Update 5-1989-1991-broadcasting-act-up-direct-action.md

app/views/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/5-1989-1991-broadcasting-act-up-direct-action.md

@@ -14,33 +14,33 @@ Although activism had been growing since the early 1980s, coverage of activist d
 
 > In this moment of collision, the message must be impossible to avoid. It can be funny, but it has to be attention getting; it needs to be insightful. It has to be visually arresting; it cannot be a cliché. In that brief moment of stepping into the sight line of the powerful, shunned people use direct action to be understood. And they are making two things clear: (1) the specific content of their demand for change, and (2) that they will never stop fighting for their survival.[<sup>69</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#106)
 
-Commercial network television and public broadcasting coverage of their demonstrations played a significant role in communicating ACT UP’s messages and demands to the general public and to specific organizations. In 1990, *The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour* dedicated [a segment to examining the success and strategies of ACT UP](/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-3b5w669q4c). The segment included interviews with ACT UP founder Larry Kramer, ACT UPer Jorge Cortinas, AIDS Quilt creator Cleve Jones, Dr. Mervyn Silverman of amfAR, and Dr. Paul Volderbing, among others. John Roszak of KQED credited ACT UP with achieving the following successes: lowering the price of HIV drug AZT twice; speeding the release of Ganciclovir, which was used to prevent blindness in AIDS patients; and the invention and adoption of parallel tracking, which allowed people with AIDS to be prescribed new treatments while they were being tested.  The segment included footage from several ACT UP demonstrations, such as Stop the Church, a demonstration at St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York City, which will be discussed more fully below; a protest against travel bans on people with HIV at the Sixth International AIDS Conference; and a human blockade of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. 
-
 <table class="exhibit-image half-image">
 <caption align="bottom" class="exhibit-caption">The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, June 22, 1990, https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-3b5w669q4c.</caption>
 <tr><td><a href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-3b5w669q4c" target="_blank"><img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/lehrer-news-hr-azt.png" class="big-image" alt="The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, June 22, 1990"/></a></td></tr>
 </table>
 
-By broadcasting footage from direct action demonstrations, the programs included in this section aided the spread of ACT UP’s criticisms and demands on their own terms. In AIDS activist and author Vito Russo’s “Why We Fight” speech, he famously stated, “If I’m dying from anything, I’m dying from the sensationalism of newspapers and magazines and television shows, which are interested in me as a human interest story—only as long as I’m willing to be a helpless victim, but not if I’m fighting for my life[<sup>70</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#70).” ACT UP was consistently critical of media coverage of the epidemic, and their demonstrations were designed to use the news as a tool. Ann Northrop, journalist and activist, summed up the relationship of ACT UP to the media in Robert Hilferty’s controversial documentary *Stop the Church*: “We communicate through the media, not to the media.”  
+Commercial network television and public broadcasting coverage of their demonstrations played a significant role in communicating ACT UP’s messages and demands to the general public and to specific organizations. In 1990, *The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour* dedicated [a segment to examining the success and strategies of ACT UP](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-3b5w669q4c?start=2340.41&end=2863.44). The segment included interviews with ACT UP founder Larry Kramer, ACT UPer Jorge Cortinas, AIDS Quilt creator Cleve Jones, Dr. Mervyn Silverman of amfAR, and Dr. Paul Volderbing, among others. John Roszak of KQED credited ACT UP with achieving the following successes: lowering the price of HIV drug AZT twice; speeding the release of Ganciclovir, which was used to prevent blindness in AIDS patients; and the invention and adoption of parallel tracking, which allowed people with AIDS to be prescribed new treatments while they were being tested.  The segment included footage from several ACT UP demonstrations, such as Stop the Church, a demonstration at St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York City, which will be discussed more fully below; a protest against travel bans on people with HIV at the Sixth International AIDS Conference; and a human blockade of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. 
 
-Notable items in this section include *Stop the Church: Issues and Outrage*, a KCET program about the controversy surrounding PBS’s cancellation of *Stop the Church*; an *AIDS Quarterly* segment on the experimental drug Compound Q; and a *MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour* episode that was disrupted by ACT UP.
+By broadcasting footage from direct action demonstrations, the programs included in this section aided the spread of ACT UP’s criticisms and demands on their own terms. In AIDS activist and author Vito Russo’s “Why We Fight” speech, he famously stated, “If I’m dying from anything, I’m dying from the sensationalism of newspapers and magazines and television shows, which are interested in me as a human interest story—only as long as I’m willing to be a helpless victim, but not if I’m fighting for my life[<sup>70</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#70).” ACT UP was consistently critical of media coverage of the epidemic, and their demonstrations were designed to use the news as a tool. Ann Northrop, journalist and activist, summed up the relationship of ACT UP to the media in Robert Hilferty’s controversial documentary *Stop the Church*: “We communicate through the media, not to the media.”  
 
 <table class="exhibit-image half-image">
 <caption align="bottom" class="exhibit-caption">The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, June 22, 1990, https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-3b5w669q4c.</caption>
 <tr><td><a href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-3b5w669q4c" target="_blank"><img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/lehrer-news-hr-ACTUP.png" class="big-image" alt="The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, June 22, 1990"/></a></td></tr>
 </table>
 
+Notable items in this section include *Stop the Church: Issues and Outrage*, a KCET program about the controversy surrounding PBS’s cancellation of *Stop the Church*; an *AIDS Quarterly* segment on the experimental drug Compound Q; and a *MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour* episode that was disrupted by ACT UP.
+
 ### Drug Approval
 
 One of ACT UP’s main goals was to get treatments for HIV/AIDS approved efficiently and ethically without double-blind placebo trials and then made accessible to everyone who needed them. The FDA drug approval process was long and complicated, and ACT UP activists believed that the process was unnecessarily delaying the distribution of potentially effective treatments against HIV/AIDS. The FDA first approved AZT as a treatment for HIV/AIDS in 1987, but it was the only FDA-approved treatment on the market.
 
-On October 11, 1988, ACT UP organized a demonstration at the FDA to demand the speedy approval of more HIV/AIDS treatments. Seize Control of the FDA was ACT UP’s first major protest, with 1,500 activists in attendance. Footage from Seize Control of the FDA was included in the [first installment of *The AIDS Quarterly*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-61rfjm96?start=2074.59&end=2183.98). This protest successfully led to the development of accelerated drug approval processes and new treatment regulations by the FDA, [described by FDA Commissioner Dr. Frank Young in a NewsHour interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-0p0wp9tm5k?start=695.51&end=1459.25). In a retrospective essay on the action, activist Douglas Crimp wrote,
+On October 11, 1988, ACT UP organized a demonstration at the FDA to demand the speedy approval of more HIV/AIDS treatments. Seize Control of the FDA was ACT UP’s first major protest, with 1,500 activists in attendance. Footage from Seize Control of the FDA was included in the [first installment of *The AIDS Quarterly*, which is available for viewing at the Library of Congress and GBH](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-61rfjm96?start=2074.59&end=2183.98). This protest successfully led to the development of accelerated drug approval processes and new treatment regulations by the FDA, [described by FDA Commissioner Dr. Frank Young in a NewsHour interview](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-0p0wp9tm5k?start=695.51&end=1459.25). In a retrospective essay on the action, activist Douglas Crimp wrote,
 
 > If ‘drugs into bodies’ had been central to ACT UP from the beginning, the protest at the FDA represented both a culmination of our early efforts and a turning point in both recognition by the government of the seriousness and legitimacy of our demands and national awareness of the AIDS activist movement. This turning point occurred for two interrelated reasons: 1) the demonstrated knowledge by AIDS activists of every detail of the complex FDA drug approval process, and 2) a professionally designed campaign that prepared the media to convey our treatment issues to the public[<sup>71</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#71).
 
 <table class="exhibit-image half-image">
 <caption align="bottom" class="exhibit-caption">The AIDS Quarterly, “The Trial of Compound Q; Money and Morals,” (WGBH, Boston, January 31, 1990).</caption>
-<img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/newshour-FDA.jpg" class="big-image" alt="The AIDS Quarterly, “The Trial of Compound Q; Money and Morals,” (WGBH, Boston, January 31, 1990)."/></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-22v42p83" target="_blank"><img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/newshour-FDA.jpg" class="big-image" alt="The AIDS Quarterly, “The Trial of Compound Q; Money and Morals,” (WGBH, Boston, January 31, 1990)."/></a></td></tr>
 </table>
 
 In 1990, ACT UP similarly demanded an increase in HIV/AIDS treatments and better representation of women and people of color in drug clinical trials at the National Institute of Health. In [coverage from the *MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour*](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-pr7mp4wc9s?start=448.74&end=470.65), activists can be seen wrapped in “red tape” at the Bethesda campus.