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complete hand and foot reference
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---
title: Hand and Foot
date: 2023-12-26
title: Hand and Foot (alterered)
publishDate: 2023-12-29
references:
- https://bicyclecards.com/how-to-play/hand-and-foot
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canasta
---

## About this document
[hand and foot]: https://bicyclecards.com/how-to-play/hand-and-foot
[canasta]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canasta

> [Hand and Foot][] is a variation of [Canasta][] that became popular in the United States in the 1950s. — Bicycle
This document:

- Is based on the Roth family house rules for [Hand and Foot][].
- Includes references and maps to traditional gameplay.
- Is written as a glossery of termonology and practices.
- Hoists figures (with scoring values) the top, for easy access.

## Contents

## Card values
## 🃏 Card Values

| Value | Card |
| -----: | :--------------- |
| `5` | 4,5,6,7,8,9 |
| `10` | 10, J, Q, K |
| `20` | 2, Ace |
| `50` | Joker |
| `0` | Black 3 |
| `-500` | Red 3 |
| `100` | Exactly 22 drawn |
| `100` | Going out first |
| `300` | Dirty book |
| `500` | Clean book |
<div class="max-w-[24ch]">

## Setup
| Value | Card | |
| -----: | :--------------------- | :------: |
| `50` | Joker | **Wild** |
| `20` | 2 "Deuces" | **Wild** |
| `20` | Ace | |
| `10` | _10, J, Q, K[^*]_ | |
| `5` | _4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9[^*]_ | |
| `0` | Black 3 | |
| `-500` | Red 3 | |

- Bring `1` deck per player and shuffled togetter
- Remove blank cards
- Leave Jokers
- Draw `22` cards
- `11` for "hand"
- `11` for "foot"
- `100` point bonus for exact draw
- Remaining cards in Draw pile; flip one over to start discard pile
[^*]: Notes: Traditionally, `5` and `10` point values are `4-7` and `8-K`, respectively.

## Play
</div>

- Draw `2` OR top `7` of discard. To draw from the discard pile, you must…
- Reveal `1` card that matches the top discard card.
- Immediately create a clean book with that card.
- Place cards into [melds + books](#melds-and-books).
- Discard `1` card.
## 🆙 Achievement Values

## Melds and Books
<div class="max-w-[24ch]">

- Open a book with `3` or more of the same card.
- New books may include wilds.
- The number of wilds may not exceed the number of natural cards.
- Close a book with `7` cards.
- Books only natural cards are "clean".
- Books with wilds are "dirty".
| Value | Achievement |
| ----: | :----------------------------------------------- |
| `500` | [Red book](#📕-red-book) |
| `300` | [Black book](#📓-black-book) |
| `100` | _[Draw](#🎰-the-deal-draw) exactly 22 cards[^†]_ |
| `100` | First to [go out](#👈-go-out) |

## Going Out
[^†]: Both [Canasta][]/[Hand and Foot][] have a traditional "deal." This better distributes the cards and "de-clumps" them from previous melds and books.

- once all cards in your hand have been played, pick up your foot
- you can go ont when:
</div>

- all team members are in their feet
- your team has 3 dNty + 4 clean books
- teammates agree its oK to go out
## 🎟️ Point Minimums

## Notes and conveniences
At the start of each round, teams determine the mimimum points required to [go in](#👉-go-in).

- Closed books
- Keep a red card on top to signify a clean book.
- Keep a black card on top to signify a dirty book.
<div class="max-w-[24ch]">

---
| Score | Points required to go in |
| -------: | :----------------------- |
| `0` | `50` |
| `2500` | `90` |
| `5000` | `120` |
| _`7500`_ | _`150`[^‡]_ |

[^‡]: [Canasta][] is traditionally played to 5000 points. And [Hand and Foot][] is traditionally in 4 rounds, with no point-based end condition.

</div>

## 🥅 Goal

Gain the most points as a team by the end game condition: `10,000` points[^‡].

## 🏗️ Build the Stock (Game Deck)

Each player brings one deck of cards to construct a card stock (game deck).
**Ensure that all decks include both Jokers (54 cards).**

## 🎰 The Deal (draw)

To start each round, players draw `22` cards.
Drawing `22` cards in a single cut, is worth a `100` points bonus.[^*]

Cards are divided into two `11` card decks: ["hand" and "foot"](#✋🦶hand-and-foot).

## 🏁 Begin the Game

Reveal the top card from [the stock](#🏗️-build-the-stock-game-deck) to start a discard pile. The first person (clockwise) of the dealer begins the first [turn](#↪️-turn).

## ↪️ Turn

- [Draw.](#🪣-draw)
- Create [melds](#💿-meld).
- Discard.

## ✋🦶Hand and Foot

The _hand_ is a player's initial hand of 11 cards — played immediately.
The _foot_ is a player's 11 reserve cards — played once the _hand_ is exhausted.

Play all `11` cards in your hand by creating melds with your team.

If you can finish your hand without discarding the final card of your _hand_, continue playing into your foot. _Announce "I'm going into my foot" to the table._

## 🪣 Draw

Draw two cards from the [stock pile](#🏗️-build-the-stock-game-deck).

**OR**

[Talk the discards](#🗑️-take-discards).

## To Go In
## 🗑️ Take Discards

| Round | Points required to open |
| ----- | ----------------------- |
| 0 | 50 |
| 2500 | 90 |
| 5000 | 120 |
| 7500 | 150 |
If the top card of the discard pile is a natural card (4-A) _and_ matches at least one card in your hand, you may draw from the discard pile.

## Win condition
- Reveal your card that matchs the top discard.
- Take the top seven cards.
- You must be able to make a new, clean book with that top card.
- If you are not able to make a clean book, you will be penalized.

10,000 points ends the game.
The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.
_Current house penalty:_

## To Go out
- Your turn is skipped (including discard).
- Return all drawn cards to the discard pile (in their same order).
- Take a `100` point penalty.

Must have the following books closed:
## 💿 Meld

- 3 Dirty
- 4 Clean
Three or more cards of the same value (suit does not matter).
Melds may include [wilds cards](#🃏-card-values), to form [Black books](#📓-black-book).
**Melds must always contain more natural cards than wilds.**

## Table talk
## 📚 Books

- "Should I…" not allowed
- "Can you help me count this out" allowed
- "Are there 2 8s in the discard pile?" not allowed
Books are melds with `7` (or more) cards.

- [Red books](#📕-red-book) include `7` or more natural cards.
- [Black books](#📓-black-book) include _exactly_ `7` natural _and_ wild cards, with no more than `3` wilds.

## 📕 Red Book

_AKA: "Clean book", "Open book"._

- `7` or more natural cards.
- "Open" to melding.
- Set aside with a _red_ card on top.

## 📓 Black Book

_AKA: "Dirty book", "Closed book"._

- Exactly `7` natural _and_ wild cards.
- At most `3` wild cards.
- "Closed" to melding.
- Set aside with a _black_ card on top.

## 👉 Go In

A player "goes in" when they can create, or contribute, to melds. with their total number of contributed cards being above the points minimum.

## 👈 Go Out

A player "goes out" they discard the final card of their foot — ending the round.

A player may not go out until:

- All teammates are in their foot.
- The team has developed [4 Black Books](#📓-black-book) and [5 Red Books](#📕-red-book).

Before going out, a player may ask their team "can I go out?" Teammates are allowed to respond only with "yes" or "no" — avoiding [table talk](#🗣️-table-talk).

## 🗣️ Table talk

Table talk is "illegal."

Every house has a different understanding of what constitutes table talk.

I find that strategic players enjoy playing strategic (educational) games. In these cases, [general strategy](#🗺️-general-strategy) is not considered table talk. Because strategic games aren't won on general strategy.

Here are a few things that are invariable considered table talk:

- Correcting (or "helping") a teammate place their move.
- This includes asking suggestive questions like "Did you want me to place this on the dirty meld or create a new clean meld?"
- Asking teammates to decide between two options.
- Communicating about a move with the intent to suggest the composition of your hand "I really want to pick that discard up…"
- Inquiries about the makeup of the discard pile.

## 🗺️ General Strategy

Here are some baseline strategies for being a good teammate:

- It's generally advantagous to open options for teammates.
- Creating [Red Books](#📕-red-book) doesn't cost your team because they can continue to play melds on them.
- Creating [Black Books](#📓-black-book) should be reserved for:
- [Going in](#👉-go-in).
- [Going out](#👈-go-out).
- Increasing your score before your opponent [goes out](#👈-go-out).
- Avoid discarding cards that you know your opponent can play — especially when you know there are duplicates in the top 7. See [Take Discards](#🗑️-take-discards).
- When deciding whether to contribute to dirty meld or create a new, clean meld, consider the following:
- Is it early or late in the game?
- How near to completion is the dirty meld?
- What is the composition of the dirty meld? Can it be completed with wilds?
- Does the opponent also have melds for this card — making it unclikely to be closed?
- [Taking the discards](#🗑️-take-discards) is best employed when you can create a meld for a card value you don't have available.

---

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