som

A simple self-organizing map implementation in Python.

Self-organizing maps are also called Kohonen maps and were invented by Teuvo Kohonen.^[1] They are an unsupervised machine learning technique to efficiently create spatially organized internal representations of various types of data. For example, SOMs are well-suited for the visualization of high-dimensional data.

This is a simple implementation of SOMs in Python. This SOM has periodic boundary conditions and therefore can be imagined as a "donut". The implementation uses numpy.

Usage

Download the file som.py and place it somewhere in your PYTHONPATH.

Then you can import and use the SOM class as follows:

import numpy as np
from som import SOM

# generate some random data with 36 features
data1 = np.random.normal(loc=-.25, scale=0.5, size=(500, 36))
data2 = np.random.normal(loc=.25, scale=0.5, size=(500, 36))
data = np.vstack((data1, data2))

som = SOM(10, 10)  # initialize a 10 by 10 SOM
som.fit(data, 10000, save_e=True, interval=100)  # fit the SOM for 10000 epochs, save the error every 100 steps
som.plot_error_history(filename='images/som_error.png')  # plot the training error history

targets = np.array(500 * [0] + 500 * [1])  # create some dummy target values

# now visualize the learned representation with the class labels
som.plot_point_map(data, targets, ['Class 0', 'Class 1'], filename='images/som.png')
som.plot_class_density(data, targets, t=0, name='Class 0', filename='images/class_0.png')
som.plot_distance_map(filename='images/distance_map.png')  # plot the distance map after training

# predicting the class of a new, unknown datapoint
datapoint = np.random.normal(loc=.25, scale=0.5, size=(1, 36))
print("Labels of neighboring datapoints: ", som.get_neighbors(datapoint, data, targets, d=0))

# transform data into the SOM space
newdata = np.random.normal(loc=.25, scale=0.5, size=(10, 36))
transformed = som.transform(newdata)
print("Old shape of the data:", newdata.shape)
print("New shape of the data:", transformed.shape)

Training Error:

Point Map:

Class Density:

Distance Map:

The same way you can handle your own data.

Methods / Functions

The SOM class has the following methods:

• initialize(data, how='pca'): initialize the SOM, either via Eigenvalues (pca) or randomly (random)
• winner(vector): compute the winner neuron closest to a given data point in vector (Euclidean distance)
• cycle(vector): perform one iteration in adapting the SOM towards the chosen data point in vector
• fit(data, epochs=0, save_e=False, interval=1000, decay='hill'): train the SOM on the given data for several epochs
• transform(data): transform given data in to the SOM space
• distance_map(metric='euclidean'): get a map of every neuron and its distances to all neighbors based on the neuron weights
• winner_map(data): get the number of times, a certain neuron in the trained SOM is winner for the given data
• winner_neurons(data): for every data point, get the winner neuron coordinates
• som_error(data): calculates the overall error as the average difference between the winning neurons and the data
• get_neighbors(datapoint, data, labels, d=0): get the labels of all data examples that are d neurons away from datapoint on the map
• save(filename): save the whole SOM instance into a pickle file
• load(filename): load a SOM instance from a pickle file
• plot_point_map(data, targets, targetnames, filename=None, colors=None, markers=None, density=True): visualize the som with all data as points around the neurons
• plot_density_map(data, filename=None, internal=False): visualize the data density in different areas of the SOM.
• plot_class_density(data, targets, t, name, colormap='Oranges', filename=None): plot a density map only for the given class
• plot_dostance_map(colormap='Oranges', filename=None): visualize the disance of the neurons in the trained SOM
• plot_error_history(color='orange', filename=None): visualize the training error history after training (fit with save_e=True)

References:

^[1] Kohonen, T. Self-Organized Formation of Topologically Correct Feature Maps. Biol. Cybern. 1982, 43 (1), 59–69.

This work was partially inspired by ramalina's som implementation and JustGlowing's minisom.