[FLINK-34194] Update CI to Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy) (#25827) #1386

Job	Run time
Default (Java 8) / Compile	18m 11s
Pre-compile Checks / Basic QA	8m 30s
Default (Java 8) / Test packaging/licensing	36m 17s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: core)	36m 55s
Default (Java 8) / E2E (group 1)	1h 57m 57s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: python)	29m 57s
Default (Java 8) / E2E (group 2)	2h 17m 3s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: table)	36m 36s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: connect)	19m 39s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: tests)	46m 36s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: misc)	46m 5s
	8h 53m 46s

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