Update 2-la-riots.md

app/views/exhibits/after-the-fire/2-la-riots.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Their sentiments were shared by many L.A. locals, and later that evening, the un
 
 The L.A. Riots, judged by contemporary historians as “the worst civil disorders since the 1960s,” drew considerable attention from American news media.[<sup>7</sup>](/exhibits/after-the-fire/notes#7) As *NewsHour* correspondent [Jeffrey Kaye](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-rn3028qc98?start=2412.63&end=2554.36) maintained, “From the moment on April 29th, when the jury’s decision in the King beating case was broadcast live, television was relentless in its coverage of the aftermath.” This relentlessness led to a number of ethical mishaps and offenses, and in the aftermath of the coverage, national and local news stations received considerable criticism from both scholars and activists for their handling and representation of the riots. In an analysis of the coverage, John Thornton Caldwell, professor of media studies at UCLA, described the “othering” processes employed by news organizations, which referred to the men and women involved as “thugs” and “hoodlums” with nothing better to do then to loot and smash windows. These kinds of statements not only stigmatized the people involved in the unrest by depicting them as “marginal and alien,” but also Caldwell stated, “With this kind of officially concerned verbal discourse on television, fifty years of Los Angeles social, political, and economic history – indeed the very notion of causality or context in any form –simply vanished.”[<sup>8</sup>](/exhibits/after-the-fire/notes#8) Caldwell criticized the limited representation news outlets afforded to the participants in L.A.’s unrest and the use of helicopter cameras to record the events down on the ground. As with the use of terms like “thug” and “hoodlum,” Caldwell held that these media tactics dehumanized the participants in the L.A. Riots by characterizing them as the “bad guys” without offering them the opportunity to explain their perspective. He also contended that this fueled an “us versus them” narrative presented by the local and national news media while also leading to an inaccurate framing of this event.[<sup>9</sup>](/exhibits/after-the-fire/notes#9) Overwhelmingly, he noted, the unrest was portrayed as a black-white issue, almost entirely leaving out the involvement of other ethnic groups –specifically Asian Americans and Latinos – in the riots. 
 
-As a part of its extensive coverage of the L.A. Riots and its aftermath, on May 21, 1992, the *NewsHour* ran a story on the news media’s portrayal of the riots. The segment, [“Covering the Coverage,”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-rn3028qc98?start=2410.29&end=3448.26) addressed many of the concerns raised by critics of the television news outlets. Jeffrey Kaye, the *NewsHour*’s Los Angeles correspondent, spoke with Murray Fromson, journalism professor at the University of Southern California, who criticized the lack of analysis in television coverage of the unfolding events. “Have somebody who knows something about the community, somebody who’s a resident of the community, talk about what’s going on, where are they, who are the people, are they the targets, and what do they have to say about all this,” Fromson advised. These questions, he stated, were neither asked nor answered. Instead, reporters mostly offered their outsider’s perspectives, presenting their narration of the events as the full story. According to Fromson and Kaye, there were minimal efforts to contextualize and understand L.A.’s unrest. Echoing these criticisms, Rubén Martínez, reporter for the *L.A. Weekly*, and Brenda Paik Sundo, news editor at the *Korean Times*, in interviews with Kaye, discussed the lack of representation in the media of L.A.’s Latino and Korean communities during and after the riots. Martínez stressed L.A.’s ethnic and cultural diversity and took issues with television’s oversimplification of the riots: “South Los Angeles is 50 percent Latino and 50 percent African American, yet the TV coverage did not see the 50 percent that was Latino…. We are a city that is extremely complicated. What we were seeing on TV was very simplistic, was a Black and white or a Black and Korean story. It was not that at all.” Sunoo, in criticizing the circulated images of Korean merchants shooting guns, challenged the news media’s portrayal of Koreans during the riots: “They were firing back at people that were shooting at them. The reason Koreans had to defend themselves is that, you know, for two days there was just absolute lawlessness, and their stores and lives were in jeopardy, so they had no choice but to defend themselves. And that’s basically what happened. But the image was very skewed to just show that shooting, not being shot at.” Both journalists maintained that by excluding the experiences of the Latino and Korean communities, the television coverage of the riots did not communicate the full story of L.A.’s unrest.
+As a part of its extensive coverage of the L.A. Riots and its aftermath, on May 21, 1992, the *NewsHour* ran a story on the news media’s portrayal of the riots. The segment, [“Covering the Coverage,”](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-rn3028qc98?start=2410.29&end=3448.26) addressed many of the concerns raised by critics of the television news outlets. Jeffrey Kaye, the *NewsHour*’s Los Angeles correspondent, spoke with Murray Fromson, journalism professor at the University of Southern California, who criticized the lack of analysis in television coverage of the unfolding events. “Have somebody who knows something about the community, somebody who’s a resident of the community, talk about what’s going on, where are they, who are the people, are they the targets, and what do they have to say about all this,” Fromson advised. These questions, he stated, were neither asked nor answered. Instead, reporters mostly offered their outsider’s perspectives, presenting their narration of the events as the full story. According to Fromson and Kaye, there were minimal efforts to contextualize and understand L.A.’s unrest. Echoing these criticisms, Rubén Martínez, reporter for the *L.A. Weekly*, and Brenda Paik Sunoo, news editor at the *Korean Times*, in interviews with Kaye, discussed the lack of representation in the media of L.A.’s Latino and Korean communities during and after the riots. Martínez stressed L.A.’s ethnic and cultural diversity and took issues with television’s oversimplification of the riots: “South Los Angeles is 50 percent Latino and 50 percent African American, yet the TV coverage did not see the 50 percent that was Latino…. We are a city that is extremely complicated. What we were seeing on TV was very simplistic, was a Black and white or a Black and Korean story. It was not that at all.” Sunoo, in criticizing the circulated images of Korean merchants shooting guns, challenged the news media’s portrayal of Koreans during the riots: “They were firing back at people that were shooting at them. The reason Koreans had to defend themselves is that, you know, for two days there was just absolute lawlessness, and their stores and lives were in jeopardy, so they had no choice but to defend themselves. And that’s basically what happened. But the image was very skewed to just show that shooting, not being shot at.” Both journalists maintained that by excluding the experiences of the Latino and Korean communities, the television coverage of the riots did not communicate the full story of L.A.’s unrest.
 
 <table class="exhibit-image half-image">
 <caption align="bottom" class="exhibit-caption">Fig 1. Charlayne Hunter-Gault introducing the "Covering the Coverage"(https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-rn3028qc98?start=2410.29&end=3448.26) segment.</caption>
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ No other event of civil unrest in the U.S. received as much *NewsHour* coverage
 - [NJN News (April 30, 1992)](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-259-5t3g178m)
 - [Life & Times – Special Edition: After the Verdict (May 4, 1992)](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-5d8nc5tb17)
 - [Listening to America with Bill Moyers (May 5, 1992)](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-8f5044ba846 )
-- [By the Year 2000: Policing the Police (May 7, 1991)](https://proquest.libguides.com/dnsa/afghanistan)
+- [By the Year 2000: Policing the Police (May 7, 1991)](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-cr5n87421p)
 - [Línea Abierta: L.A. Riots – 25 Years Later (April 29, 2017) Part I](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-d0ed9e00fa4) and [Part II](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-0df8ac36a3d)
 - [When LA Erupted in Anger: A Look Back at the Rodney King Riots (NPR)](https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots)