Replace Poetry with uv

[Gerrrr]

The main motivation for this upgrade has been that current Poetry version does not support later Python versions and newer Poetry versions do not support our current project config format. Since build system upgrade requires additional effort, I was wondering if it is time to shop for an alternative and found uv.

In my opinion, uv is a more promising alternative for 2 reasons:

1. it follows an approach similar to build tools one can find in other ecosystems (looking at Maven/Bazel/Gradle). It is a single entry-point to manage dependencies, python versions, build and upload artifacts, etc. I did not find a way to also run tests and benchmarks without tox/pytest, but it is definitely a step in the right direction IMO.
2. It is fast. I encourage reviewers to compare how long it takes to sync dependencies or re-build a lock file with uv vs Poetry.