Add Exercise 18.29

ch18/ex18_29.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/* Exercise 18.29: 
+
+Given the following class hierarchy: 
+
+class Class { ... }; class Base : public Class { ... }; 
+class D1 : virtual public Base { ... }; 
+class D2 : virtual public Base { ... }; 
+class MI : public D1, public D2 { ... }; 
+class Final : public MI, public Class { ... }; 
+
+(a) In what order are constructors and destructors run on a Final object? 
+(b) A Final object has how many Base parts? How many Class parts? 
+(c) Which of the following assignments is a compile-time error? 
+
+Base *pb;    Class *pc;       MI *pmi;     D2 *pd2; 
+(a) pb = new Class; 	(b) pc = new Final; 
+(c) pmi = pb; 			(d) pd2 = pmi;
+
+Solution: 
+(a) Constructors run order: Class Base D1 D2 MI Class Final.
+	Destructors run order: Final Class MI D2 D1 Base Call.
+	Class parts are constructed from left to right and base class to derived class.
+(b) 1 Base part and 2 Class parts.
+	Because ‘Base’ is a virtual base class of ‘D1’ and ‘D2’. There is only 1 Base part. 
+	However, ‘Class’ is a normal base class of ‘Final’ and ‘Base’. So there is 2 Class part.
+(c) error. Can't convert a pointer of base class to a pointer of derived class implicitly.
+	error. ‘Class’ is an ambiguous base of ‘Final’.
+	error. Can't convert a pointer of base class to a pointer of derived class implicitly.
+	pass. A pointer of derived class can be cast to a pointer of base class.
+
+*/
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class Class {
+public:
+	Class() { cout << "Class() called" << endl; }
+	~Class() { cout << "~Class() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+class Base : public Class {
+public:
+	Base() { cout << "Base() called" << endl; }
+	~Base() { cout << "~Base() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+class D1 : virtual public Base {
+public:
+	D1() { cout << "D1() called" << endl; }
+	~D1() { cout << "~D1() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+class D2 : virtual public Base {
+public:
+	D2() { cout << "D2() called" << endl; }
+	~D2() { cout << "~D2() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+class MI : public D1, public D2 {
+public:
+	MI() { cout << "MI() called" << endl; }
+	~MI() { cout << "~MI() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+class Final : public MI, public Class {
+public:
+	Final() { cout << "Final() called" << endl; }
+	~Final() { cout << "~Final() called" << endl; }
+};
+
+int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
+{
+	Final final;
+	Base *pb;
+	Class *pc;
+	MI *pmi;
+	D2 *pd2;
+	// pb = new Class;
+	// pc = new Final;
+	// pmi = pb;
+	pd2 = pmi;
+	return 0;
+}