Merge pull request #675 from PyPSA/fneum/line-rating

Dynamic line rating

config/config.default.yaml

@@ -227,6 +227,12 @@ lines:
   max_extension: .inf
   length_factor: 1.25
   under_construction: 'zero' # 'zero': set capacity to zero, 'remove': remove, 'keep': with full capacity
+  dynamic_line_rating:
+    activate: false
+    cutout: europe-2013-era5
+    correction_factor: 0.95
+    max_voltage_difference: false
+    max_line_rating: false
 
 # docs in https://pypsa-eur.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html#links
 links:

config/test/config.electricity.yaml

@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@ renewable:
 clustering:
   exclude_carriers: ["OCGT", "offwind-ac", "coal"]
 
+lines:
+  dynamic_line_rating:
+    activate: true
+    cutout: be-03-2013-era5
+    max_line_rating: 1.3
+
 
 solving:
   solver:

config/test/config.myopic.yaml

@@ -62,6 +62,11 @@ renewable:
   solar:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
 
+lines:
+  dynamic_line_rating:
+    activate: true
+    max_line_rating: 1.3
+
 industry:
   St_primary_fraction:
     2030: 0.6

config/test/config.overnight.yaml

@@ -59,6 +59,11 @@ renewable:
   solar:
     cutout: be-03-2013-era5
 
+lines:
+  dynamic_line_rating:
+    activate: true
+    max_line_rating: 1.3
+
 sector:
   gas_network: true
   H2_retrofit: true

doc/configtables/lines.csv

@@ -5,3 +5,9 @@ s_nom_max,MW,"float","Global upper limit for the maximum capacity of each extend
 max_extension,MW,"float","Upper limit for the extended capacity of each extendable line."
 length_factor,--,float,"Correction factor to account for the fact that buses are *not* connected by lines through air-line distance."
 under_construction,--,"One of {'zero': set capacity to zero, 'remove': remove completely, 'keep': keep with full capacity}","Specifies how to handle lines which are currently under construction."
+dynamic_line_rating,,,
+-- activate,bool,"true or false","Whether to take dynamic line rating into account"
+-- cutout,--,"Should be a folder listed in the configuration ``atlite: cutouts:`` (e.g. 'europe-2013-era5') or reference an existing folder in the directory ``cutouts``. Source module must be ERA5.","Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored."
+-- correction_factor,--,"float","Factor to compensate for overestimation of wind speeds in hourly averaged wind data"
+-- max_voltage_difference,deg,"float","Maximum voltage angle difference in degrees or 'false' to disable"
+-- max_line_rating,--,"float","Maximum line rating relative to nominal capacity without DLR, e.g. 1.3 or 'false' to disable"

envs/environment.yaml

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ dependencies:
 - descartes
 - rasterio!=1.2.10
 
+
 - pip:
   - tsam>=1.1.0
   - git+https://github.com/PyPSA/PyPSA.git@master

rules/build_electricity.smk

@@ -274,6 +274,30 @@ rule build_hydro_profile:
         "../scripts/build_hydro_profile.py"
 
 
+if config["lines"]["dynamic_line_rating"]["activate"]:
+
+    rule build_line_rating:
+        input:
+            base_network=RESOURCES + "networks/base.nc",
+            cutout="cutouts/"
+            + CDIR
+            + config["lines"]["dynamic_line_rating"]["cutout"]
+            + ".nc",
+        output:
+            output=RESOURCES + "networks/line_rating.nc",
+        log:
+            LOGS + "build_line_rating.log",
+        benchmark:
+            BENCHMARKS + "build_line_rating"
+        threads: ATLITE_NPROCESSES
+        resources:
+            mem_mb=ATLITE_NPROCESSES * 1000,
+        conda:
+            "../envs/environment.yaml"
+        script:
+            "../scripts/build_line_rating.py"
+
+
 rule add_electricity:
     params:
         length_factor=config["lines"]["length_factor"],
@@ -295,6 +319,9 @@ rule add_electricity:
             if str(fn).startswith("data/")
         },
         base_network=RESOURCES + "networks/base.nc",
+        line_rating=RESOURCES + "networks/line_rating.nc"
+        if config["lines"]["dynamic_line_rating"]["activate"]
+        else RESOURCES + "networks/base.nc",
         tech_costs=COSTS,
         regions=RESOURCES + "regions_onshore.geojson",
         powerplants=RESOURCES + "powerplants.csv",

scripts/add_electricity.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: : 2017-2023 The PyPSA-Eur Authors
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-# coding: utf-8
 """
 Adds electrical generators and existing hydro storage units to a base network.
 
@@ -752,6 +750,30 @@ def estimate_renewable_capacities(n, year, tech_map, expansion_limit, countries)
             )
 
 
+def attach_line_rating(
+    n, rating, s_max_pu, correction_factor, max_voltage_difference, max_line_rating
+):
+    # TODO: Only considers overhead lines
+    n.lines_t.s_max_pu = (rating / n.lines.s_nom[rating.columns]) * correction_factor
+    if max_voltage_difference:
+        x_pu = (
+            n.lines.type.map(n.line_types["x_per_length"])
+            * n.lines.length
+            / (n.lines.v_nom**2)
+        )
+        # need to clip here as cap values might be below 1
+        # -> would mean the line cannot be operated at actual given pessimistic ampacity
+        s_max_pu_cap = (
+            np.deg2rad(max_voltage_difference) / (x_pu * n.lines.s_nom)
+        ).clip(lower=1)
+        n.lines_t.s_max_pu = n.lines_t.s_max_pu.clip(
+            lower=1, upper=s_max_pu_cap, axis=1
+        )
+    if max_line_rating:
+        n.lines_t.s_max_pu = n.lines_t.s_max_pu.clip(upper=max_line_rating)
+    n.lines_t.s_max_pu *= s_max_pu
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     if "snakemake" not in globals():
         from _helpers import mock_snakemake
@@ -834,6 +856,23 @@ def estimate_renewable_capacities(n, year, tech_map, expansion_limit, countries)
 
     update_p_nom_max(n)
 
+    line_rating_config = snakemake.config["lines"]["dynamic_line_rating"]
+    if line_rating_config["activate"]:
+        rating = xr.open_dataarray(snakemake.input.line_rating).to_pandas().transpose()
+        s_max_pu = snakemake.config["lines"]["s_max_pu"]
+        correction_factor = line_rating_config["correction_factor"]
+        max_voltage_difference = line_rating_config["max_voltage_difference"]
+        max_line_rating = line_rating_config["max_line_rating"]
+
+        attach_line_rating(
+            n,
+            rating,
+            s_max_pu,
+            correction_factor,
+            max_voltage_difference,
+            max_line_rating,
+        )
+
     sanitize_carriers(n, snakemake.config)
 
     n.meta = snakemake.config