Hardware

• Boot Keys

Key	What it does
Option	Display all bootable volumes (Startup Manager)
Shift	Perform Safe Boot(start up in Safe Mode)
C	Start from a bootable disc
T	Start in FireWire target disk mode
N	Start from NetBoot server
X	Force Mac OS X startup (if non-Mac OS X startup volumes are present)
Command-V	Start in Verbose Mode
Command-S	Start in Single User Mode
D	Diagnostic Mode
Alt	Bootcamp

http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1343

• Resetting PRAM and NVRAM

1. Shut down the computer.
2. Locate the following keys on the keyboard: Command, Option, P, and R. You will need to hold these keys down simultaneously in step 4.
3. Turn on the computer.
4. Press and hold the Command-Option-P-R keys. You must press this key combination before the gray screen appears.

• Reset SMU

1. On the built-in keyboard, press the (left side) Shift-Control-Option keys and the power button at the same time.
2. Release all the keys and the power button at the same time.
3. Press the power button to turn on the compute

• Remap § with ~ on International Keyboard

   hidutil property --set '{"UserKeyMapping":[{"HIDKeyboardModifierMappingSrc":0x700000064,"HIDKeyboardModifierMappingDst":0x700000035},{"HIDKeyboardModifierMappingSrc":0x700000035,"HIDKeyboardModifierMappingDst":0x700000064}]}'
  

• Faster Keyboard Repeat

defaults write -g KeyRepeat -int 1
defaults write -g InitialKeyRepeat -int 7
#then logout / login

• Faster Mouse Acceleration

defaults write -g com.apple.trackpad.scaling -float 10.0
defaults write -g com.apple.trackpad.scaling -float 10.0

Filesystem

• Mac OS X Hidden Files & Directories

File/Directory	Description
._whatever	These files are created on volumes that don't natively support full HFS file characteristics (e.g. ufs volumes, Windows fileshares, etc). When a Mac file is copied to such a volume, its data fork is stored under the file's regular name, and the additional HFS information (resource fork, type & creator codes, etc) is stored in a second file (in AppleDouble format), with a name that starts with "._". (These files are, of course, invisible as far as OS-X is concerned, but not to other OS's; this can sometimes be annoying...)
.DS_Store	This file in created by the Finder to keep track of folder view options, icon positions, and other visual information about folders. A separate .DS_Store file is created in each directory to store information about that directory, so you'll find them appearing all over the directory tree, in pretty much every folder you've visited with the OS X Finder.
~/.Trash	Used to store files & folders from the boot volume that a particular user has thrown in the trash, but that haven't been erased yet.
/.Spotlight-V100	Used to store metadata indexes and indexing rules for Spotlight (version 1.00 apparently). Only created under Mac OS X 10.4.
/Volumes/(whatever)/.Trashes	On volumes other than the boot volume, a .Trashes folder is used to hold files & folders that've been put in the trash but not yet deleted. Since each user has their own personal trash can, subfolders are created under .Trashes for different users, named according to their user ID number. For example, if user #501 throws something on a volume named "Data" into the trash, it'd be moved to a directory named /Volumes/Data/.Trashes/501/. Permissions on this folder are set so that you can only access a trash can if you can guess the users' ID -- that is, you cannot view a list of which users actually have trash cans in existance. If you're trying to free disk space, this can make it rather tricky to find & delete the files in other users' trash cans...
/.hidden	This contains a list of files for the Finder to hide -- it's one of three ways a file can be made invisible in OS X. This file is semi-obsolete -- i.e. it does not exist in a standard installation of Mac OS X 10.4, but the Finder will still respect it if it exists...
/.hotfiles.btree	Used to track commonly-used small files so their position on disk can be optimized (a process called "adaptive hot file clustering").
/.vol	This pseudo-directory is used to access files by their ID number (aka inode number) rather than by name. For example, /.vol/234881034/105486 is file #105486 on volume #234881034.
/automount	Used to handle "quasi-static" mounts of network volumes under OS X 10.1. Under most unixes, if a network volume is statically mounted on a client, it's mounted somewhere in the file system, so it looks shows up like a normal directory. Under OS X 10.1, a statically-mounted network volume will actually be mounted in /automount, and a symbolic link pointing to it will be placed where the volume would normally be mounted, thus emulating the normal result. (Compare this with how "network" mounts are handled via /private/Network.)
/bin	This is one of several places where unix-style binaries (that is, programs, or command-line commands) are kept. The programs in /bin include the more common and fundamental things that are used from the unix command line (e.g. ls and rm), as well as several shells (the programs that provide the command line itself). The other places where similar files are stored are /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, and possibly /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin, and maybe even ~/bin/powerpc-apple-macos; collectively, these can be thought of as the command line's equivalent of /Applications.
/cores	(This is actually stored in /private/cores; /cores is really just a symbolic link.) Under some conditions, when a program crashes, it'll "dump core" (essentially, store a copy of the program state at the time it crashed) into this directory. This is really only useful for programmers trying to debug their own programs.
/dev	This directory contains what're technically known as device special files. These are not really files in the usual sense, they're more like placeholders that the system uses to keep track of the devices (disks, keyboards, monitors, network connections, etc) attached to it.
/etc	(This is actually stored in /private/etc; /etc is really just a symbolic link.) On a typical unix system the /etc folder will contain all the configuration files for a system, including both documents specifying config information as well as scripts for actually performing various configuration tasks. On OS X, some of the config information stored here is overridden by NetInfo or other directory services, but the /etc files still exist.
/lost+found	If Disk Utility or fsck discover "orphaned" files (i.e. files that exist, but aren't actually in any directory), they'll be placed here.
/Network	This is the "real" location of the Network item that appears at the Computer level in the finder. It provides a place to attach network-wide resources and server volumes. Under OS X 10.1, network resources actually tend to get mounted in/private/Network, and symbolic links to them created in /Network. In OS 10.3, various network resources (mainly servers) appear dynamically in /Network (thanks to some virtual filesystem magic).
/mach /mach.sym /mach_kernel	The Mach kernel (which runs at the very core of Mac OS X), along with a couple of shortcuts for getting at it in various ways.
/private	In OS X certain root level directories are actually symbolic links (similar to aliases) to directories in /private. Examples are /cores, /etc, and /var which are respectively linked to /private/cores, /private/etc, and /private/var. /private also contains a directory of drivers for certain peripherals.
/private/Network	Used to handle "network" (non-static) mounts of network volumes under OS X 10.1. Under previous versions, network mounts were mounted in /Network, but in 10.1 they're actually mounted in /private/network, and a symbolic link is placed in /Networkpointing to the actual mount point. (Compare this with how "quasi-static" mounts are handled via /automount.)
/sbin	The /sbin directory is like /bin except it contains binaries that are specifically used for system administration (e.g. mount andfsck).
/tmp	(This is actually stored in /private/tmp; /tmp is really just a symbolic link.) Programs that need temporary space on the hard disk are usally set up to write temporary files to the /tmp directory (although some use /var/tmp instead).
/usr	The /usr directory contains many subdirectories that have binaries and files specifically of use to the normal (unix) user.
/usr/bin	Another place where unix binaries are kept.
/usr/lib	Libraries available for use by progrmming on Mac OS X. Unless you install the Developer Tools, this'll be mostly empty. Note that this has no relation to Mac OS X's various "Library" directories."
/usr/libexec	Holds various daemon programs, system maintenance scripts, and other unix-style programs that usually aren't run directly by humans.
/usr/local	As in most unixes, this directory is used to store local customizations and additions to the standard OS installation (e.g. /usr/local/bin would be likely to hold unix binaries added by the system administrator). This directory can be thought of roughly as the unix equivalent of Mac OS X's local library. In the standard install of Mac OS X it is (not surprisingly) completely empty. Note: As of OS X 10.2, these directories are no longer in the default search path for command-line executables; as a result, anything installed here will not be useable without taking extra steps of one sort or another.
/usr/sbin	Yet another place where unix binaries are kept.
/usr/share	Contains various data and text files that can, in principle, be shared by multiple architectures (a distinction which makes a lot more sense under other flavors of unix than it does under Mac OS X).
/usr/standalone	Contains boot loader programs for (potentially) various computer architectures. In the installs I've looked at, this is simply a duplicate of the BootX loader (also found in /System/Library/CoreServices/BootX); I'm not sure why both copies are needed.
/var	(This is actually stored in /private/var; /var is really just a symbolic link.) Sometimes processes controlled by the operating system need a place to store variable files. Processes like printing and programs that store log files will use subdirectories in the /var directory to store those files. It also holds a fair bit of configuration information (especially in /var/db).
/var/backups	Used to store backups of critical system information (mainly, the nightly dumps of NetInfo databases).
/var/db	Holds various databases of system information. The most notable are the NetInfo databases (stored in /var/db/netinfo), shadow password files (in /var/db/shadow/hash), and the system's network configuration database (/var/db/SystemConfiguration/preferences.xml - although it moved to /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/ in 10.3), which together store much of the system and network configuration information that a traditional unix admin would expect to find in /etc, and a Mac OS 9 admin would expect to find in System Folder:Preferences.
/var/log	This is where many of the system event logs are kept (others are kept in /Library/Logs).
/var/root	The root (superuser) account's home directory. Note that this directory will exist even if you haven't enabled the root account.
/var/run	Stores various status information about processes (especially daemons) running on the system.
/var/tmp	A place for programs to store temporary data, just like /tmp. Some programs use one, some use the other, so Mac OS X provides both.
/var/vm	Used to store the swap files for Mac OS X's virtual memory.
/var/vm/app_profile	Holds information about various applications' virtual memory useage.
/Volumes	The /Volumes directory is the mount point for all of the drives (other than the boot volume) connected to the system. The Finder hides the Volumes directory itself, but displays its contents at the Computer level.

• Hide Folder

  chflags hidden /path/to/file/or/folder/

  chflags nohidden /path/to/unhide/

• Zip folder with password

  zip -e protected.zip /file/to/protect/

• Remove Dot Files

  dot_clean . (removes dot files)

• shows all files in finder

  defaults write com.apple.Finder AppleShowAllFiles 1

• Search using spotlight mdfind "IBM documents”

• Search using spotlight only one directory

  mdfind -onlyin ~/Documents essay

• Erase and rebuild spotlight index

  mdutil -E

• Turn off indexing

  dutil -i off

• Verify Disk Permissions

  sudo /usr/libexec/repair_packages --verify --standard-pkgs /

• Repair Disk permissions

  sudo /usr/libexec/repair_packages --repair --standard-pkgs --volume /

• Copy the path of the file:

  Press the Option key in a file context menu

• verify that the SHA-1 digest of any download matches the digest published there

  /usr/bin/openssl sha1 download.dmg

• Remove DS Store Files

  sudo find / -name ".DS_Store" -depth -exec rm {} \;

Other

• Find All Startup items

  sudo launchctl list

• Have script start apache on startup

  sudo launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/org.apache.httpd.plist

• Unload a script on startup

  sudo launchctl unload [path/to/script] -w (permanently removes it)

• Launchd scripts are stored in the folllowing locations:

   ~/Library/LaunchAgents
   /Library/LaunchAgents
   /Library/LaunchDaemons
   /System/Library/LaunchAgents
   /System/Library/LaunchDaemons
  

• To see the path names of disks

  diskutil list

• Find all wifinetworks

   defaults read /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.airport.preferences RememberedNetworks | 	egrep -o '(SSID_STR|_timeStamp).+' | sed 's/^.*= \(.*\);$/\1/' | sed 's/^"\(.*\)"$/\1/' | sed 's/\	([0-9]\{4\}-..-..\).*/\1/'
  

• Opensnoop

  sudo opensnoop

• Speak Something

  say "Hello there."

• Crop Image:

  sips -Z 100x100 image.jpg

• Prevent Screensaver caffeinate -t 3600

• open multiple instances open -n /Applications/Safari.app/

• Show everything you've ever downloaded

  sqlite3 ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.LaunchServices.QuarantineEventsV* 'select LSQuarantineDataURLString from LSQuarantineEvent' |more

• To Delete your download history

  sqlite3 ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.LaunchServices.QuarantineEventsV* 'delete from LSQuarantineEvent'

• Track Process

  sudo opensnoop -n Safari

• You can also track a specific file, and what is accessing it, like so:

  sudo opensnoop -f /etc/hosts

• Tracking a specific process is as simple as just specifying the process id:

  sudo opensnoop -p PID

• show which processes are using network

  nettop -

• shows open file system files

  fs_usage

• increase or decrease your volume by quarter increments:

  option+shift + volume

• restart the Mac:

  ctrl + ⌘ + ⏏

• kill not responding programs (including the Finder)

  option + ⌘ + esc Select Force Quit from the menu that appears.

• Quitting Apps

  While you are using ⌘ + ⇥ to cycle through open applications, you can press Q before you release ⌘ to close the app

• Terminal

• Finder

  • ⌘+Shift+A/U/D: These three-in-one shortcuts take you to the Applications, Utilities, and Desktop folders (respectively) when in the Finder. Because you'll need to get to each relatively often, this key command can save you quite a bit of time.

  • ⌘+1/2/3/4: When you need to change views in the finder, you don't have to bother with your mouse. 1 will get you icon view, 2 list view, 3 column view, and 4 cover flow.

  • ⌘+Option+I: When you need info on multiple files, just select them and execute this key command. You'll get an info panel about everything currently selected.

  • ⌘+Shift+4 and Space: When you press Command+Shift+4 you get to take a screenshot of a specific area on the screen. If you hit the space bar afterwards, however, you can click on any window to get a nice PNG with transparent background of that window.

  • ⌘+Option+Space: Use the option key to get a Spotlight search window and get more specific about what you're trying to find.

• Searching for commands shortcuts

  ⌘?

• Open A file in finder from Spotlight

  Hold down ⌘ when clicking it

• Show other open windows

  ⌘+Tab + Hold ⌘ + Up arrow

• Change the screencapure to different format

  defaults write com.apple.screencapture type PDF

• Change Auto Update Frequency to 3 days

  sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/com.apple.SoftwareUpdate ScheduleFrequency 3

• Paste Text without formatting

  Command++Shift+V

• Find last hibernate/sleep time

  pmset -g log | grep sleep | tail -n 2

• Query Bonjour

  dscacheutil -q host -a name My-MacBook-Pro.local

• Change default screenshot to jpg

  sudo defaults write com.apple.screencapture type jpg

  sudo killall SystemUIServer

• Textedit prevent new document popup

  defaults write -g NSShowAppCentricOpenPanelInsteadOfUntitledFile -bool false

• To toggle hidden files In Finder:

  Shift+Cmd+.

• select the output of the previous command.:

  cmd-shift-A.

• This scrolls you back up to the previous command.

  Cmd-Up

• Show local time machine snapshots

  tmutil listlocalsnapshotdates

• Remove local snapshots

  tmutil deletelocalsnapshots

• Show Hidden files

  defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles true; killall Finder

• Show Hidden files in Finder

  Command-Shift-.

• Show Network Speed

  networkQuality

• Install gnu version of tools

  brew install coreutils berw install findutils gnu-tar gnu-sed gawk gnutls gnu-indent gnu-getopt grep

Security

• Disable guest account and sharing:

  Select the Guest Account and then disable it by unchecking "Allow Guest to log in to this computer." Uncheck "Allow guests to connect to shared folders."

• More Security

  • Require password "5 seconds" after sleep or screen saver begins
  • Disable automatic login
  • Use secure virtual memory
  • Disable Location Services (if present)
  • Disable remote control infrared receiver (if present)
  • FileVault is recommended for portable systems since it can protect data even if the system is stolen.
  • In the Firewall tab, click "Start" to turn firewall on. Next, click on "Advanced..." and enable "Block all incoming connections."

• Secure Users' Home Folder Permissions

  To prevent users and guests from perusing other users' home folders, run the following command for each home folder:

  sudo chmod go-rx /Users/username

• Disable Unnecessary Services.

The following services can be found in /System/Library/ LaunchDaemons. Unless needed for the purpose shown in the second column, disable each service using the command below, which needs the full path specified: sudo launchctl unload -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.blued.plist

Filename	Needed for
com.apple.blued.plist	Bluetooth
com.apple.IIDCAssistant.plist	iSight
com.apple.nis.ypbind.plist	NIS
com.apple.racoon.plist	VPN
com.apple.RemoteDesktop.PrivilegeProxy.plist	ARD
com.apple.RFBEventHelper.plist	ARD
com.apple.UserNotificationCenter.plist	User notifications
com.apple.webdavfs_load_kext.plist	WebDAV
org.postfix.master	email server

The following services can be found in /System/Library/ LaunchAgents. Disable them in the same way.

Filename	Needed for
com.apple.RemoteUI.plist	Remote Control
com.apple.RemoteDesktop.plist	ARD

• Au Revoir, Bonjour!

Bonjour is Apple's implementation of Zeroconf which provides a network service discovery protocol. Using Bonjour, many programs advertise their services on the local network to facilitate configuration. While this may be beneficial in some cases, from the security perspective this makes the computer unnecessarily visible and generates unwanted network traffic. Disable Bonjour's multicast advertisements with the following command and reboot:

```
sudo defaults write /System/Library/
LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder
ProgramArguments -array-add  "-NoMulticastAdvertisements"
```

Other Links

https://github.com/herrbischoff/awesome-osx-command-line - mac shortcuts

Chrome

Shortcuts

Command + t reopen closed tab
Command + y = history
Command + 1  = first tab
Command + r = reload
Command + Shift + n = incognito
Command + t - new tab
Command + w - close tab
Command + Shift + T - reopen last tab
Command + option + > - cycle through tabs
Command + number = goes to tab number
Command + n = new window
Command + Shift + ~ = cycle between windows
Command + l = go to search
Command + r = reload
Command + Shift + r = hard reload
Control + tab - cycle through tabs

Github

t - search for a file

Gmail

jk - move up and down
Shift + # - delete email

Finder

Cmd ⌘ ` - Cycle through open windows
Cmd ⌘ Shift ⇧ ` - Cycle through open windows in reverse
Command + Tab until you get the app's icon. Before releasing the Command key, press and hold the Option key - Restore minimized window
Command + Tab until you get the app's icon. Then press up or down - Restore minimized window

Window Management

Command + ~ to switch between windows of the current program
Command + h - to hide current window
Command + L to restore minimize application
fn + up = page up

• hide window

  command + h

  • ⌘+Option+M: Minimize all windows to the dock with this keyboard shortcut.

  • ⌘+(Shift)+~: If you'd rather cycle through millions of windows, you can use this key command to do so. Add or remove the shift key to change directions.

Text Editing

Command-e, put the selected text on the find clipboard.
Command-g (find next) will search for the selected text without sacrificing the copy/paste clipboard

cntrl+a: go to start of a line
cntrl+p: go up one line

cntrl+n: go down one line

cntrl+k: cut line proceeding cursor

cntrl+f: forward one char

cntrl+b: back one char

`ctrl+A: beginning of line`

`ctrl+E: end of line`

Shift-option-command-v: paste text without any formatting

* Insert an emoji anywhere:

`Ctrl+Cmd+Space.`

-option left or right to move word by word
-option click to move cursor in terminal to mouse
-option, click+ select, option delete, deletes section
-ctrl+D is del key
-ctrl+K deletes from cursor to end of line

Screenshots

* Command-Shift-3: Take a screenshot of the screen, and save it as a file on the desktop

* Command-Shift-4, then select an area: Take a screenshot of an area and save it as a file on the desktop

* Command-Shift-4, then space, then click a window: Take a screenshot of a window and save it as a file on the desktop

* Command-Control-Shift-3: Take a screenshot of the screen, and save it to the clipboard

* Command-Control-Shift-4, then select an area: Take a screenshot of an area and save it to the clipboard

* Command-Control-Shift-4, then space, then click a window: Take a screenshot of a window and save it to the clipboard

• Copy window screenshot to clipboard

  screencapture -c -W

• Capture entire screen to new email

  screencapture -C -M image.png

Google Search

Search
[sunset]
[watch]
“SFO Terminal 1”
Youtube
use the numbered keys to seek in a video. For example, hitting “2” will take you 20 percent
File_name_V2: Freeze moments in time by naming different versions of the docs you edit frequently. In a Doc, Sheet, or Slides go to File > Version History > Name current version. Name any version then access it easily from "Version history" by name.


OR
Examples: jobs OR gates / jobs | gates

AND
jobs AND gates

Grouping
(ipad OR iphone) apple

Cache
cache:apple.com

Filetype
apple filetype:pdf / apple ext:pdf

Number range
Example: wwdc video 2010..2014

Google Chrome

configure translation settings

chrome://translate-internals/

• caffeinate - set Mac sleep behavior Running caffeinate with no flags or arguments prevents your Mac from going to sleep as long as the command continues to run.

caffeinate -u -t <seconds> prevents sleep for the specified number of seconds.

Adding the -d flag also prevents the display from going to sleep.

Specifying an existing process with -w automatically exits the caffeinate command once the specified process exits.

Passing a command with caffeinate <command> starts the given command in a new process and prevents sleep until that process exits.

• pbcopy, pbpaste - interact with system clipboard

| pbcopy copies the output of the command to the clipboard.

pbpaste outputs the contents of the clipboard to stdout.

• networkQuality - measure Internet speed Run networkQuality to run an Internet speed test from your Mac.

Add the -v flag to view more detailed information.

Use the -I flag to run the network test on a specific network interface.

• sips - image manipulation

sips -z <height> <width> <image> resizes the specified image, ignoring the previous aspect ratio.

sips -Z <size> <image> resizes the largest side of the specified image, preserving the aspect ratio.

sips -c <height> <width> <image> crops the specified image to the given dimensions (relative to the center of the original image).

sips -r <degrees> <image> rotates the image by the specified degrees.

By default, sips will destructively overwrite the input image. Use the -o flag to specify a different output file path (which must have the same file extension as the input image).

• open - open files and applications open -a <app> <file> open the given file with the specified application.

Add the -g flag to openthe file in the background, without losing focus from the current application.

open. open the current directory in a new Finder window.

open -R <file> reveals the given file in a new Finder window.

• textutil - document file converter textutil can convert files to and from Microsoft Word, plain text, rich text, and HTML formats.

textutil -convert html journal.doc converts journal.doc into journal.html.

The possible values for -convert are: txt, html, rtf, rtfd, doc, docx.

• mdfind, mdls - search with Spotlight mdfind <query> performs a keyword-based Spotlight search with the given query.

mdfind kMDItemAppStoreHasReceipt=1 finds all apps installed from the Mac App Store.

mdfind -name searches for all files matching the given name.

The -onlyin

flag restricts the search to the given directory.

mdls <file-path> prints all Spotlight metadata associated with the given file.

• screencapture - take screenshots screencapture -c takes a screenshot and copies it to the clipboard.

screencapture ` takes a screenshot and saves it to the given file.

Add the -T flag to take the screenshot after the given delay in seconds.

• taskpolicy - control scheduling of processes taskpolicy -b <command> starts executing the given command in the background. On Apple silicon Macs, the process will only run on the efficiency cores.

taskpolicy -b -p <pid> downgrades an existing process to run in the background.

taskpolicy -B -p <pid> removes the specified process from running in the background. On Apple silicon Macs, the process may now run on the efficiency or performance cores. Note that this only works on processes that have been downgraded to the background, and not processes that started in the background.

taskpolicy -s <command> starts the given command in the suspended state. This is useful to allow a debugger to attach to the process right at the start of execution.

• say - text-to-speech engine say announces the given message.

say -f input.txt -o output.aiff creates an audiobook from the given text file.

• pmset - configure power management pmset -g prints all available power configuration information.

pmset -g assertions displays information about power-related assertions made by other processes. This can be useful for finding a process that is preventing your Mac from going to sleep.

pmset -g thermlog displays information about any processes that have been throttled (useful when running benchmarks).

pmset displaysleepnow immediately puts the display to sleep without putting the rest of the system to sleep.

pmset sleepnow immediately puts the entire system to sleep.

• networksetup - configure network settings networksetup -listnetworkserviceorder prints a list of available network services.

networksetup -getinfo <networkservice> prints information about the specified network service.

networksetup -getdnsservers <networkservice> prints the DNS servers for the specified network service.

networksetup -setairportnetwork <device> <network> [password] joins the specified Wi-Fi network. (In most cases, the argument should be "en0".)

• softwareupdate - manage OS updates softwareupdate --list prints out available software updates.

sudo softwareupdate -ia installs all available updates.

softwareupdate --fetch-full-installer --full-installer-version <version> tries to download the full installer of the specified macOS version to /Applications.

• system_profiler - view system information system_profiler by default prints all available system information, which is usually overwhelming.

system_profiler <datatype> only prints information about the given sub-system.

system_profiler -listDataTypes lists all available sub-systems to get information from.

Some particularly useful ones:

system_profiler SPHardwareDataType prints an overview of the hardware of the current machine, including its model name and serial number.

system_profiler SPSoftwareDataType prints an overview of the software of the current machine, including the exact macOS version number.

system_profiler SPPowerDataType prints power and battery information, including the current AC wattage and battery cycle count.

system_profiler SPDeveloperToolsDataType prints the currently active version of the Xcode developer tools and SDK.

• Quicklook

qlmanage -r cache - clears quicklook cache

-t - Display generated Quick Look thumbnails for selected files. -p - Display generated Quick Look previews for selected files.