docs: add "how it works" section

docs/0_toc.rst

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
     1_installation
     2_usage_cli
     3_usage_api
+    4_how_it_works
 
 .. toctree::
     :maxdepth: 5

docs/4_how_it_works.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+..
+    Copyright (c) 2024 CRS4
+
+    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+    limitations under the License.
+
+How It Works
+============
+
+The `rocrate-validator` is designed to validate RO-Crates against predefined
+*validation profiles*. A validation profile is a set of validation rules, or
+*checks*, which are applied to the RO-Crate.  If the RO-Crate conforms to all
+the rules, then it is deemed *valid*; otherwise, errors will be generated for
+each rule that failed to validate.
+
+Non-conformance to a rule will result in an *issue*.  On the CLI, issues will
+be presented as error messages, with references to the specific rule which
+triggered the error. Note that multiple rules may have the same error message,
+which can result in output with apparently duplicate errors.
+
+Naturally, `rocrate-validator` is limited to validating conformance to RO-Crate
+profiles for which validation rules have been implemented.  In the absence of
+any matching validation profiles, `rocrate-validator` may return an error or
+request the user to manually select a validation profile to apply.
+
+Validation profiles can be related by inheritance -- i.e., where one validation
+profile extends another one. Normally this happens with profiles that validate
+conformance to RO-Crate profiles that themselves extend a base profile, such as
+Workflow Testing RO-Crate, which extends Workflow RO-Crate.
+
+
+
+Validation profile selection
+----------------------------
+
+* **Automatic Profile Matching** (default):
+  By default, `rocrate-validator` will attempt to select the correct validation
+  profiles for the input RO-Crate based on the `conformsTo` property.
+
+    - If a precise match is found for the `conformsTo` property, that profile is selected
+      for validation.
+
+    - If no precise match is found, the system will:
+
+      - in **Interactive Mode:** (available only through the CLI) the system
+        will prompt the user to select a profile from the list of candidate
+        profiles;
+
+      - **Non-Interactive Mode:** the system will use all candidate profiles
+        for validation. If no suitable profile is found, the system will use
+        the base `ro-crate` profile as a fallback.
+
+* **Profile Versions**:
+    - It may happen that the RO-Crate profile version to which the input
+      RO-Crate `conformsTo` does not match the version of the implemented
+      validation profile. In this case, the validator will validate against the
+      *highest available version* of the profile that is lower than the one
+      requested. Thus, the validator will avoid applying a validation profile
+      that is newer than the `conformsTo` profile.  This behaviour can be
+      overridden by manually selecting the desired validation profile (see below).
+
+  .. note::
+      Profile versions are identified by matching the trailing version number
+      in the profile identifier, if present. For instance, the identifier for
+      the `ro-crate` profile version **1.0** is `ro-crate-1.0`, while the
+      profile name without a version is simply `ro-crate`.
+
+* **Manual Profile Selection**:
+    The user can always override the automatic selection of validation profiles
+    by specifying (via CLI or API) which profile to use.