Merge branch 'master' into mivillesvik-patch-23

app/views/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting.md

@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ A special thank you to Fabio Toblini, who granted the AAPB permission to add act
 
 - <img class="img-circle pull-left" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/Dinnenyheadshot.png"/>
   <a class="name">Elizabeth Dinneny</a>
-  <a class="title">English PhD candidate at the University of Maryland</a>
+  <a class="title">2022 Library of Congress Junior Fellow and English PhD candidate at the University of Maryland</a>
 - <img class="img-circle pull-left" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/Headshot-Sonia.jpg"/>
   <a class="name">Sonia Prasad</a>
-  <a class="title">Williams College graduate and intern in the 2022 Library of Congress Archives, History, and Heritage Advanced Internship (AHHA) program</a>
+  <a class="title">Intern, 2022 Library of Congress Archives, History, and Heritage Advanced Internship (AHHA) program and graduate of Williams College</a>
 
 ## Resources
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ While examining this wide collection of HIV/AIDS-related programming, we should
 <tr><td><a href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-2z12n50j78" target="_blank"><img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/bobbicampbell-diagnosisaids.png" class="big-image" alt="Activist Bobbi Campbell in Diagnosis: AIDS (KCET, 1989)"/></a></td></tr>
 </table>
 
-Readers should keep in mind that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is still ongoing. While featured materials mostly cover news, education, and research during the first 25 years of the epidemic, scientific developments still occur, and more than one million people across the country are living with HIV.[<sup>14</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#14) Black, Latino, and LGBTQ+ people are acutely disproportionately affected by HIV, and access to treatment is not equal. Minority patients are significantly less likely to receive primary and emergency care for HIV/AIDS.[<sup>15</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#15) For more information about the current state of the epidemic and tools for HIV prevention and treatment, you can visit the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) HIV Basics hub and [this exhibit's epilogue](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/7-public-broadcasting-covers-the-hiv-aids-pandemic-in-africa). 
+Readers should keep in mind that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is still ongoing. While featured materials mostly cover news, education, and research during the first 25 years of the epidemic, scientific developments still occur, and more than one million people across the country are living with HIV.[<sup>14</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#14) Black, Latino, and LGBTQ+ people are acutely disproportionately affected by HIV, and access to treatment is not equal. Minority patients are significantly less likely to receive primary and emergency care for HIV/AIDS.[<sup>15</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#15) For more information about the current state of the epidemic and tools for HIV prevention and treatment, you can visit the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) HIV Basics hub and [this exhibit's epilogue](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/10-epilogue). 
 
 ### How to Use This Exhibit
 

app/views/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/10-epilogue.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Epilogue
+
+10
+
+## Summary
+
+## Extended
+
+## Main
+
+The HIV/AIDS epidemic is not over. One million people in the U.S. are currently living with HIV, and almost half of those living with HIV are Black. Stigma associated with HIV discourages testing, which has the potential to save lives, and PrEP is not always accessible to those who need it. People with HIV continue to experience discrimination, sometimes even in healthcare spaces.  Despite consistent and clear CDC guidance that HIV cannot be spread through casual contact, many Americans are still uncomfortable sharing a living space with someone who is HIV positive.[<sup>121</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#121)
+
+Since the 1980s, more than 300,000 gay and bisexual men have died of AIDS in the U.S.[<sup>122</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#122) A generation of gay men was intimately affected by the epidemic; nearly half of gay men older than 35 have lost someone close to them to AIDS.[<sup>123</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#123) The anger, sadness, and grief created by the epidemic has been poured into countless memorial projects and artistic expressions, like film, poetry, and visual art. Some of these artworks, like Marlon Riggs’s [Tongues Untied](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-50c989be918) and Robert Hilferty’s [Stop the Church](https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-8k74t6g61f?start=400.69&end=1779.12), are included in this exhibit. 
+
+The HIV/AIDS epidemic radically changed gay activism. When faced with the horrors of the epidemic and stalled governmental and social support, gay and lesbian activists and community organizers worked together to create their own support and activist networks. ACT UP achieved immense success through its direct action strategy, leading to changes in FDA drug approval processes, the addition of gynecological symptoms to the definition of AIDS, and the introduction of parallel tracking trials. ACT UP’s many successes paved the way for further civil rights gains for LGBTQIA+ people in the United States.
+
+When the COVID-19 pandemic emerged in 2020, many people drew comparisons to HIV/AIDS. While both epidemics were politicized and may have been made worse by delayed government responses, these comparisons largely deemphasized the role that homophobia played in the response (or lack thereof) to HIV/AIDS and to society’s rejection of people with AIDS. COVID-19 infection does not carry with it the same level of stigma that HIV infection does, and the COVID-19 mortality rate, 1-4%, is far lower than the HIV mortality rate of 95% when left untreated.[<sup>124</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#124) A useful comparison can be made, though, in the distribution of resources and the demographic breakdown of deaths. Racial minorities have been more likely to die of both COVID-19 and AIDS than white people in the U.S., and access to proper healthcare is essential for positive patient outcomes. HAART has not benefitted racial and ethnic minorities to the same degree that it has benefited white people, and minorities experience disparities in access to care, quality of care, and satisfaction with care.[<sup>125</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#125)
+
+The materials featured in this exhibit offer a window into public broadcasting’s response to HIV/AIDS in the deadliest years of the epidemic. At a time when HIV is still highly stigmatized, sodomy laws are being debated,[<sup>126</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#126) and a monkeypox epidemic has seen the resurgence of homophobic rhetoric from the early years of AIDS,[<sup>127</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#127) these programs serve as a reference for anyone interested in learning from the mistakes and successes of public broadcasting’s coverage of a highly politicized epidemic.
+
+## Cover
+  <img title="Cover Image" alt="Silverlake Life Epilogue." src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/HIV-AIDS signature image.png">
+
+## Gallery
+
+## Records

app/views/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/4-1989-1994-into-the-second-decade.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 > 
 >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;– *Understanding AIDS* mailer, 1988[<sup>58</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#58)
 
-By “the second decade” of the epidemic, rates of HIV/AIDS among heterosexual people, especially women of color and IV drug users, were rising.[<sup>59</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#59) Gay men were still at the highest risk, but were less often the focus of educational campaigns, news reports, and radio and television programs.[<sup>60</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#60) AIDS activist Phill Wilson called the focus on women with AIDS at the Tenth International AIDS Conference in 1994 an “‘at-risk group of the year’ approach to epidemiology.[<sup>61</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#61)” While the media often focused on women and heterosexuals with HIV/AIDS, gay and lesbian organizations provided education to their own communities. The national AIDS educational mailer “Understanding AIDS,” based on Surgeon General Koop’s report, did not include any clearly indicated images of gay men and only mentioned them explicitly in statements about how people of all sexualities were at risk. Rather than provide targeted, useful information about the epidemic to gay men, the government and news outlets often focused on how heterosexuals could get HIV. 
+By “the second decade” of the epidemic, rates of HIV/AIDS among heterosexual people, especially women of color and IV drug users, were rising.[<sup>59</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#59) Gay men were still at the highest risk, but were less often the focus of educational campaigns, news reports, and radio and television programs.[<sup>60</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#60) AIDS activist Phill Wilson called the focus on women with AIDS at the Tenth International AIDS Conference in 1994 an “‘at-risk group of the year’ approach to epidemiology.”[<sup>61</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#61) While the media often focused on women and heterosexuals with HIV/AIDS, gay and lesbian organizations provided education to their own communities. The national AIDS educational mailer “Understanding AIDS,” based on Surgeon General Koop’s report, did not include any clearly indicated images of gay men and only mentioned them explicitly in statements about how people of all sexualities were at risk. Rather than provide targeted, useful information about the epidemic to gay men, the government and news outlets often focused on how heterosexuals could get HIV. 
 
 <table class="exhibit-image half-image">
 <caption align="bottom" class="exhibit-caption">On November 7, 1991, basketball star Magic Johnson announced that he was HIV-positive. Herbert Block. “Man, if it could happen to Magic—” Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-hlb-12376]. A 1991 Herblock Cartoon, © The Herb Block Foundation.</caption>
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ In 1989, WGBH in Boston began to produce *The AIDS Quarterly*, a PBS series that
 <tr><td><a href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-61rfjm96" target="_blank"><img src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/americanarchive.org/exhibits/aids-quarterly-1.png" class="big-image" alt="The AIDS Quarterly; "The Education of Admiral Watkins; A Death in the Family" (WGBH, Boston, February 28, 1989)."/></a></td></tr>
 </table>
 
-*The AIDS Quarterly* inaugurated its magazine series with an overview of the epidemic. The [first episode](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-61rfjm96), which premiered on February 28, 1989 and is available for viewing at the Library of Congress and GBH, began by following the work of the Reagan administration’s Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic, established in 1987 by [Executive Order 12601](https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-12601-presidential-commission-the-human-immunodeficiency-virus-epidemic). The commission was tasked with writing a report on the state of the epidemic and recommendations for governmental action. The program thus started its examination of the epidemic through the eyes of the presidential commission and particularly through the perspective of Admiral James D. Watkins, who became its chairman and who explained the commission’s work throughout the segment. The commission, which experienced turnover and controversies during its tenure, eventually made almost 600 recommendations, including treatment on demand for people who use IV drugs, anti-discrimination legislation, and an overhaul of the healthcare system, which they determined was not equipped to respond to the epidemic. President Reagan did not act on the commission’s recommendations before leaving office. In Watkins’ footsteps, the program featured interviews from people across the country who had experienced discrimination because of AIDS, activists who criticized the lack of research funding and stalled drug approval, and researchers working on HIV/AIDS. The final segment included an interview with Malcolm, a gay man dying of AIDS who reconnected with his Mormon family in the final months of his life. 
+*The AIDS Quarterly* inaugurated its magazine series with an overview of the epidemic. The [first episode](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-61rfjm96), which premiered on February 28, 1989, and is available for viewing at the Library of Congress and GBH, began by following the work of the Reagan administration’s Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic, established in 1987 by [Executive Order 12601](https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-12601-presidential-commission-the-human-immunodeficiency-virus-epidemic). The commission was tasked with writing a report on the state of the epidemic and recommendations for governmental action. The program thus started its examination of the epidemic through the eyes of the presidential commission and particularly through the perspective of Admiral James D. Watkins, who became its chairman and who explained the commission’s work throughout the segment. The commission, which experienced turnover and controversies during its tenure, eventually made almost 600 recommendations, including treatment on demand for people who use IV drugs, anti-discrimination legislation, and an overhaul of the healthcare system, which they determined was not equipped to respond to the epidemic. President Reagan did not act on the commission’s recommendations before leaving office. In Watkins’ footsteps, the program featured interviews from people across the country who had experienced discrimination because of AIDS, activists who criticized the lack of research funding and stalled drug approval, and researchers working on HIV/AIDS. The final segment included an interview with Malcolm, a gay man dying of AIDS who reconnected with his Mormon family in the final months of his life. 
 
 The third installment of *AIDS Quarterly* received backlash for “mistakes” in two different segments: one for its representation of people of color who had AIDS and another for a comment made by Jennings that emboldened homophobia, critics charged. The segment titled “A Question of Civil Rights” scrutinized “racially segregated” healthcare available for people with HIV and AIDS in Chicago. The segment looked at Howard Brown Memorial Clinic, a “state-of-the-art facility” that treated mostly white gay men and was located in a white neighborhood, in comparison to healthcare facilities available to Black and Hispanic people with AIDS in Chicago, including an outreach center with “no treatment rooms, a tiny staff, armed only with condoms and bleach for cleaning needles.” The segment briefly followed Claude Rhodes, founder of a drug abuse treatment center in the 1960s, who joined the University of Illinois Chicago Community Outreach Intervention Project and “was known to take up to half an hour just to walk one block, stopping to talk and pass out bleach and condoms."[<sup>64</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#64) Rhodes was shown walking down streets and into a “shooting gallery” to educate people on HIV/AIDS and provide condoms and bleach for disinfecting needles. Putting the comparison between healthcare facilities into context, the program informed viewers that Chicago returned $900,000 in funds from anti-AIDS grants that were not used in 1988. 
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ The episode received both negative and positive reactions. Larry Kessler, chairm
 
 *The AIDS Quarterly* provided the most comprehensive coverage by public broadcasting of HIV/AIDS and was the only regularly scheduled program dedicated to examining the epidemic. Like many AIDS programs, the *Quarterly* was not without controversy, but it made significant contributions to public knowledge. One public television staffer, when discussing how public television measures success, gave *The AIDS Quarterly* as an example of a program that was successful because it made an impact on people’s lives, saying that the series was “causing people to have an intimacy with their own families, and to talk about the disease that they have and they hadn’t even had the nerve to tell them about. I mean, that’s just, that’s a huge thing to have done, even to one person."[<sup>68</sup>](/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/notes#68)
 
-*The AIDS Quarterly* ran from February 1989 to May 1990. Episodes of *The AIDS Quarterly* and its successor program, *The Health Quarterly*, which reported on issues of health in the U.S. and included an “AIDS Report” segment, are available to researchers on-site at the Library of Congress and GBH. Interviews conducted for *The AIDS Quarterly* and *The Health Quarterly* are listed in this exhibit’s National Programs section and are [available online in AAPB](/catalog?f%5Baccess_types%5D%5B%5D=online&per_page=100&q=%22aids+quarterly%22&sort=episode_number_sort+asc).
+*The AIDS Quarterly* ran from February 1989 to May 1990. Episodes of *The AIDS Quarterly* and its successor program, *The Health Quarterly*, which reported on issues of health in the U.S. and included an “AIDS Report” segment, are available to researchers on-site at the Library of Congress and GBH. Interviews conducted for *The AIDS Quarterly* and *The Health Quarterly* are [available online in AAPB](/catalog?f%5Baccess_types%5D%5B%5D=online&per_page=100&q=%22aids+quarterly%22&sort=episode_number_sort+asc).
 
 ***The AIDS Quarterly*, “The Education of Admiral Watkins” (WGBH, Boston, February 28, 1989)** 
 

app/views/exhibits/hiv-aids-and-public-broadcasting/5-1989-1991-broadcasting-act-up-direct-action.md

@@ -119,7 +119,6 @@ Despite their failure to appear onscreen, the protestors successfully communicat
 
 ## Records
 
-- [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-28-br8mc8rr6z)
 - [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-3b5w669q4c)
 - [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-15-61rfjm96)
 - [](/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-0p0wp9tm5k)