socket: removing some exceptions

[alyssawilk]

unlike most exception PRs this includes a functional change to how Envoy handles completely invalid sockets or failed system calls. Errors should be connection-local rather than throwing to whatever might catch, so it should be a whole sale improvement and is unlikely to affect anyone whose syscalls work.

Risk Level: medium
Testing: updated tests
Docs Changes: n/a
Release Notes: n/a
envoyproxy/envoy-mobile#176

[repokitteh-read-only]

As a reminder, PRs marked as draft will not be automatically assigned reviewers,
or be handled by maintainer-oncall triage.

Please mark your PR as ready when you want it to be reviewed!

🐱

Caused by: #36991 was opened by alyssawilk.

see: more, trace.

[alyssawilk]

/retest