function enforceEnum<T extends string>(key: string, value: string, enumValues: T[]): T {
+    if (!enumValues.includes(value as T)) {
+        throw new Error(
+            `Invalid value for ${key}: "${value}", expected one of: ${enumValues.join(', ')}`
+        );
+    }
+    return value as T;
+}

packages/gitbook-v2/src/lib/images/checkIsSizableImageURL.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import { checkIsHttpURL } from '@/lib/urls';
+
+/**
+ * Check if an image URL is resizable.
+ * Skip it for non-http(s) URLs (data, etc).
+ * Skip it for SVGs.
+ * Skip it for GitBook images (to avoid recursion).
+ */
+export function checkIsSizableImageURL(input: string): boolean {
+    if (!URL.canParse(input)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (input.includes('/~gitbook/image')) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const parsed = new URL(input);
+    if (parsed.pathname.endsWith('.svg') || parsed.pathname.endsWith('.avif')) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!checkIsHttpURL(parsed)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}

packages/gitbook-v2/src/lib/images/createImageResizer.ts

@@ -1,34 +1,11 @@
 import 'server-only';
-
 import { GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_SIGNING_KEY, GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL } from '../env';
 import type { GitBookLinker } from '../links';
+import { checkIsSizableImageURL } from './checkIsSizableImageURL';
+import { getImageSize } from './resizer';
 import { type SignatureVersion, generateImageSignature } from './signatures';
 import type { ImageResizer } from './types';
 
-interface CloudflareImageJsonFormat {
-    width: number;
-    height: number;
-    original: {
-        file_size: number;
-        width: number;
-        height: number;
-        format: string;
-    };
-}
-
-/**
- * https://developers.cloudflare.com/images/image-resizing/resize-with-workers/
- */
-export interface CloudflareImageOptions {
-    format?: 'webp' | 'avif' | 'json' | 'jpeg';
-    fit?: 'scale-down' | 'contain' | 'cover' | 'crop' | 'pad';
-    width?: number;
-    height?: number;
-    dpr?: number;
-    anim?: boolean;
-    quality?: number;
-}
-
 /**
  * Create an image resizer for a rendering context.
  */
@@ -106,124 +83,6 @@ export function createNoopImageResizer(): ImageResizer {
     };
 }
 
-/**
- * Check if a URL is an HTTP URL.
- */
-export function checkIsHttpURL(input: string | URL): boolean {
-    if (!URL.canParse(input)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    const parsed = new URL(input);
-    return parsed.protocol === 'http:' || parsed.protocol === 'https:';
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if an image URL is resizable.
- * Skip it for non-http(s) URLs (data, etc).
- * Skip it for SVGs.
- * Skip it for GitBook images (to avoid recursion).
- */
-export function checkIsSizableImageURL(input: string): boolean {
-    if (!URL.canParse(input)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (input.includes('/~gitbook/image')) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const parsed = new URL(input);
-    if (parsed.pathname.endsWith('.svg') || parsed.pathname.endsWith('.avif')) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!checkIsHttpURL(parsed)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-/**
- * Get the size of an image.
- */
-export async function getImageSize(
-    input: string,
-    defaultSize: Partial<CloudflareImageOptions> = {}
-): Promise<{ width: number; height: number } | null> {
-    if (!checkIsSizableImageURL(input)) {
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    try {
-        const response = await resizeImage(input, {
-            // Abort the request after 2 seconds to avoid blocking rendering for too long
-            signal: AbortSignal.timeout(2000),
-            // Measure size and resize it to the most common size
-            // to optimize caching
-            ...defaultSize,
-            format: 'json',
-            anim: false,
-        });
-
-        const json = (await response.json()) as CloudflareImageJsonFormat;
-        return {
-            width: json.original.width,
-            height: json.original.height,
-        };
-    } catch (_error) {
-        return null;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Execute a Cloudflare Image Resize operation on an image.
- */
-export async function resizeImage(
-    input: string,
-    options: CloudflareImageOptions & {
-        signal?: AbortSignal;
-    }
-): Promise<Response> {
-    const { signal, ...resizeOptions } = options;
-
-    const parsed = new URL(input);
-    if (parsed.protocol === 'data:') {
-        throw new Error('Cannot resize data: URLs');
-    }
-
-    if (parsed.hostname === 'localhost') {
-        throw new Error('Cannot resize localhost URLs');
-    }
-
-    // Since Cloudflare Images options on fetch are not supported on Cloudflare Pages,
-    // we need to use the Cloudflare Image Resize API directly.
-    if (!GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL) {
-        throw new Error('GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL is not set');
-    }
-
-    return await fetch(
-        `${GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL}${stringifyOptions(
-            resizeOptions
-        )}/${encodeURIComponent(input)}`,
-        {
-            headers: {
-                // Pass the `Accept` header, as Cloudflare uses this to validate the format.
-                Accept:
-                    resizeOptions.format === 'json'
-                        ? 'application/json'
-                        : `image/${resizeOptions.format || 'jpeg'}`,
-            },
-            signal,
-        }
-    );
-}
-
-function stringifyOptions(options: CloudflareImageOptions): string {
-    return Object.entries({ ...options }).reduce((rest, [key, value]) => {
-        return `${rest}${rest ? ',' : ''}${key}=${value}`;
-    }, '');
-}
-
 /**
  * Because of a bug in Cloudflare, 127.0.0.1 is replaced by localhost.
  * We protect against it by converting to a special token, and then parsing

packages/gitbook-v2/src/lib/images/index.ts

@@ -3,3 +3,5 @@ export * from './createImageResizer';
 export * from './signatures';
 export * from './utils';
 export * from './getImageResizingContextId';
+export * from './resizer';
+export * from './checkIsSizableImageURL';

packages/gitbook-v2/src/lib/images/resizer/cdn-cgi.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL } from '@v2/lib/env';
+import type { CloudflareImageOptions } from './types';
+
+/**
+ * Resize an image by doing a request to a /cdn/cgi/ endpoint.
+ * https://developers.cloudflare.com/images/transform-images/transform-via-url/
+ */
+export async function resizeImageWithCDNCgi(
+    input: string,
+    options: CloudflareImageOptions & {
+        signal?: AbortSignal;
+    }
+): Promise<Response> {
+    const { signal, ...resizeOptions } = options;
+
+    // Since Cloudflare Images options on fetch are not supported on Cloudflare Pages,
+    // we need to use the Cloudflare Image Resize API directly.
+    if (!GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL) {
+        throw new Error('GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL is not set for cdn-cgi image resize mode');
+    }
+
+    const resizeURL = `${GITBOOK_IMAGE_RESIZE_URL}${stringifyOptions(
+        resizeOptions
+    )}/${encodeURIComponent(input)}`;
+
+    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noConsole: this log is useful for debugging
+    console.log(`resize image using cdn-cgi: ${resizeURL}`);
+
+    return await fetch(resizeURL, {
+        headers: {
+            // Pass the `Accept` header, as Cloudflare uses this to validate the format.
+            Accept:
+                resizeOptions.format === 'json'
+                    ? 'application/json'
+                    : `image/${resizeOptions.format || 'jpeg'}`,
+        },
+        signal,
+    });
+}
+
+function stringifyOptions(options: CloudflareImageOptions): string {
+    return Object.entries({ ...options }).reduce((rest, [key, value]) => {
+        return `${rest}${rest ? ',' : ''}${key}=${value}`;
+    }, '');
+}