fix: Upgrade HTTP URLs to HTTPS (mdn#30771)

* fix: Upgrade HTTP URLs to HTTPS

* Update files/en-us/learn/html/howto/author_fast-loading_html_pages/index.md

Co-authored-by: Jean-Yves Perrier <[email protected]>

---------

Co-authored-by: Jean-Yves Perrier <[email protected]>

files/en-us/learn/common_questions/tools_and_setup/what_software_do_i_need/index.md

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ All desktop operating systems come with a basic text editor. These editors are a
             <a href="https://www.visualstudio.com/">Visual Studio Code</a>
           </li>
           <li><a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/webstorm/">Web Storm</a></li>
-          <li><a href="http://brackets.io/">Brackets</a></li>
+          <li><a href="https://brackets.io/">Brackets</a></li>
           <li><a href="https://shiftedit.net/">ShiftEdit</a></li>
           <li><a href="https://www.sublimetext.com/">Sublime Text</a></li>
         </ul>
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ All desktop operating systems come with a basic text editor. These editors are a
           <li>
             <a href="https://www.visualstudio.com/">Visual Studio Code</a>
           </li>
-          <li><a href="http://brackets.io/">Brackets</a></li>
+          <li><a href="https://brackets.io/">Brackets</a></li>
           <li><a href="https://shiftedit.net/">ShiftEdit</a></li>
           <li><a href="https://www.sublimetext.com/">Sublime Text</a></li>
         </ul>
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ All desktop operating systems come with a basic text editor. These editors are a
           <li>
             <a href="https://www.visualstudio.com/">Visual Studio Code</a>
           </li>
-          <li><a href="http://brackets.io/">Brackets</a></li>
+          <li><a href="https://brackets.io/">Brackets</a></li>
           <li><a href="https://shiftedit.net/">ShiftEdit</a></li>
           <li><a href="https://www.sublimetext.com/">Sublime Text</a></li>
         </ul>

files/en-us/learn/css/building_blocks/organizing/index.md

@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ The work that Nicole Sullivan did in describing this approach and promoting it m
 
 #### BEM
 
-BEM stands for Block Element Modifier. In BEM a block is a stand-alone entity such as a button, menu, or logo. An element is something like a list item or a title that is tied to the block it is in. A modifier is a flag on a block or element that changes the styling or behavior. You will be able to recognize code that uses BEM due to the extensive use of dashes and underscores in the CSS classes. For example, look at the classes applied to this HTML from the page about [BEM Naming conventions](http://getbem.com/naming/):
+BEM stands for Block Element Modifier. In BEM a block is a stand-alone entity such as a button, menu, or logo. An element is something like a list item or a title that is tied to the block it is in. A modifier is a flag on a block or element that changes the styling or behavior. You will be able to recognize code that uses BEM due to the extensive use of dashes and underscores in the CSS classes. For example, look at the classes applied to this HTML from the page about [BEM Naming conventions](https://getbem.com/naming/):
 
 ```html
 <form class="form form--theme-xmas form--simple">
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ Read more about this system [BEM 101](https://css-tricks.com/bem-101/) on CSS Tr
 
 #### Other common systems
 
-There are a large number of these systems in use. Other popular approaches include [Scalable and Modular Architecture for CSS (SMACSS)](http://smacss.com/), created by Jonathan Snook, [ITCSS](https://itcss.io/) from Harry Roberts, and [Atomic CSS (ACSS)](https://acss.io/), originally created by Yahoo!. If you come across a project that uses one of these approaches, then the advantage is that you will be able to search and find many articles and guides to help you understand how to code in the same style.
+There are a large number of these systems in use. Other popular approaches include [Scalable and Modular Architecture for CSS (SMACSS)](https://smacss.com/), created by Jonathan Snook, [ITCSS](https://itcss.io/) from Harry Roberts, and [Atomic CSS (ACSS)](https://acss.io/), originally created by Yahoo!. If you come across a project that uses one of these approaches, then the advantage is that you will be able to search and find many articles and guides to help you understand how to code in the same style.
 
 The disadvantage of using such a system is that they can seem overly complex, especially for smaller projects.
 

files/en-us/learn/html/howto/add_a_hit_map_on_top_of_an_image/index.md

@@ -126,4 +126,4 @@ If you must use image maps, you may want to look into [Matt Stow's jQuery plugin
 - {{htmlelement("img")}}
 - {{htmlelement("map")}}
 - {{htmlelement("area")}}
-- [Online image map editor](http://maschek.hu/imagemap/imgmap/)
+- [Online image map editor](https://maschek.hu/imagemap/imgmap/)

files/en-us/learn/html/howto/author_fast-loading_html_pages/index.md

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Use of modern CSS reduces the amount of markup, can reduce the need for (spacer)
 
 Using valid markup has other advantages. First, browsers will have no need to perform error-correction when parsing the HTML (this is aside from the philosophical issue of whether to allow format variation in user input and then programmatically "correct" or normalize it; or whether, instead, to enforce a strict, no-tolerance input format).
 
-Moreover, valid markup allows for the free use of other tools which can _pre-process_ your web pages. For example, [HTML Tidy](http://tidy.sourceforge.net/) can remove whitespace and optional ending tags; however, it will refuse to run on a page with serious markup errors.
+Moreover, valid markup allows for the free use of other tools that can _pre-process_ your web pages. For example, [HTML Tidy](https://www.html-tidy.org/) can remove whitespace and optional ending tags; however, it will refuse to run on a page with serious markup errors.
 
 ### Chunk your content
 

files/en-us/mdn/writing_guidelines/writing_style_guide/code_style_guide/css/index.md

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Don't use preprocessor syntax, such as [Sass](https://sass-lang.com/), [Less](ht
 
 ### Don't use specific CSS methodologies
 
-In the same spirit as the previous guideline, don't write example codes on MDN Web Docs using a specific CSS methodology such as [BEM](http://getbem.com/naming/) or [SMACSS](http://smacss.com/). Even though they are valid CSS syntax, the naming conventions can be confusing to people not familiar with those methodologies.
+In the same spirit as the previous guideline, don't write example codes on MDN Web Docs using a specific CSS methodology such as [BEM](https://getbem.com/naming/) or [SMACSS](https://smacss.com/). Even though they are valid CSS syntax, the naming conventions can be confusing to people not familiar with those methodologies.
 
 ### Don't use resets
 

files/en-us/mozilla/add-ons/webextensions/intercept_http_requests/index.md

@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ To test it out, open a page on MDN that contains images (for example, [the page
 ## Modifying request headers
 
 Finally, use `webRequest` to modify request headers.
-In this example, you change the "User-Agent" header so the browser identifies itself as Opera 12.16, but only when visiting pages under "http\://useragentstring.com/".
+In this example, you change the "User-Agent" header so the browser identifies itself as Opera 12.16, but only when visiting pages under "https\://useragentstring.com/".
 
-Update the "manifest.json" to include `http://useragentstring.com/` like this:
+Update the "manifest.json" to include `https://useragentstring.com/` like this:
 
 ```json
 {
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ Update the "manifest.json" to include `http://useragentstring.com/` like this:
   "permissions": [
     "webRequest",
     "webRequestBlocking",
-    "http://useragentstring.com/"
+    "https://useragentstring.com/"
   ],
 
   "background": {
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Update the "manifest.json" to include `http://useragentstring.com/` like this:
 Replace "background.js" with code like this:
 
 ```js
-let targetPage = "http://useragentstring.com/*";
+let targetPage = "https://useragentstring.com/*";
 
 let ua =
   "Opera/9.80 (X11; Linux i686; Ubuntu/14.10) Presto/2.12.388 Version/12.16";
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ See {{WebExtAPIRef("webRequest.onBeforeSendHeaders")}} for more information on t
 The listener function looks for the "User-Agent" header in the array of request headers, replaces its value with the value of the `ua` variable, and returns the modified array.
 This modified array is sent to the server.
 
-To test it out, open [useragentstring.com](http://useragentstring.com/) and check that it identifies the browser as Firefox.
-Then reload the extension, reload [useragentstring.com](http://useragentstring.com/), and see that Firefox is now identified as Opera.
+To test it out, open [useragentstring.com](https://useragentstring.com/) and check that it identifies the browser as Firefox.
+Then reload the extension, reload [useragentstring.com](https://useragentstring.com/), and see that Firefox is now identified as Opera.
 
 ![useragentstring.com showing details of the modified user agent string](modified_request_header.png)
 

files/en-us/mozilla/firefox/releases/1.5/what_s_new_in_1.5_alpha/index.md

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ This page is based largely on [https://www.squarefree.com/burningedg...eases/](h
 
 - New Preferences bindings
 
-  - : These [new bindings](http://forums.mozillazine.org/viewtopic.php?t=263028) make it easier to create preferences windows for extensions. The new preferences windows support instant-apply behavior, which is enabled by default on Mac and Linux.
+  - : These [new bindings](https://forums.mozillazine.org/viewtopic.php?t=263028) make it easier to create preferences windows for extensions. The new preferences windows support instant-apply behavior, which is enabled by default on Mac and Linux.
 
 - API for implementing new command-line switches
 

files/en-us/web/accessibility/information_for_web_authors/index.md

@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ page-type: guide
 
 Use a tool to quickly check for common errors in your browser.
 
-- [HTML CodeSniffer](http://squizlabs.github.io/HTML_CodeSniffer/)
+- [HTML CodeSniffer](https://squizlabs.github.io/HTML_CodeSniffer/)
 - [aXe](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/axe/lhdoppojpmngadmnindnejefpokejbdd?hl=en-US)
 - [Lighthouse Accessibility Audit](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/overview/)
 - [Accessibility Insights](https://accessibilityinsights.io/)
-- [<abbr>WAVE</abbr>](http://wave.webaim.org/extension/)
+- [<abbr>WAVE</abbr>](https://wave.webaim.org/extension/)
 
 Tools to integrate into your build process, programmatically adding accessibility tests, so you can catch errors as you develop your web application:
 

files/en-us/web/accessibility/understanding_colors_and_luminance/index.md

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ The implication is that web developers who seek to improve the legibility of tex
 ## Saturation
 
 Saturation deserves a special mention in discussions about color ("hues") and accessibility. Generally speaking, most focus is on luminance when attempting to ensure enough contrast between text and its background or evaluating the possibility of inducing seizures in those sensitive to photosensitive seizures. One aspect of color ("hues"), independent of luminance, deserves special attention as it applies to accessibility: the concept of saturation. This is due to its ability to cause seizures in those susceptible to photosensitive seizures, regardless of color's luminance. As discussed in [the particular case of red](#the-special-case-of-red),
-the [Epilepsy Foundation](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.532.7063&rep=rep1&type=pdf) noted that, _irrespective of luminance, a transition to or from a saturated red is also considered a risk_.
+the [Epilepsy Foundation](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.532.7063&rep=rep1&type=pdf) noted that, _irrespective of luminance, a transition to or from a saturated red is also considered a risk_.
 
 Saturation is sometimes described as the "purity" or "intensity" of a color. Although these are good definitions for "pigments" in an artist's paint set, they are not as accurate as color definitions from a computer screen.
 
@@ -310,4 +310,4 @@ Color as in hues and saturation can affect our mood, and enhance — or de-enhan
 - [Web accessibility for seizures and physical reactions](/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/Seizure_disorders)
 - [How the Color Red Influences Our Behavior](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-color-red-influences-our-behavior/) Scientific American By Susana Martinez-Conde, Stephen L. Macknik on November 1, 2014
 - [Red Desaturation](https://www.smart-optometry.com/red-desaturation/) The human eye is so sensitively "tuned" to red, that ophthalmologists set up a test using it, assessing the integrity of the optic nerve.
-- [Photic- and pattern-induced seizures: expert consensus of the Epilepsy Foundation of America Working Group](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.532.7063&rep=rep1&type=pdf)
+- [Photic- and pattern-induced seizures: expert consensus of the Epilepsy Foundation of America Working Group](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.532.7063&rep=rep1&type=pdf)

files/en-us/web/api/web_audio_api/using_iir_filters/index.md

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ When you are using an {{domxref("IIRFilterNode")}} instead of a {{domxref("Biqua
 
 With the IIRFIlter node it's up to you to set what `feedforward` and `feedback` values the filter needs — this determines the characteristics of the filter. The downside is that this involves some complex maths.
 
-If you are looking to learn more there's some [information about the maths behind IIR filters here](http://ece.uccs.edu/~mwickert/ece2610/lecture_notes/ece2610_chap8.pdf). This enters the realms of signal processing theory — don't worry if you look at it and feel like it's not for you.
+If you are looking to learn more there's some [information about the maths behind IIR filters here](https://ece.uccs.edu/~mwickert/ece2610/lecture_notes/ece2610_chap8.pdf). This enters the realms of signal processing theory — don't worry if you look at it and feel like it's not for you.
 
 If you want to play with the IIR filter node and need some values to help along the way, there's [a table of already calculated values here](https://www.dspguide.com/CH20.PDF); on pages 4 & 5 of the linked PDF the `an` values refer to the `feedForward` values and the `bn` values refer to the `feedback`. [musicdsp.org](https://www.musicdsp.org/en/latest/) is also a great resource if you want to read more about different filters and how they are implemented digitally.
 

files/en-us/web/api/window/window/index.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ In web pages, the window object is also a _global object_. This means:
 
 The point of having the `window` property refer to the object itself, was likely to make it easy to refer to the global object. Otherwise, you'd have to do a manual `let window = this;` assignment at the top of your script.
 
-Another reason, is that without this property you wouldn't be able to write, for example, "{{domxref("window.open","window.open('http://google.com/')")}}". You'd have to use "open('http\://google.com/')" instead.
+Another reason, is that without this property you wouldn't be able to write, for example, "{{domxref("window.open","window.open('https://google.com/')")}}". You'd have to use `open('https://google.com/')` instead.
 
 Yet another reason to use this property, is for libraries which wish to offer OOP-versions, and non-OOP versions (especially JavaScript modules). For example, if we refer to "this.window\.location.href", a [JavaScript module](/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Modules) could define a property called "window" inside of a class it defined (since no global "window" variable exists for it by default) which could be created after passing in a window object to the module class' constructor. Thus, "this.window" inside of its functions would refer to that window object. In the non-namespaced version, "this.window" would refer back to "window", and also be able to readily get the document location. Another advantage, is that the objects of such a class (even if the class were defined outside of a module) could change their reference to the window at will, they would not be able to do this if they had hard-coded a reference to "window". The default in the class could still be set as the current window object.
 

files/en-us/web/css/css_grid_layout/grid_layout_and_accessibility/index.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ page-type: guide
 
 Those of us who have been doing web development for more years than we care to remember might consider that CSS Grid is a little bit like using "tables for layout". Back in the early days of web design, the way we constructed page layout was to use HTML tables, then fragment our design into the cells of those tables in order to create a layout. This had some advantages over the "CSS Positioning" that came afterwards, in that we could take advantage of the alignment and full height columns offered by table display. The biggest downside however was that it tied our design to the markup, often creating accessibility issues as it did so. In order to lay the design out in the table we often broke up the content in ways that made no sense at all when read out by a screen reader for example.
 
-In moving to CSS we often spoke about CSS for layout enabling a separation of content and markup and presentation. The ultimate aim being that we could create a semantic and well structured document, then apply CSS to create the layout we desired. Sites such as the [CSS Zen Garden](http://www.csszengarden.com/) showcased this ability. The CSS Zen Garden challenged us to take identical markup and create a unique design using CSS.
+In moving to CSS we often spoke about CSS for layout enabling a separation of content and markup and presentation. The ultimate aim being that we could create a semantic and well structured document, then apply CSS to create the layout we desired. Sites such as the [CSS Zen Garden](https://www.csszengarden.com/) showcased this ability. The CSS Zen Garden challenged us to take identical markup and create a unique design using CSS.
 
 [CSS grid layout](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_grid_layout) does not have the same issues that tables did, our grid structure is defined in CSS rather than in the markup. If we need to add an element we can use something with no semantic meaning. On paper grid helps us properly fulfill that promise of content separated from markup, however is it possible to go too far with this idea? Is it possible that we could _create_ an accessibility issue through our use of grids?
 

files/en-us/web/css/css_nesting/using_css_nesting/index.md

@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ In the following CSS we are creating the styles for `.card`, `.card h2` and then
 
 ## Concatenation (is not possible)
 
-In CSS preprocessors such as [Sass](https://sass-lang.com/), it is possible to use nesting to join strings to create new classes. This is common in CSS methodologies such as [BEM](http://getbem.com/naming/).
+In CSS preprocessors such as [Sass](https://sass-lang.com/), it is possible to use nesting to join strings to create new classes. This is common in CSS methodologies such as [BEM](https://getbem.com/naming/).
 
 ```css example-bad
 .component {

files/en-us/web/guide/audio_and_video_delivery/cross_browser_video_player/index.md

@@ -323,4 +323,4 @@ document.addEventListener("fullscreenchange", (e) => {
 - {{ htmlelement("video") }} for reference material
 - [Using HTML audio and video](/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content) for more techniques
 - [Media formats supported by the HTML audio and video elements](/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Formats)
-- [Video for Everybody](http://camendesign.com/code/video_for_everybody): written by Kroc Camen, this is quite old, but still has some good relevant content and is a great starter article for cross-browser HTML video.
+- [Video for Everybody](https://camendesign.com/code/video_for_everybody): written by Kroc Camen, this is quite old, but still has some good relevant content and is a great starter article for cross-browser HTML video.

files/en-us/web/guide/audio_and_video_delivery/index.md

@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ A number of audio and video JavaScript libraries exist. The most popular librari
 
 ### Audio only
 
-- [SoundManager](http://www.schillmania.com/projects/soundmanager2/)
+- [SoundManager](https://www.schillmania.com/projects/soundmanager2/)
 - [AmplitudeJS](https://521dimensions.com/open-source/amplitudejs)
 - [HowlerJS](https://howlerjs.com/)