redshift_connector is the Amazon Redshift connector for
Python. Easy integration with pandas and numpy, as well as support for numerous Amazon Redshift specific features help you get the most out of your data
Supported Amazon Redshift features include:
- IAM authentication
- Identity provider (IdP) authentication
- Redshift specific data types
This pure Python connector implements Python Database API Specification 2.0.
| Package Manager | Downloads | Installation Command |
|---|---|---|
| PyPi | pip install redshift_connector |
|
| Conda | 
|
conda install -c conda-forge redshift_connector |
You may install from source by cloning this repository.
$ git clone https://github.com/aws/amazon-redshift-python-driver.git
$ cd redshift_connector
$ pip install .- 001 - Connecting to Amazon Redshift
- 002 - Data Science Library Integrations
- 003 - Amazon Redshift Feature Support
- 004 - Amazon Redshift Datatypes
We are working to add more documentation and would love your feedback. Please reach out to the team by opening an issue or starting a discussion to help us fill in the gaps in our documentation.
redshift_connector integrates with various open source projects to provide an interface to Amazon Redshift. Please open an issue with our project to request new integrations or get support for a redshift_connector issue seen in an existing integration.
import redshift_connector
# Connects to Redshift cluster using AWS credentials
conn = redshift_connector.connect(
host='examplecluster.abc123xyz789.us-west-1.redshift.amazonaws.com',
database='dev',
user='awsuser',
password='my_password'
)
cursor: redshift_connector.Cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("create Temp table book(bookname varchar,author varchar)")
cursor.executemany("insert into book (bookname, author) values (%s, %s)",
[
('One Hundred Years of Solitude', 'Gabriel García Márquez'),
('A Brief History of Time', 'Stephen Hawking')
]
)
cursor.execute("select * from book")
result: tuple = cursor.fetchall()
print(result)
>> (['One Hundred Years of Solitude', 'Gabriel García Márquez'], ['A Brief History of Time', 'Stephen Hawking'])Following the DB-API specification, autocommit is off by default. It can be turned on by using the autocommit property of the connection.
# Make sure we're not in a transaction
conn.rollback()
conn.autocommit = True
conn.run("VACUUM")
conn.autocommit = FalseParamstyle can be set on both a module and cursor level. When paramstyle is set on a module level e.g. redshift_connector.paramstyle = 'qmark', the user specified paramstyle is used for all subsequent cursors unless set on the cursor.
When paramstyle is set on the cursor e.g. `cursor.paramstyle = 'qmark' the user specified paramstyle is only used for that cursor object.
# setting paramstyle to qmark on a module level
redshift_connector.paramstyle = 'qmark'
with redshift_connector.connect() as conn1:
with conn1.cursor() as cursor1: # this cursor will use qmark paramstyle as it's been set on the module level
pass
with conn1.cursor() as cursor2:
# setting paramstyle to numeric on the cursor level only this cursor will use numeric paramstyle
cursor.paramstyle = 'numeric'
with conn1.cursor() as cursor3: # this cursor will use qmark paramstyle as it's been set on the module level
pass
with redshift_connector.connect() as conn2:
with conn2.cursor() as cursor1: # this cursor will use qmark paramstyle as it's been set on the module level
passThe module level default paramstyle used is format. Valid values for paramstyle include qmark, numeric, named, format, pyformat. The below example shows how to use various paramstyles after the paramstyle is set on the cursor.
When paramstyle is set to named or pyformat, parameters must be passed as a Python dictionary to the execute() method. Other paramstyles require parameters to be passed as a Python tuple or list.
# qmark
cursor.paramstyle = 'qmark'
sql = 'insert into foo(bar, jar) VALUES(?, ?)'
cursor.execute(sql, (1, "hello world"))
# numeric
cursor.paramstyle = 'numeric'
sql = 'insert into foo(bar, jar) VALUES(:1, :2)'
cursor.execute(sql, (1, "hello world"))
# named
cursor.paramstyle = 'named'
sql = 'insert into foo(bar, jar) VALUES(:p1, :p2)'
cursor.execute(sql, {"p1":1, "p2":"hello world"})
# format
cursor.paramstyle = 'format'
sql = 'insert into foo(bar, jar) VALUES(%s, %s)'
cursor.execute(sql, (1, "hello world"))
# pyformat
cursor.paramstyle = 'pyformat'
sql = 'insert into foo(bar, jar) VALUES(%(bar)s, %(jar)s)'
cursor.execute(sql, {"bar": 1, "jar": "hello world"})redshift_connector uses the guideline for exception handling specified in the Python DB-API. For exception definitions, please see redshift_connector/error.py
IAM Credentials can be supplied directly to connect(...) using an AWS profile as shown below:
import redshift_connector
# Connects to Redshift cluster using IAM credentials from default profile defined in ~/.aws/credentials
conn = redshift_connector.connect(
iam=True,
database='dev',
db_user='awsuser',
password='',
user='',
cluster_identifier='examplecluster',
profile='default'
)# ~/.aws/credentials
[default]
aws_access_key_id="my_aws_access_key_id"
aws_secret_access_key="my_aws_secret_access_key"
aws_session_token="my_aws_session_token"
# ~/.aws/config
[default]
region=us-west-2If a region is not provided in ~/.aws/config or you would like to override its value, region may be passed to connect(...).
Alternatively, IAM credentials can be supplied directly to connect(...) using AWS credentials as shown below:
import redshift_connector
# Connects to Redshift cluster using IAM credentials from default profile defined in ~/.aws/credentials
conn = redshift_connector.connect(
iam=True,
database='dev',
db_user='awsuser',
password='',
user='',
cluster_identifier='examplecluster',
access_key_id="my_aws_access_key_id",
secret_access_key="my_aws_secret_access_key",
session_token="my_aws_session_token",
region="us-east-2"
)Retrieving query results as a pandas.DataFrame
import pandas
cursor.execute("create Temp table book(bookname varchar,author varchar)")
cursor.executemany("insert into book (bookname, author) values (%s, %s)",
[
('One Hundred Years of Solitude', 'Gabriel García Márquez'),
('A Brief History of Time', 'Stephen Hawking')
])
cursor.execute("select * from book")
result: pandas.DataFrame = cursor.fetch_dataframe()
print(result)
>> bookname author
>> 0 One Hundred Years of Solitude Gabriel García Márquez
>> 1 A Brief History of Time Stephen HawkingInsert data stored in a pandas.DataFrame into an Amazon Redshift table
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame(
np.array(
[
["One Hundred Years of Solitude", "Gabriel García Márquez"],
["A Brief History of Time", "Stephen Hawking"],
]
),
columns=["bookname", "author"],
)
with conn.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.write_dataframe(df, "book")
cursor.execute("select * from book; ")
result = cursor.fetchall()import numpy
cursor.execute("select * from book")
result: numpy.ndarray = cursor.fetch_numpy_array()
print(result)
>> [['One Hundred Years of Solitude' 'Gabriel García Márquez']
>> ['A Brief History of Time' 'Stephen Hawking']]cursor.execute("SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")
print(cursor.fetchone())
>> [datetime.datetime(2020, 10, 26, 23, 3, 54, 756497, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)]| Name | Type | Description | Default Value | Required |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| access_key_id | str | The access key for the IAM role or IAM user configured for IAM database authentication | None | No |
| allow_db_user_override | bool | True specifies the driver uses the DbUser value from the SAML assertion while False indicates the value in the DbUser connection parameter is used | FALSE | No |
| app_name | str | The name of the IdP application used for authentication | None | No |
| auth_profile | str | The name of an Amazon Redshift Authentication profile having connection properties as JSON. See the RedshiftProperty class to learn how connection parameters should be named. | None | No |
| auto_create | bool | Indicates whether the user should be created if they do not exist | FALSE | No |
| client_id | str | The client id from Azure IdP | None | No |
| client_secret | str | The client secret from Azure IdP | None | No |
| cluster_identifier | str | The cluster identifier of the Amazon Redshift Cluster | None | No |
| credentials_provider | str | The IdP that will be used for authenticating with Amazon Redshift. | None | No |
| database | str | The name of the database to connect to | None | No |
| database_metadata_current_db_only | bool | Indicates if application supports multi-database datashare catalogs. Default value of True indicates application does not support multi-database datashare catalogs for backwards compatibility | TRUE | No |
| db_groups | list | A comma-separated list of existing database group names that the DbUser joins for the current session | None | No |
| db_user | str | The user ID to use with Amazon Redshift | None | No |
| endpoint_url | str | The Amazon Redshift endpoint url. This option is only used by AWS internal teams. | None | No |
| group_federation | bool | Use the IdP Groups in the Redshift. Default value False. | False | No |
| host | str | The hostname of Amazon Redshift cluster | None | No |
| iam | bool | If IAM Authentication is enabled | FALSE | No |
| iam_disable_cache | bool | This option specifies whether the IAM credentials are cached. By default the IAM credentials are cached. This improves performance when requests to the API gateway are throttled. | FALSE | No |
| idc_client_display_name | str | The client display name to be used in user consent in IdC browser auth. This is an optional value. The default value is "Amazon Redshift Python connector". | None | No |
| idc_region | str | The AWS region where AWS identity center instance is located. It is required for the IdC browser auth plugin. | None | No |
| identity_namespace | str | The identity namespace to be used for the IdC browser auth plugin and IdP token auth plugin. It is an optional value if there is only one IdC instance existing or if default identity namespace is set on the cluster - else it is required. | None | No |
| idp_response_timeout | int | The timeout for retrieving SAML assertion from IdP | 120 | No |
| idp_tenant | str | The IdP tenant | None | No |
| issuer_url | str | The issuer url for the AWS IdC access portal. It is required for the IdC browser auth plugin. | None | No |
| listen_port | int | The listen port IdP will send the SAML assertion to | 7890 | No |
| login_to_rp | str | Only for AdfsCredentialsProvider. Used to specify the loginToRp when performing IdpInitiatedSignOn as apart of form based authentication. | urn:amazon:webservices | No |
| login_url | str | The SSO Url for the IdP | None | No |
| max_prepared_statements | int | The maximum number of prepared statements that can be open at once | 1000 | No |
| numeric_to_float | bool | Specifies if NUMERIC datatype values will be converted from decimal.Decimal to float. By default NUMERIC values are received as decimal.Decimal. Enabling this option is not recommended for use cases which prefer the most precision as results may be rounded. Please reference the Python docs on decimal.Decimal to see the tradeoffs between decimal.Decimal and float before enabling this option. | False | No |
| partner_sp_id | str | The Partner SP Id used for authentication with Ping | None | No |
| password | str | The password to use for authentication | None | No |
| port | Int | The port number of the Amazon Redshift cluster | 5439 | No |
| preferred_role | str | The IAM role preferred for the current connection | None | No |
| principal_arn | str | The ARN of the IAM entity (user or role) for which you are generating a policy | None | No |
| profile | str | The name of a profile in a AWS credentials file that contains AWS credentials. | None | No |
| provider_name | str | The name of the Redshift Native Auth Provider. | None | No |
| region | str | The AWS region where the cluster is located | None | No |
| role_arn | str | The Amazon Resource Name (ARN) of the role that the caller is assuming. This parameter is used by JwtCredentialsProvider. For this provider, this is a mandatory parameter. | None | No |
| role_session_name | str | An identifier for the assumed role session. Typically, you pass the name or identifier that is associated with the user who is using your application. That way, the temporary security credentials that your application will use are associated with that user. This parameter is used by JwtCredentialsProvider. For this provider, this is an optional parameter. | jwt_redshift_session | No |
| scope | str | Scope for BrowserAzureOauth2CredentialsProvider authentication. | "" | No |
| secret_access_key_id | str | The secret access key for the IAM role or IAM user configured for IAM database authentication | None | No |
| serverless_acct_id | str | The account ID of the serverless. Default value None | None | No |
| serverless_work_group | str | The name of work group for serverless end point. Default value None. | None | No |
| session_token | str | The access key for the IAM role or IAM user configured for IAM database authentication. Not required unless temporary AWS credentials are being used. | None | No |
| ssl | bool | If SSL is enabled | TRUE | No |
| ssl_insecure | bool | Specifies if IDP hosts server certificate will be verified | TRUE | No |
| sslmode | str | The security of the connection to Amazon Redshift. verify-ca and verify-full are supported. | verify_ca | No |
| timeout | int | The number of seconds before the connection to the server will timeout. | None | No |
| token | str | The access token required for the IdP token auth plugin. | None | No |
| token_type | str | The token type required for the IdP token auth plugin. | ACCESS_TOKEN | No |
| user | str | The username to use for authentication | None | No |
| web_identity_token | str | The OAuth 2.0 access token or OpenID Connect ID token that is provided by the identity provider. Your application must get this token by authenticating the user who is using your application with a web identity provider. This parameter is used by JwtCredentialsProvider. For this provider, this is a mandatory parameter. | None | No |
redshift_connector supports the following Amazon Redshift datatypes. redshift_connector will attempt to treat unsupported datatypes as strings.
Incoming data from Amazon Redshift is treated as follows:
| Amazon Redshift Datatype | Python Datatype |
|---|---|
| ACLITEM | str |
| BOOLEAN | bool |
| INT8 | int |
| INT4 | int |
| INT2 | int |
| VARCHAR | str |
| OID | int |
| REGPROC | int |
| XID | int |
| FLOAT4 | float |
| FLOAT8 | float |
| TEXT | str |
| CHAR | str |
| DATE | datetime.date |
| TIME | datetime.time |
| TIMETZ | datetime.time |
| TIMESTAMP | datetime.datetime |
| TIMESTAMPTZ | datetime.datetime |
| NUMERIC | decimal.Decimal |
| GEOMETRY | str |
| SUPER | str |
| VARBYTE | bytes |
| GEOGRAPHY | str |
redshift_connector uses logging for providing detailed error messages regarding IdP authentication. A do-nothing handler is enabled by default as to prevent logs from being output to sys.stderr.
Enable logging in your application to view logs output by redshift_connector as described in
the documentation for Python logging module.
redshift_connector requests the Amazon Redshift server use the highest transfer protocol version supported. As of v2.0.879 binary transfer protocol is requested by default. If necessary, the requested transfer protocol can be modified via the client_protocol_version parameter of redshift_connector.connect(...). Please see the Connection Parameters table for more details.
- Ask a question on Stack Overflow and tag it with redshift_connector
- Open a support ticket with AWS Support
- If you may have found a bug, please open an issue
We look forward to collaborating with you! Please read through CONTRIBUTING before submitting any issues or pull requests.
An entry in the changelog is generated upon release using gitchangelog. Please use the configuration file, .gitchangelog.rc when generating the changelog.
You can run tests by using pytest test/unit. This will run all unit tests. Integration tests require providing credentials for an Amazon Redshift cluster as well as IdP attributes in test/config.ini.