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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion contents/english/6-1-workplace.md
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More than a billion people worldwide work outside their homes in formal organizations with at least a few other people.[^ILO] These "workplaces" produce about 70% of global output and are the first thing most people think of when they hear "economy". Just as we consider the vast contribution of workplaces to the global economy, it is essential to address inefficiencies that hinder productivity. U.S. workers spend an average of 31 hours per month in meetings deemed unproductive, a significant drain on both time and resources.[^meeting-stats] If ⿻ is to help re-imagine the economy, it must restructure formal work, which we turn to in this chapter.

[^ILO]: International Labor Organization, " World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends" (2023) at https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_865387.pdf.
[^ILO]: International Labor Organization, " World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends" (2023) at https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_865387.pdf

The advances we discuss, which are just a sampling of potential implications of ⿻ in the workplace, cover strengthening remote teams, designing effective corporate campuses, improving communication, accessing talent more inclusively and supporting more effective provision of common corporate infrastructure and more dynamic adaptation to changing industries. We estimate that the first four of these components could increase global gross domestic product by approximately 10% in total and that the last might permanently increase the GDP growth rate by half a percentage point a year.[^Calc]

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全球有超過10億人在家庭之外的正式組織中與至少幾個其他人一起工作。這些「工作場所」產生了全球約 70% 的產出[^ILO-WESO],是大多數人聽到「經濟」時首先想到的。正如我們思量工作場所對全球經濟的巨大貢獻一樣,解決這些阻礙生產力效率低下的問題也相當重要。美國工作者,平均每月花費 31 個小時參加被他們認為沒有效果的會議,這些對時間和資源都是重大的浪費[^meeting-stats]。如果⿻可以幫助重新構想經濟,就必須重組正規工作,我們將在本章討論這一點。

[^ILO-WESO]:國際勞工組織,《世界就業與社會展望:趨勢》, 2023. (網址:https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/ wcms_865387.pdf.)
[^ILO-WESO]: 國際勞工組織,《世界就業與社會展望:趨勢》, 2023. 網址: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_865387.pdf

我們接下來討論的進展,只是⿻對工作場所潛在影響的一部分,包括加強遠端團隊、設計有效的企業園區、改善溝通、更包容地獲取人才、支援更有效地提供共通的企業基礎設施,以及更動態地適應不斷變化的行業。我們估計,前四項可使全球 GDP 增長約 10%,而最後一項則可能使國內 GDP 增長率每年永久提高 0.5 個百分點。[^Calc]

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[^Calc]: 如果如本章所述,大約50% 的正式部門工作將是遠端的,並且如本研究所示如果團隊建立活動將團隊績效提高了大約25%,如果這適用於大約一半的正式部門工作,並且如果大約一半的收益轉化為成本,我們預計改善遠距團隊建立將帶來 GDP 約 2% 的收益。如果工作設施的集聚效益約為 12%,這同樣適用於一半的正規部門工作,並且可以提高 50%,那麼我們再次獲得 GDP 的 2%。如果會議佔正式部門工作時間的 25%,並且可以改善 25%,則約為 GDP 的 4%。勞動力搜尋和匹配成本的標準經濟估計約為 GPD 的 4%,與人力資源成本類似 ; 如果減少 50%,則GDP 將提高 2%(更不用說大幅降低商業週期失業成本)。最後,經濟學家將大部分GDP 成長(全球每年約2-3%)歸因於新產品研發帶來的技術進步,根據我們在導論中討論的資料,目前約80%的GDP 成長來自私部門。如果透過更靈活的內部創業可以將效率提高四分之一,那麼全球 GDP 每年成長率就可以提高 0.5 個百分點。 Cameron Klein、Deborah DiazGranados、Eduardo Salas、Huy Le、Shawn Burke、Rebecca Lyons 和 Gerald Goodwin,"Does Team Building Work?"_Small Group Research_40,no. 2(2009 年 1 月 16 日):181–222。https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496408328821。Michael Greenstone、Richard Hornbeck 和 Enrico Moretti,"Identifying Agglomeration Spillovers: Evidence from Winners and Losers of Large Plant Openings",_Journal of Political Economy_118,no. 3(2010 年 6 月):536–98。https://doi.org/10.1086/653714
[^Calc]: 如果如本章所述,大約50% 的正式部門工作將是遠端的,並且如本研究所示如果團隊建立活動將團隊績效提高了大約25%,如果這適用於大約一半的正式部門工作,並且如果大約一半的收益轉化為成本,我們預計改善遠距團隊建立將帶來 GDP 約 2% 的收益。如果工作設施的集聚效益約為 12%,這同樣適用於一半的正規部門工作,並且可以提高 50%,那麼我們再次獲得 GDP 的 2%。如果會議佔正式部門工作時間的 25%,並且可以改善 25%,則約為 GDP 的 4%。勞動力搜尋和匹配成本的標準經濟估計約為 GPD 的 4%,與人力資源成本類似 ; 如果減少 50%,則GDP 將提高 2%(更不用說大幅降低商業週期失業成本)。最後,經濟學家將大部分GDP 成長(全球每年約2-3%)歸因於新產品研發帶來的技術進步,根據我們在導論中討論的資料,目前約 80% 的 GDP 成長來自私部門。如果透過更靈活的內部創業可以將效率提高四分之一,那麼全球 GDP 每年成長率就可以提高 0.5 個百分點。 Cameron Klein、Deborah DiazGranados、Eduardo Salas、Huy Le、Shawn Burke、Rebecca Lyons 和 Gerald Goodwin,"Does Team Building Work?"_Small Group Research_40,no. 2(2009 年 1 月 16 日):181–222。https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496408328821。Michael Greenstone、Richard Hornbeck 和 Enrico Moretti,"Identifying Agglomeration Spillovers: Evidence from Winners and Losers of Large Plant Openings",_Journal of Political Economy_118,no. 3(2010 年 6 月):536–98。https://doi.org/10.1086/653714

[^remote-shift-impact] Yang, Longqi, David Holtz, Sonia Jaffe, Siddharth Suri, Shilpi Sinha, Jeffrey Weston, Connor Joyce, et al. 「遠距工作對資訊工作者協作的影響」。Nature Human Behaviour 第 6 期(2021 年 9 月 9 日): 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01196-4.
[^reduce-productivity] Emanuel, Natalia, Emma Harrington, and Amanda Pallais. 「與同事親近的力量: 明天的訓練還是今天的生產力?」,2023 年 11 月。https://doi.org/10.3386/w31880.
[^remote-shift-impact]: Yang, Longqi, David Holtz, Sonia Jaffe, Siddharth Suri, Shilpi Sinha, Jeffrey Weston, Connor Joyce, et al. 「遠距工作對資訊工作者協作的影響」。Nature Human Behaviour 第 6 期(2021 年 9 月 9 日): 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01196-4.
[^reduce-productivity]: Emanuel, Natalia, Emma Harrington, and Amanda Pallais. 「與同事親近的力量: 明天的訓練還是今天的生產力?」,2023 年 11 月。https://doi.org/10.3386/w31880.
[^Coinbase]: Coinbase 参考文獻
[^Barreto]: Barreto Bloom 和 Davis 的論文
[^meeting-stats]: Alyson Krueger在《The New York Times》上發表的文章"Fewer Work Meetings? Corporate America Is Trying".(網址: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/07/business/office-meetings-time.html)

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