website: remove images from integrations index page #28238

Job	Run time
lint (bandit)	1m 54s
test-migrations	2m 33s
lint (black)	1m 42s
test-migrations-from-stable - PostgreSQL 15-alpine	24m 8s
lint (codespell)	1m 37s
test-migrations-from-stable - PostgreSQL 16-alpine	23m 20s
test-unittest - PostgreSQL 15-alpine	20m 26s
lint (pending-migrations)	1m 45s
test-unittest - PostgreSQL 16-alpine	20m 37s
lint (ruff)	1m 46s
test-e2e (proxy)	7m 39s
test-integration	5m 3s
test-e2e (oauth)	8m 18s
test-e2e (oauth-oidc)	5m 46s
test-e2e (saml)	6m 8s
test-e2e (ldap)	10m 4s
test-e2e (radius)	5m 5s
test-e2e (scim)	4m 57s
test-e2e (flows)	4m 52s
ci-core-mark	2s
build / build-server-arm64 / Build arm64	10m 49s
build / build-server-amd64 / Build amd64	7m 22s
build / get-tags	6s
build / merge-server	0s
pr-comment	4s
	2h 56m 3s

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