Prior Knowledge-Guided Integrated Likelihood Estimation (PIE)
Binary outcomes in electronic health records (EHR) derived using automated phenotype algorithms may suffer from phenotyping error, resulting in bias in association estimation. Huang et al. proposed the Prior Knowledge-Guided Integrated Likelihood Estimation (PIE) method to mitigate the estimation bias.
Huang, J., Duan, R., Hubbard, R. A., Wu, Y., Moore, J. H., Xu, H., & Chen, Y. (2018). PIE: A prior knowledge guided integrated likelihood estimation method for bias reduction in association studies using electronic health records data. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 25(3), 345-352.