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Label Studio SSRF on Import Bypassing `SSRF_PROTECTION_ENABLED` Protections

Moderate severity GitHub Reviewed Published Jan 30, 2024 in HumanSignal/label-studio • Updated Jan 31, 2024

Package

pip label-studio (pip)

Affected versions

< 1.11.0

Patched versions

1.11.0

Description

Introduction

This write-up describes a vulnerability found in Label Studio, a popular open source data labeling tool. The vulnerability affects all versions of Label Studio prior to 1.11.0 and was tested on version 1.8.2.

Overview

Label Studio's SSRF protections that can be enabled by setting the SSRF_PROTECTION_ENABLED environment variable can be bypassed to access internal web servers. This is because the current SSRF validation is done by executing a single DNS lookup to verify that the IP address is not in an excluded subnet range. This protection can be bypassed by either using HTTP redirection or performing a DNS rebinding attack.

Description

The following tasks_from_url method in label_studio/data_import/uploader.py performs the SSRF validation (validate_upload_url) before sending the request.

def tasks_from_url(file_upload_ids, project, user, url, could_be_tasks_list):
    """Download file using URL and read tasks from it"""
    # process URL with tasks
    try:
        filename = url.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]

        validate_upload_url(url, block_local_urls=settings.SSRF_PROTECTION_ENABLED)
        # Reason for #nosec: url has been validated as SSRF safe by the
        # validation check above.
        response = requests.get(
            url, verify=False, headers={'Accept-Encoding': None}
        )  # nosec
        file_content = response.content
        check_tasks_max_file_size(int(response.headers['content-length']))
        file_upload = create_file_upload(
            user, project, SimpleUploadedFile(filename, file_content)
        )
        if file_upload.format_could_be_tasks_list:
            could_be_tasks_list = True
        file_upload_ids.append(file_upload.id)
        tasks, found_formats, data_keys = FileUpload.load_tasks_from_uploaded_files(
            project, file_upload_ids
        )

    except ValidationError as e:
        raise e
    except Exception as e:
        raise ValidationError(str(e))
    return data_keys, found_formats, tasks, file_upload_ids, could_be_tasks_list

The validate_upload_url code in label_studio/core/utils/io.py is shown below.

def validate_upload_url(url, block_local_urls=True):
    """Utility function for defending against SSRF attacks. Raises
        - InvalidUploadUrlError if the url is not HTTP[S], or if block_local_urls is enabled
          and the URL resolves to a local address.
        - LabelStudioApiException if the hostname cannot be resolved

    :param url: Url to be checked for validity/safety,
    :param block_local_urls: Whether urls that resolve to local/private networks should be allowed.
    """

    parsed_url = parse_url(url)

    if parsed_url.scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
        raise InvalidUploadUrlError

    domain = parsed_url.host
    try:
        ip = socket.gethostbyname(domain)
    except socket.error:
        from core.utils.exceptions import LabelStudioAPIException
        raise LabelStudioAPIException(f"Can't resolve hostname {domain}")

    if not block_local_urls:
        return

    if ip == '0.0.0.0':  # nosec
        raise InvalidUploadUrlError
    local_subnets = [
        '127.0.0.0/8',
        '10.0.0.0/8',
        '172.16.0.0/12',
        '192.168.0.0/16',
    ]
    for subnet in local_subnets:
        if ipaddress.ip_address(ip) in ipaddress.ip_network(subnet):
            raise InvalidUploadUrlError

The issue here is the SSRF validation is only performed before the request is sent, and does not validate the destination IP address. Therefore, an attacker can either redirect the request or perform a DNS rebinding attack to bypass this protection.

Proof of Concept

Both the HTTP redirection and DNS rebinding methods for bypassing Label Studio's SSRF protections are explained below.

HTTP Redirection

The python requests module automatically follows HTTP redirects (eg. response code 301 and 302). Therefore, an attacker could use a URL shortener (eg. https://www.shorturl.at/) or host the following Python code on an external server to redirect request from a Label Studio server to an internal web server.

from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer

class RedirectHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):

    def do_GET(self):
        self.send_response(301)
        # skip first slash
        self.send_header('Location', self.path[1:])
        self.end_headers()

HTTPServer(("", 8080), RedirectHandler).serve_forever()

DNS Rebinding Attack

DNS rebinding can bypass SSRF protections by resolving to an external IP address for the first resolution, but when the request is sent resolves to an internal IP address that is blocked. For an example, the domain 7f000001.030d1fd6.rbndr.us will randomly switch between the IP address 3.13.31.214 that is not blocked to 127.0.0.1 which is not allowed.

Impact

SSRF vulnerabilities pose a significant risk on cloud environments, since instance credentials are managed by internal web APIs. An attacker can bypass Label Studio's SSRF protections to access internal web servers and partially compromise the confidentiality of those internal servers.

Remediation Advice

  • Before saving any responses, validate the destination IP address is not in the deny list.
  • Consider blocking internal cloud API IP ranges to mitigate the risk of compromising cloud credentials.

Discovered

  • August 2023, Alex Brown, elttam

References

@jombooth jombooth published to HumanSignal/label-studio Jan 30, 2024
Published by the National Vulnerability Database Jan 31, 2024
Published to the GitHub Advisory Database Jan 31, 2024
Reviewed Jan 31, 2024
Last updated Jan 31, 2024

Severity

Moderate

CVSS overall score

This score calculates overall vulnerability severity from 0 to 10 and is based on the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS).
/ 10

CVSS v3 base metrics

Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Scope
Unchanged
Confidentiality
Low
Integrity
None
Availability
None

CVSS v3 base metrics

Attack vector: More severe the more the remote (logically and physically) an attacker can be in order to exploit the vulnerability.
Attack complexity: More severe for the least complex attacks.
Privileges required: More severe if no privileges are required.
User interaction: More severe when no user interaction is required.
Scope: More severe when a scope change occurs, e.g. one vulnerable component impacts resources in components beyond its security scope.
Confidentiality: More severe when loss of data confidentiality is highest, measuring the level of data access available to an unauthorized user.
Integrity: More severe when loss of data integrity is the highest, measuring the consequence of data modification possible by an unauthorized user.
Availability: More severe when the loss of impacted component availability is highest.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N

EPSS score

0.053%
(22nd percentile)

Weaknesses

CVE ID

CVE-2023-47116

GHSA ID

GHSA-p59w-9gqw-wj8r

Credits

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